• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.83-99
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• 1969

There have been reported numberous cases of liver scanning in use of $^{198}Au$ colloid by many investigators, however, one in use of $^{113m}In$ colloid has not been reported as yet in this country. The dose of $^{113m}In$ for high diagnostic value in examination of each organ was determined and the dignostic interpretability of liver scanning with the use of $^{113m}In$ was carefully evaluated in comparison with the results of the liver scanning by the conventionally applied radioisotopes. The comparative study of both figures of liver scannings with the use of $^{113m}In$ colloid and $^{198}Au$ colloid delivered following results: 1. The liver uptake rate and clearance into peripheral blood were accentuated more in case of $^{113m}In$ colloid than in case of $^{198}Au$ colloid. 2. The interpretability of space occupying lesion in liver scanning with $^{113m}In$ was also superior to one with $^{198}Au$. 3. The figure of liver scanning with $^{113m}In$ colloid corresponds not always to the figure with $^{198}Au$. This difference can be explained by differences of phagocytic ability of reticuloendotherial system within liver. 4. In the liver scanning with $^{113m}In$ colloid, the spleen is also visualized even in normal examinee. 5. In the cases of disturbed liver function, uptake is more decreased in use of $^{113m}In$ colloid than in $^{198}Au$, in the spleen, however, the way is contrary. 6. With use of $^{113m}In$ colloid, the time required for scanning could be shortened in comparison with $^{198}Au$. 7. The filtration of $^{113m}In$ colloid for scanning prior to human administration gives an expectation for better scanning figure.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.442-449
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• 2004

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of oriental medicine and acupuncture therapy on a chronic renal failure patient suffering complications from diabetes mellitus. Methods: The clinical data was analyzed on a patient with chronic renal failure complicated by diabetes mellitus whose main symptoms were edema and numbness of lower limbs, anorexia, indigestion, nausea, vomiting, and general weakness. The patient was admitted to the internal medicine department of Wonkwang University Oriental Jeonju Medicine Hospital on July 31, 2004, and remained until August 17, 2004. He was treated with herbal medicine(Palmijiwhangtanggamibang) and acupuncture therapy. Results: After treatment, improvement was seen in symptoms and laboratory examinations(creatinine clearance). Conclusions: This study suggests that oriental medicine therapy is significantly effective in the treatment of a chronic renal failure complicated by diabetes mellitus.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.473-481
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• 1987

This experiment was performed in order to establish a proper method to determine the half life of indocyanine green(ICG T$\frac{1}{2}$) and its fractional clearance rate(KICG) and investigate the applicability of indocyanine green ( ICG ) excretion test in hepatotoxicity experiment in Korean black goats. The results were as follows : 1. Maximum absorbance of ICG in plasma was at 810 nm in this experiment. 2. The coefficient of correlation between the results obtained by standard method and potassium cyanide method was 0.99 and the regression equation between two methods was y=0.9996 x＋0.0065. 3. As the disappearance curve of ICG plotted in semi-log graph revealed linear pattern at least for 6 minutes after injection, the postinjection blood samples were decided to collect at 2 and 6 minutes after ICG injection. 4. ICG T$\frac{1}{2}$ and KICG values were not affected by dose level of ICG. 5. When 0.25 mg of ICG per kg body weight was administered the normal data of ICG T$\frac{1}{2}$ and KICG in Korean black goa were 1.468${\pm}$0.197 minutes(mean${\pm}$SD) and 0.482${\pm}$0.076/minutes respectively. 6. After administration of carbon tetracholride. the ICG T$\frac{1}{2}$ started to increase acutely from day 1, revealed the peak at day 3, and then returned almostly but not completely to preinjection level at day 14. The ICG T$\frac{1}{2}$ value was suggested to be a sensitive indicator of hepatic injury in Korean black goats.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.106-111
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• 1994

2-iminothiolane is known to bind $NH_2$ group of lysine in the protein and deliver SH group, which can be used to label protein with $^{99m}Tc$. In this study, we looked for the best reaction condition in which 2-iminothiolane is conjugated to human polyclonal IgG and labeling condition with $^{99m}Tc$-glucoheptonate. Labeling yield was measured with TSK G4000SW column and HPLC or precipitation with 10% TCA (trichloroacetic acid) and 1% HSA. In vivo distribution was investigated with Staphylococcal abscess bearing rats. With decreasing glucoheptonate, the labeling yield decreased. Without 2-iminothiolane, $^{99m}Tc$-glucoheptonate was bound to IgG, which seemed to be direct labeling. With increasing 2-iminothiolane upto 20 times higher than IgG, the labeling yield increased, and plateau was seen with higher molar excess of 2-iminothiolane. Polymer formation was not observed. The pH for the conjugation of 2-iminothiolane and IgG was best around 6.4. $^{99m}Tc$-2-iminothiolane-IgG showed faster blood clearance, higher renal activity and lower hepatic and splenic activity than $^{99m}Tc$-DTPA-IgG. The biodistribution of $^{99m}Tc$-2-iminothiolane-IgG with higher molar excess of 2-iminothiolane was not different from that with lower molar excess. Labeling antibodies with $^{99m}Tc$ using 2-iminothiolane can afford a possible route to simple labeling and wide clinical use of the immunoscintigraphy.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.709-717
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• 2002

Hypoxemia is known to induce various physiological changes which can result in alteration in drug pharmacokinetics. To examine the effect of acute moderate hypoxemia on metoclopramide (MCP) pharmacokinetics, a continuous 14-hour infusion of MCP during a normoxemic, hypoxemic and subsequent normoxemic period was conducted in eight adult sheep. Arterial blood and urine samples were collected to examine the effects on the pharmacokinetics of MCP and its deethylated metabolites. MCP and its mono- and di-deethylated metabolites were quantitated using a GC/MS method. Steady-state concentrations of MCP were achieved in each of the three periods. During hypoxemia, MCP plasma steady-state concentration increased significantly from 50.72$\pm$1.06 to 63.62$\pm$1.79 ng/mL, and later decreased to 55.83$\pm$1.15 ng/mL during the post-hypoxemic recovery period. Total body clearance ($CL_{TB}$) of MCP was significantly decreased from 274.2$\pm$48.0 L/h to 205.40$\pm$28.2 L/h during hypoxemia, and later restored to 245.8$\pm$44.2 L/h during the post-hypoxemic period. Plasma mono-deethylated MCP concentration (32.78$\pm$1.73 ng/mL) also increased, compared to the control group (21.20$\\pm$1.39 ng/mL), during hypoxemia and subsequent normoxemic period. Renal excretion of MCP and its metabolites was also decreased during hypoxemia, while urine flow was increased with a concomitant decrease in urine osmolality. Thus, the results indicate that acute moderate hypoxemia affects MCP pharmacokinetics.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.457-471
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• 1995

This research was done to promote improvement of practical application of nursing diagnoses and to improve the quality of nursing. The subjects of this research were 156 second year students of C junior nursing college who were giving adult patient care. The nursing diagnoses of 312 reports were analyzed using NANDA. In these case reports only nursing diagnoses were considered, of which there were a total of 982. In the data analysis the 9H of the nursing students' nursing diagnoses matched with 105 NANDA nursing diagnoses, Of these, the most frequent diagnoses were pain(165, 17.48%), anxiety(101, 10.70%), alteration in nutrition(83, 8.79%) , sleep disturbance (67, 7.10%), in activity intolerance (67, 7.10%), ineffective breathing pattern(51,5.40%). The etiology for the students' nursing diagnoses were compared with NANDA's nursing diagnoses by frequency. The most frequent etiology for the nursing diagnoses of pain was a biological etiology(50, 31%), for anxiety, situation crisis(58, 57.43%), for alteration in nutrition, indigesion(23, 27.71%), for sleep disturbance, external etiology(25, 37.32%), for activity intolerance, immobile position(22, 32.84%), for ineffective breathing pattern, pain(35, 68.63%), and for ,impaired physical mobility, pain(31, 65.96%). The most frequent etiology for constipation was inadquate digestion of water and cellulose (16, 34.78%), for fluid volume felicity, loss of body fluid (21, 52.50%), for impaired skin integrity, external etilogy(16, 43.24%), for impaired physical mobility, pain(22, 62.86%) , for knowledge deficits, cognition disturbance(9, 27.27％), for ineffective air way clearance, secretion obstruction(14, 48.27%) , for impaired gas exchange, loss of transport ability of blood oxygen(9, 37.50%) , and for powerlessness, therapy environment (5, 22.73%). The number of nursing diagnoses by pattern was exchange(16), moving(6), feeling(4), choosing(4), relating(3), communication(1), perceiving(1), knowing(1), valuing(1).

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.383-388
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• 1993

Pharmacokinetics of aucubin, an irdoid glucoside, was compared in rats of experimental hepatic failure(EHF). EHF was induced by CCI$_{4}$ or D-galactosamine pretreatment. This work was designed to find out any differences in the pharmacokinetics of aucubin that may explain the different protective effect of aucubin on CCI$_{4}$- and galactosamine-induced EHF : aucubin reportedly protected CCI$_{4}$-inducing hepatotoxicity effectively, but did not for galactosamine-hepatotoxicity. EHF was induced by intraperitoneal injection Of CCI$_{4}$(0.9ml/kg) or galactosamine(250 mg/kg) to Wistar rats 24 hr before the pharmacokinetic study. The rats were fasted during the 24 hr. Aucubin was iv injected at a dose of 15 mg/kg and the plasma aucubin was assayed by HPLC. There were no significant differences in the pathophysiologies(body weight, liver weight, GTP, hematocrit, blood cell distrbution and plasma protein binding of aucubin) between the two EHF models except GOP which was significantly (p<0.05) higher in CCI$_{4}$-than in galactosamine-EHF. On the other hand, pharmacokinetics of aucubin such as total cleatance(CL$_{t}$), distribution volume at steady-state(Vd$_{ss}$), and mean residence time(MRT) differed significantly(p<0.05) between the models : for example, CL$_{t}$ was increased two fold by CCI$_{4}$, but not by galaclosamine ; Vd$_{ss}$, in galactosamine-EHF was higher than that in CCI$_{4}$-EHF ; MRT was decreased by CCI$_{4}$, but increased conversely by galactosamine. The increase of CL$_{t}$(and decrease of MRT) in rats of CCI$_{4}$-EHF was contrary to the general expectation for the hepatic failure : most of the hepatic failures have been known to decrease CL$_{t}$ of the administered drugs. Whether the difference in the pharmacokinetics is responsible for the different protective effect of aucubin against the two EHF models is of interest. However, much more studies on biliary excretion, urinary excretion, and hepatic uptake in cellular level should be preceded before any conclusions are made on the role of different pharmacokinetics on the different pharmacology of aucubin.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.536-544
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• 2001

increase the viability of oral typhoid vaccine during the passage through the castro-intes-tidal tract, numerous attempts have been made including the vaccine coating. However problems such as high death rate during the coating process and its instability in the gastric juice still remain to be solved. In this study, the oral vaccine was made as the micro-enteric beads by adding Salmomella typhi Ty21a cells to sodium alginate solution and spraying onto calcium chloride solution (ionotropic relation method). The vaccine showed more than 90% of its original viability after treating it for 1 hour in the artificial gastric juice (37$^{\circ}C$, 300 rpm). The clearance rate of the Ty21a in the liver and spleen of the mice orally administrated with coated Ty21a was similar to that of the mice intraperitoneally administrated with uncoated Ty21a. The peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) isolated from the mice orally administered with this vaccine produced 15.5 fold higher specific IgA antibody titer than that from the control mice administerd with saline solution. furthermore, the mice treated with the coated Ty21a had higher survival rates (50~87%) than the control mice treated with saline solution (0~10%) in the intraperitoneal challenge test with wild type S. typhi Ty21a cells. These results suggest that the alginate-based coating technique is effective to protect live Ty21a from acidic environments, and produces better intestinal immune responses thereby providing a potentially excellent oral typhoid vaccine.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2002

Pharmacokinetic parameters and dosage of aminoglycosides (AGs) were studied retrospectively in 36 patients with neutropenic fever after stem cell transplantation in Seoul National University Hospital from July 1996 to June 2001. AGs pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated with steady-state peak and trough serum drug concentrations by the method of Sawchuk and Zaske et at. The calculated aminoglycosides volume of distribution and clearance were greater than population value $(0.36\pm0.06\;L/kg,\;116\pm32\;ml/min/1.73\;m^2,\;respectively)$. The average dosage of aminoglycosides required to maintain optimal serum AGs concentration was also greater than recommended dose in insert paper. The average dosage of amikacin was $11\pm2.1$ mg/kg every 12 hours (In case of tobramycin, $2.09\pm0.37$ mg/kg every 8 hours or $2.59\pm0.20$ mg/kg every 12 hours). The relationship between AGs volume of distribution and sex, serum albumin (g/dl), body mass index $(kg/m^2)$, body weight change $(\%)$, the amount of fluid inpu (ml/kg/day), the degree of hematocrit decrease $(\%)$ were studied respectively. Univariate anlysis revealed that body mass index $(kg/m^2)$, the amount of fluid input (ml/kg/day) and the degree of hematocrit decrease $(\%)$ had significant correlation with aminoglycosides volume of distribution. But sex, serum albumin, body weight change $(\%)$ had no significant correlation with aminoglycosides volume of distribution.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.181-186
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• 2006

A pharmacological inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in rats produces vasoconstriction, renal dysfunction, and hypertension. The present study was aimed at investigating whether the methanol extract of Serous commixta cortex (MSC) ameliorates $N^G$-nitro-L-arginine methylester (L-NAME) induced hypertension in rats. Treatment of rats with L-NAME (10 mg/kg/day in drinking water, 5 weeks) caused a sustained increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP). Administration of MSC (100 or 200 mg/kg/day, p.o) significantly lowered the SBP in the L-NAME-treated rats and this effect was maintained throughout the whole experimental period. Moreover, ecNOS expression in aorta and kidney tissue from L-NAME treated rats was significantly restored dy administration of MSC. Furthermore, the impairment of acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation of aortic rings in the L-NAME treated rats was reversed dy administering of MSC. The renal functional parameters including urinary volume, sodium excretion, and creatinine clearance (Ccr) were also restored by administering MSC. Taken together, the present study suggeststhat MSC prevents the increase in SBP in rats with L-NAME-induced hypertension, which may result from the up-regulation of the vascular and renal ecNOS/No system.