• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.865-877
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• 1999

Hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes are lymphoid organs which share morphologic and functional characteristics of lymph nodes and spleens. Hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes are normally present in Korean native goats. Hemal nodes bad extensive subcapsular and deep sinuses distended by a great number of erythrocytes, and no typical cortex and medulla were observed. Blood vessels commonly occurred, but lymph vessel was not observed in the hemal node. Hemolymph nodes had distinct cortex and medulla, and also had afferent and efferent lymph vessels. The aim of the present study was to obtain new information on the distinct morphological structures of hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes according to ages, and have the basic data for their functions. Goats are divided into 5 groups, consisting of 3 animals aged 1, 3, 6, 10, and 12 months. The morphological studies of the organs were carried out by gross anatomy, light microscopy and immunohistochemistry. During aging, there was an increase in the size of the organs, while there were no significant changes of their numbers, locations and colors. As the goat got older, the lymphatic nodules of hemal nodes were more developed, and the number of macrophage containing phagocytosed erythrocytes was more increased. As the goat was younger, the lymphatic tissues of hemolymph nodes were less developed. There was no difference in distribution of T- and B- lymphocytes according to ages.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.4549-4552
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• 2013

The incidence of gastric cancer worldwide, and in particular in developing countries, has shown a marked increase. Poor prognosis of gastric cancer patients occurs due to the rapid metastasis of the disease via the lymphatic and blood vessels. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and the clinical significance of D2-40 and CD34 in human gastric cancer. D2-40 and CD34 expression wasdetected in 1,072 cases of Chinese patients with gastric carcinoma using immunohistochemistry. The lymphatic vessel density (LVD) and microvessel density (MVD) were calculated and analyzed and the correlation with the clinicopathological factors and prognosis was determined. The LVD and MVD of the gastric cancer cases were significantly higher compared to those of normal tissues (P < 0.05). The expression of D2-40-LVD and CD34-MVD in the malignancies were positively related to the age, tumor size, invasion depth, lymphatic metastasis and pathological tumor-node-metastasis (pTNM) (P < 0.05); However, no statistically significant difference was identified between them with the patient gender (P > 0.05). Up-regulation of D2-40 and CD34 expression was significantly correlated with the poor survival rate in univariate and multivariate analyses. The LVD marked by D2-40 and the MVD marked by CD34 were positively correlated to the clinicopathological factors of the malignancies and may play important role in the development and progression of gastric cancer.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3149-3152
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• 2012

Objective: The prognostic significance of perineural invasion (PNI) in gastric cancer has been previously investigated but not clearly clarified. The objective of our study was to investigate the role of PNI as prognostic factor in patients undergoing curative surgical resection and without distant metastasis in comparison with other clinicopathological factors. Methods: Between 2001 and 2010, 287 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma underwent radical gastrectomy recorded in hospital based registries. PNI was assessed as positive when cancer cells were seen in the perinerium or neural fascicles intramurally. Categorical and continuous variables were summarized using descriptive statistics and compared using chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests, respectively. Cancer related survival rates were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: PNI was positive in 211 of 287 cancers (73%), with a positive relation to lymph node metastases and advanced stage (p=0.0001, p=0.0001, respectively), mural invasion, and lymphatic and blood vessel invasion (p=0.0001, p=0.0001, respectively). The median survival of the PNI positive patients was significantly shorter than that of their PNI negative counterparts (24.1 versus 38.2 months, p=0.008). In the multivariate analysis, we detected PNI was an independent prognostic factor (p=0.025, HR=1.21, 95% CL 1.08-2.3) along with classical clinicopathological variables such as lymph node involvement (p=0.001), pT stage (p=0.03), and LVI (p=0.017), but not age, gender, tumour localization, stage, histologic type, and surgery procedure. Conclusions: PNI positivity in gastric cancers was related mural invasion, lymph node involvement, advanced stage and lymphatic and venous blood vessels. The presence of PNI appeared as an independent prognostic factor on survival on multivariate analysis, not influenced by tumor stage, lymph node metastases and other classical factors.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.326-329
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• 1999

Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a rare disease occurring almost exclusively in woman of reproductive age. It is characterized by rapid deterioration of respiratory functions and results in death within an average of 10 years. This disease is caused by a progressive proliferation of atypical smooth muscle in the pulmonary lymphatic vessels, blood vessels, and airways leading to the development of distal cystic changes which causes frequent recurrent pneumothoraces. We experienced a case of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis in a 30-year old woman who had a history of bilateral, recurrent pneumothoraces. The patient underwent lung biopsy through right thoracotomy which revealed the diagnosis of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis. We report a case with a review of the literature.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2007

The skin of the Korean bullheads, Pseudobagrus brevicorpus and P. koreanus, is composed of epidermis, dermis and subcutis. The epidermis has three layers, the outermost layer, middle layer and stratum germinativum. The epidermis consists of two types of gland cells, an unicellular mucous cell of sulfomucin and a large club cell having sometimes two nuclei. The epidermis has numerous intraepithelial blood vessels in P. brevicorpus but not at all in P. koreanus. Lymphatic spaces containing lymphocytes are well developed in mainly the stratum germinativum. The dermis lacks scales and consists mostly of bundles of coarse collagen fibers. The collagen bundles are arranged in parallel to each other in the dorsum and lateral region toward the dorsum, but vertically at intervals in the abdomen and lateral region toward the abdomen. Considering this unique skin structure, the two species are likely to exercise cutaneous respiration as a dual respiratory system to overcome hypoxic conditions which frequently occurs in their habitats.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.182-185
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• 2003

Hemangiolymphangioma is a malformation of both lymphatic and blood vessels. While a hemangiolymphangioma is a benign lesion, its propensity to invade underlying tissues and to recur locally distinguishes it from the simple lymphangioma or hemangioma. Hemangiolymphangiomas are uncommon developmental anomalies and intraosseous hemangiolymphangioma of the mandible is a relatively rare condition: when it occurs, the clinical and radiographic presentation are often nonspecific. The author presents a case of hemangiolymphangioma in mandible.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.517-520
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• 2019

Echinococcosis is a disease caused by the Echinococcus species that parasitizes in humans. Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) which is caused by Echinococcus multilocularis is harmful to humans. AE mainly occurs in the liver and can be transferred to retroperitoneal lymph nodes, lung, brain, bone, spleen and other organs through lymphatic and blood vessels. Cholangiocarcinoma can occur in of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts and is more common in the hilar. We reported a case of hilar bile duct alveolar echinococcosis which was originally misdiagnosed an cholangiocarcinoma.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.415-420
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• 2010

During a last decade, there have been considerable reports of novel thread-like structures (NTSs) in animals. The NTSs are thought to be a part of the Bonghan Ducts (BHD) system, which is described as a newly-discovered circulatory system. Networks of BHD system are completely different from blood vessels or lymphatic system in animal. To demonstrate intravascular NTSs, it is necessary to develop the effective method to observe the NTSs morphology. We considered several methods to study morphologically with NTSs. There are not explaining such structure in the current knowledge of anatomy and physiology. But we found very effective and easy method to study NTSs and BHD by agar-mediated embedding method.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.855-864
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• 1999

Hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes are lymphoid organs that share morphologic and functional characteristics of lymph nodes and spleens. The aim of the present study was to obtain new informations on the distinct morphological structures of hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes according to ages, and to get the basic data for their functions in Korean native goats. Goats were divided into 5 groups, consisting of 3 animals aged 1, 3, 6, 10 and 12 months, respectively. Ultrastructural features of the organs were observed by transmission and scanning electron microscopes. The sinuses of hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes were lined by endothelial-like reticular cells which had euchromatin-rich nuclei and many cytoplasmic processes, surrounding collagen fibrils. Macrophages containing phagocytosed erythrocytes were often noted in the diffuse lymphatic tissues of hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes. Some mast cells were in contact with the plasma cells near the blood vessel. Hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes had venous sinusal-like vessels which were different from the deep sinus. The lymph vessels with valves were observed in the capsule of the hemolymph node. There were no ultrastructural differences of the organs in the age different groups of the animals. These results suggest that hemal nodes and hemolymph nodes may take part in hemopoiesis, blood filtration and immune reaction in Korean native goats.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.128-137
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• 2024

This review discusses the pivotal role of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, vital processes influencing vascular permeability, endothelial cell recruitment, and the maintenance of tumor-associated blood and lymphatic vessels. VEGF exerts its effects through tyrosine-kinase receptors, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, and VEGFR-3. This VEGF-VEGFR system is central not only to cancer but also to diseases arising from abnormal blood vessel and lymphatic vessel formation. In the context of cancer, VEGF and its receptors are essential for the development of tumor-associated vessels, making them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Various approaches, such as anti-VEGF antibodies, receptor antagonists, and VEGF receptor function inhibitors, are being explored to interfere with tumor growth. However, the clinical efficacy of anti-angiogenic agents remains uncertain and necessitates further refinement. The article also highlights the physiological role of VEGFs, emphasizing their involvement in endothelial cell functions, survival, and vascular permeability. The identification of five distinct VEGFs in humans (VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and PLGF) is discussed, along with the classification of VEGFRs as typical receptor tyrosine kinases with distinct signaling systems. The family includes VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2, crucial in tumor biology and angiogenesis, and VEGFR-3, specifically involved in lymphangiogenesis. Overall, this review has provided a comprehensive overview of VEGF and VEGFR, detailing their roles in various diseases, including cancer. This is expected to further facilitate the utilization of VEGF and VEGFR as therapeutic targets.