• 약학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.253-256
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• 1982

The organ distribution of mercury was examined in the rat after oral administration of a single dose of red mercuric sulfide (15mg Hg/kg). The concentration of total mercury in the organs and blood after 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 72 hours of administration was determined by Quartz Tube Combustion-Gold Amalgamation Method. It was found that the maximal concentration of total mercury was in the kidneys and muscle within 24 hours and in the brain, heart, liver and blood within 48 hours. The descending order of the maximal organ and blood concentration was: kidneys(1.08ppm)>blood> muscle>heart>liver>brain. The accumulation states of total mercury in the rat organs were investigated by continuous administration of red mercuric sulfide (5mg Hg/kg/day) for 15 days. The mercury concentration increased progressively throughout the experimental period and the descending order of the highest level of mercury after 15 days was: kidneys (1.55ppm)>blood>liver. The concentration of alkyl mercury in brain, liver and kidneys also was measured after 7 and 15 days of consecutive administration of red mercuric sulfide (5mg Hg/kg/day). The concentration in the Kidneys and the liver was very low, but was significantly different from control group. The concentration in the brain was extremely low and was not significantly different from control group.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.451-457
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• 1997

This study was designed to investigate the effect of the ratio of energy from carbohydrate to total calories on dietary intake, obesity index, blood pressure, and blood lipid content in cardiovascular disease patients over 35 years old. A total of 552(227 male, 325 female) subjects were divided into three groups according to carbohydrate/total energy ratio : carbohydrate ratios below 25 percent were in the low carbohydrate group( <61.1%), between 25 and 75 percent carbohydrate were medium($\geq$61.1-<74.7%), and higher than 75 percent were in the high carbohydrate group($\geq$74.7%). The anthropometric data, nutrient intake, serum lipid levels, and blood pressure of each group were compared with one another. For men and women with high carbohydrate intakes, Inadequate nutritional intake was observed. Abdominal fat accumulation and blood TC level for men in the high carbohydrate group were higher than in medium or low carbohydrate groups. Therefore, it seems that high carbohydrate intake may produce adverse effects on abdominal fat accumulation and blood lipid patterns. Blood pressure, however, was significantly higher for women in low and high carbohydrate groups than in medium carbohydrate group. These results suggest that extremely high and low carbohydrate intake may raise the risk of cardiovascular disease and that it is necessary to consume nutritionally balanced meals. This can be done by controlling the ratio of dietary carbohydrate at a medium level in order to prevent and/or to reduce the risk.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.65-76
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• 2022

Purpose: The present study measured changes in arteriolar and venular capillary flow and structure in the gingival tissues during the development of plaque-induced gingival inflammation by combining dynamic optical coherence tomography (OCT), laser perfusion, and capillaroscopic video imaging. Methods: Gingival inflammation was induced in 21 healthy volunteers over a 3-week period. Gingival blood flow and capillary morphology were measured by dynamic OCT, laser perfusion imaging, and capillaroscopy, including a baseline assessment of capillary glycocalyx thickness. Venular capillary flow was estimated by analysis of the perfusion images and mean blood velocity/acceleration in the capillaroscopic images. Readings were recorded at baseline and weekly over the 3 weeks of plaque accumulation and 2 weeks after brushing was resumed. Results: Perfusion imaging demonstrated a significant reduction of gingival blood flow after 1 and 2 weeks of plaque accumulation (P<0.05), but by 3 weeks of plaque accumulation there was a more mixed picture, with reduced flow in some participants and increased flow in others. Participants with reduced flux at 3 weeks also demonstrated venular-type flow as determined by perfusion images and evidence of the development of venular capillaries as assessed by the velocity/acceleration ratio in capillaroscopic images. After brushing resumed, these venular capillaries were broken down and replaced by arteriolar capillaries. Conclusions: After 3 weeks of plaque accumulation, there was wide variation in microvascular reactions between the participants. Reduced capillary flow was associated with the development of venular capillaries in some individuals. This is noteworthy, as an early increase in venous capillaries is a key vascular feature of cardiovascular disease, psoriasis, Sjögren syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis-diseases with a significant association with the development of severe gingival inflammation, which leads to periodontitis. Future investigations of microvascular changes in gingival inflammation might benefit from accurate capillary flow velocity measurements to assess the development of venular capillaries.

• 생약학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.397-401
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• 2013

The Galkun-Whanglyeon-Whanggum-Tang, an officially standardized mixture of traditional herbal medicines used in Korea and China, consists of Pueraria lobata, Scullellaria baicalensis, Coptis chinensis and Glycyrrhiza uralensis at a ratio of 6:9:3:2.4. In this study, we evaluated the effect of lowering lipid accumulation in blood by treatment of Galkun-Whanglyeon-Whanggum-Tang in Apo E(-/-) atherosclerotic animal model. ApoE/mice fed with 1.25% cholesterol, 7.5% cocoa butter and 0.5% sodium cholate diet were orally given vehicle or Galkun-Whanglyeon-Whanggum-Tang(10, 100 and 300 mg/kg/day) for 12 weeks. Serum levels of triglyceride(TG), total cholestrerol(TC), low-density lipoprotein(LDL) and high-density lipoprotein(HDL) were analyzed, and PPAR-${\alpha}$ and PPAR-${\gamma}$ were examined by Western blotting analysis. Galkun-Whanglyeon- Whanggum-Tang decreased serum levels of TG, TC and LDL, but not HDL in ApoE/mice. In parallel, Galkun-Whanglyeon-Whanggum-Tang treatment showed the increased activity of PPAR-${\alpha}$ and PPAR-${\gamma}$ in hepatocytes. In summary, Galkun-Whanglyeon-Whanggum-Tang can reduce lipid accumulation in blood, and this effect might be accompanied by the upregulation of PPAR-${\alpha}$ and PPAR-${\gamma}$ in Apo E(-/-) atherosclerotic mouse model.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.799-805
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• 2010

Since the consumption of spent laying hens as roasted skewered meat increases, the effects of various carotenoids on pigmentation and antioxidant activity were tested with 62-wk-old 250 ISA brown laying hens to improve the quality of chicken meat. In a 6-wk feeding trial, 4 carotenoids with different polarity (${\beta}$-8-apo-carotenoic acid ethyl ester (ACAEE)>astaxanthin>canthaxanthin>${\beta}$-carotene) at 100 mg carotenoid/kg feed were used. The more polar the carotenoids, the higher were the levels in blood. After 5-wk adaptation, the concentrations of astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and ACAEE in blood were -4 ${\mu}g/ml$. Canthaxanthin decreased significantly (p<0.05) the level of total blood cholesterol. Decreases in blood triglyceride by all carotenoids used were significant. ACAEE and astaxanthin tended to increase skin yellowness of thigh, breast, and wing proportionally to feeding period. In the case of polar carotenoids (ACAEE and astaxanthin), the longer the period of feeding, the higher the accumulation in skin was observed. Only astaxanthin was effective against the production of lipid peroxides in skin. Conclusively, out of the commercially available carotenoids we tested, astaxanthin is recommended for pigmentation of skin and inhibition of lipid oxidation.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.201-213
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• 2010

Objectives : We investigated the effects of fermented soybean(FSOB) on body weight and examined whether hepatic lipid accumulation are inhibited by it in high fat diet-fed obese male mice. Methods : 8 weeks old, high fat diet-fed obese male mice were divided into 5 groups: C57BL/6N normal, control, FSOB(1), (2) and (3). After mice were treated with FSOB for 9 weeks, we measured body weight gain, food intake, feeding efficiency ratio, fat weight, plasma leptin and lipid levels. We also did histological analysis for liver and fat on the mice. Results : 1. Compared with controls, FSOB-treated mice had lower body weight gain and adipose tissue weight, the magnitudes of which were prominent in FSOB(3) and FSOB(1). 2. Compared with controls, FSOB-treated mice had lower feeding efficiency ratio and blood plasma leptin levels, the magnitude of which was prominent in FSOB(3). 3. Compared with controls, FSOB-treated mice had lower blood plasma total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol levels. 4. Blood plasma AST and ALT concentrations were not changed by FSOB, indicating FSOB do not show any toxic effects. 5. Consistent with their effects on body weight gain, the size of adipocytes were significantly decreased by FSOB, whereas the adipocyte number per unit area was significantly increased, suggesting that FSOB decreased the number of large adipocytes. Hepatic lipid accumulation was decreased by FSOB. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that FSOB effectively reduces body weight gain, feeding efficiency ratio, blood plasma leptin level and improves hepatic lipid accumulation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.828-836
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• 1994

A low level exposure experiment was conducted on growing rats to investigate the accumulation and organ distribution of protein bound cadmium compared with cadmium chloride. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed for 21days with one of the semisynthetic diets, which contains cadmium as either bovine liver- or kidney meal bound cadmium, cadmium chloride with uncontaminated liver meal or cadmium chloride without organ meal, in the levels of ca. 0.5, 1 and 1.5mg/kg diet, respectively. After 21days of exposure cadmium was accumulated in liver, kidney and gastrointestinal tracts depending upon cadmium levels in diet. Inspite of very low cadmium accumulation in whole blood, it tends also to increase with dietary cadmium levels. The blood cadmium concentration of animals fed organ meal containing diets was about 4-7 fold higher than that without organ meal, regardless of cadmium was intrinsically bound to protein or not. However, significant effects of organ protein on cadmium accumulation in liver, kidney and digestive tracts were not detectable, when cadmium was supplemented as cadmium chloride. On the other hands, animals fed diet containing ca. 1.5mg Cd/kg as organ bound cadmium retained more cadmium in liver, kidney and digestive tracts compared to cadmium chloride with organ meal, whereby the increase of cadmium concentration in kidney was greater then in liver. However, when the concentration of protein bound cadmium was<1mg/kg diet, organ bound cadmium was not significantly different from cadmium chloride in bioavailability and organ distribution. From this result it is suggested that the intestinal absorption of protein bound cadmium is influenced of the amount of cadmium bound in protein. When cadmium concentration in protein is relatively low, protein bound cadmium seems to be absorbed in the same way as cadmium ions are absorbed. However, when the concentration is high, at least a small amount of intact protein bound cadmium could be absorbed and accumulated selectively in kidney.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.164-173
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• 2015

유산 균주들을 신생아 및 성인의 분변으로부터 분리하여 그 중에서도 가장 중금속 흡착능이 크고 중금속에 내성이 있다고 사료되는 균주 KP-3를 선별하여 동정한 결과 Lactobacillus sp.으로 밝혀졌다. 동물 실험에서는 생후 4주령의 Sprague dawley male rat에게 선별한 균주 KP-3를 투여하여 혈액 및 장기 내의 중금속 축적 저해효과가 어느 정도인지 조사하였다. 실험군으로는 SD rat 한 마리당 Lactobacillus sp. KP-3와 중금속 10 ppm을 혼합하여 약 100 ml/day씩 7일간 투여하였다. 대조군으로 중금속과 멸균 생리 식염수를 혼합하여 투여한 군과 Lactobacillus sp. KP-3와 멸균 생리 식염수를 혼합하여 투여한 군, 멸균 생리 식염수 만을 투여한 군으로 분리하여 SD rat 한 마리당 약 100 ml/day씩 7일간 투여하였다. 혈액, 간장 및 신장의 시료를 채취하여 카드뮴(Cd), 크롬(Cr), 납(Pb) 등의 중금속 축적량을 측정하였다. 측정 결과 크롬(Cr)은 신장에 주로 축적되었고, 납(Pb)은 간장과 신장에 주로 많은 축적을 보였고, 실험군인 Lactobacillus sp. KP-3와 중금속을 혼합하여 투여한 군에서는 중금속만을 투여한 군보다 중금속 축적량이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 카드뮴(Cd), 크롬(Cr), 납(Pb)의 평균 중금속 축적 저해율은 각각 41.8%, 33.4% 44.2%로 나타났다. 특히, 혈액에서의 중금속 축적 저해율은 약 70%로 매우 높게 나타났고 혈액에서의 카드뮴 축적 저해율은 100%로 나타났다. 본 실험에서 탐색하여 최적화된 유산균이라고 생각되는 Lactobacillus sp. KP-3균주는 실험 결과에 의하면 중금속 축적 저해에 효과가 있는 것으로 여겨지며, 또한 유산균이 함유된 식품을 지속적으로 섭취함으로써 체내의 중금속의 축적 억제에 도움이 크게 되리라 생각된다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제50권11호
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• pp.566-571
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• 2017

Weight loss ${\geq}5$ percent is sufficient to significantly reduce health risks for obese people; therefore, development of novel weight loss compounds with reduced toxicity is urgently required. After screening of natural compounds with anti-adipogenesis properties in 3T3-L1 cells, we determined that kahweol, a coffee-specific diterpene, inhibited adipogenesis. Kahweol reduced lipid accumulation and expression levels of adipogenesis and lipid accumulation-related factors. Levels of phosphorylated AKT and phosphorylated JAK2, that induce lipid accumulation, decreased in kahweol-treated cells. Particularly, kahweol treatment significantly increased AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation. We revealed that depletion of AMPK alleviated reduction in lipid accumulation from kahweol treatment, suggesting that inhibition of lipid accumulation by kahweol is dependent on AMPK activation. We detected more rapid reduction in blood glucose levels in mice administrated kahweol than in control mice. We suggest that kahweol has anti-obesity effects and should be studied further for possible therapeutic applications.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.193-198
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• 1984

Rice, the staple food in Korea, is deficient to some extent in protein, lipid and vitamins. This study was carried out in order to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation to the rice diet of cellulose, ginseng, and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol on lead toxicity in rats. Using male rats fed the rice diet with the distilled drinking water containing 750mg of lead as nitrate per liter, for 11 weeks, organ weights, hemoglobin levels, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity and accumulation of lead in liver, blood and kidney were observed. Supplementation of cellulose, ginseng and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol to the lead groups showed the protective effect significantly in the weight of liver but no influence in hemoglobin levels. Ginseng especially decreased the serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity to normal level. The three supplemented diets reduced the lead accumulation in kidney and blood, but not in liver.