• 동서간호학연구지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.18-31
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• 2002

This study, as a basic research to manage a Chinese Medicine Health Promotion Center by way of showing an example, is a before and after experiment research for simple group to verify a difference with cholesterol, health status and perception of health in order to confirm a effectiveness of diet and regimen according to the 4th status of physical constitution. Research object was chosen of 42 persons who operate a physical constitutional dietary regimen among them after selecting professors and clinical nurses (55 persons) majoring in the science of nursing who participated in Chinese Medicine-oriented Nurse Training Course from Aug. of 2001 to Feb. of 2002 all over the country. Diagnostic tools for physical constitution was used of the questionary that is currently consisted of physical constitution grouping test in Eastern & Western Diagnose Center of K Medical Center, and rating of health status was used of the tool that standardized CMI(Cornell Medical Index) to be available for Korean, and perception measurement for health status was used of a visual analogue scale for the health status that each one perceive personally, and physiological status was measured of cholesterol in blood. Analysis for the collected data was carried out by percentage, $X^2$ test, paired t-test according to research object by using SPSS, and the results of this study are as follows. 1) There was no difference with cholesterol before or after the experiment for objects. As a result of estimation about difference with health status by areas before or after the experiment, there are more improved result in eyes, ears, digestive organs, bones and sinews organs, frequency of a disorder, habit, adaptation status, angry, healthy status than before the experiment. As a whole, after the experiment the health was more improved than before the experiment. As the result to inspect a difference of health perception between before and after experiment, after the experiment the health perception level was improved than before, however there was no meaningful differences. 2) As the result to inspect a difference of cholesterol between before and after experiment according to object's physical constitution, in the case of So-yang-in(a person with the minimum male: according to the male and female principles(the sun and the moon)) among the 4th status of physical constitution there was only meaningful difference statistically, however, after the experiment their cholesterol's value was increased. As the result to inspect the difference of health status between before and after the experiment according to physical constitution, all of Ta-um-in(a person with maximum the female), So-yang-in(with the minimum male), So-um-in(with the minimum female) had a meaningful difference before and after the experiment, which means that in all case by physical constitutional groups, after the experiment their health status was more improved than before the experiment. As the result to inspect a difference of health perception between before and after according to physical constitutions, in the case of Tae-um-in and So-um-in, average score after the experiment was risen than before the experiment so that it means that the level of health perception was improved, however, there was no meaning statistically. According to the above results, if continuous diet and regimen by each physical constitutions could be implemented, it is certain that the health could be maintained and promoted. And, what we are healthy is for oneself to feel it subjectively. However, I think that cholesterol score in blood that we can view objectively could be changed distinctly if we can implement a strict diet and regimen. Accordingly, it is necessary for a method and period of experiment to be more strict and longer. According to the above results, I would like to suggest as follows. 1) In order to understand health status by Korean's physical constitutions and to generalize it, these research will be repeated against much more objects that could be selected by proper grouping method to consider a representative. 2) It is necessary for a research to inspect health status by physical constitution by developing a health status measurement tool that has higher confidence and propriety based on physical constitutional theory.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.210-222
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• 2000

한국산 잡견 11마리를 대상으로 자가 혈병을 이용한 급성 폐색전증을 만들고 ET 수용체 길항제를 투여하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 혈병 투여후 폐동맥압은 상승하였고 심박출량은 감소하였으며 페혈관 저항은 증가하였다. 동맥혈 산소분압과 혼합 정맥혈의 산소 분압이 감소하였고 사강호흡이 증가하였고 생리적 단락이 증가하였으나 전신혈압은 변동이 없었다. 모든 측정치는 수용체 길항제 투여군과 대조군간에 차이를 보이지 않았다. 2. ET-1 수용체 길항제 투여후 전신혈압, 동맥 및 혼합정맥혈산소 분압, 동정맥 단락, 및 사강호흡의 정도는 두군간에 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 폐동맥압, 심박출량, 폐혈관 저항은 길항제 투여 30분후부터 수용체 길항제 투여군과 대조군간에 차이를 보이기 시작하여 210분후까지 지속되었다. 3. ET-1의 농도는 색전전(Baseline)에 비하여 색전후 동맥혈, 혼합정맥혈, 및 그 비(동맥혈/혼합정맥혈)가 증가를 보였고, 수용체 길항제 투여후 투여군에서는 대조군에 비해 ET-1의 농도 증가가 의미 있게 높았다. 4. 면역조직화학염색상에서 폐색전증이 유발된 개의 폐혈관 및 폐조직에서 색전을 투여하지 않은 정상 개의 조직에 비해 ET-1의 발현이 증가되었다. 5. Northern blot 상에서 폐색전이 일어난 폐조직의 preproET-1 mRNA 발현은 색전이 일어나지 않은 개의 폐조직에 비하여 증가되었다.

• 식물조직배양학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.423-428
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• 2000

In 1997 when cloned sheep Dolly and soon after Polly were born, it had become head-line news because in the former the nucleus that gave rise to the lamb came from cells of six-year-old adult sheep and in the latter case a foreign gene was inserted into the donor nucleus to make the cloned sheep produce human protein, factor IX, in e milk. In the last few years, once the realm of science fiction, cloned mammals especially in livestock have become almost commonplace. What the press accounts often fail to convey, however, is that behind every success lie hundreds of failures. Many of the nuclear-transferred egg cells fail to undergo normal cell divisions. Even when an embryo does successfully implant in the womb, pregnancy often ends in miscarriage. A significant fraction of the animals that are born die shortly after birth and some of those that survived have serious developmental abnormalities. Efficiency remains at less than one % out of some hundred attempts to clone an animal. These facts show that something is fundamentally wrong and enormous hurdles must be overcome before cloning becomes practical. Cloning researchers now tent to put aside their effort to create live animals in order to probe the fundamental questions on cell biology including stem cells, the questions of whether the hereditary material in the nucleus of each cell remains intact throughout development, and how transferred nucleus is reprogrammed exactly like the zygotic nucleus. Stem cells are defined as those cells which can divide to produce a daughter cell like themselves (self-renewal) as well as a daughter cell that will give rise to specific differentiated cells (cell-differentiation). Multicellular organisms are formed from a single totipotent stem cell commonly called fertilized egg or zygote. As this cell and its progeny undergo cell divisions the potency of the stem cells in each tissue and organ become gradually restricted in the order of totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent. The differentiation potential of multipotent stem cells in each tissue has been thought to be limited to cell lineages present in the organ from which they were derived. Recent studies, however, revealed that multipotent stem cells derived from adult tissues have much wider differentiation potential than was previously thought. These cells can differentiate into developmentally unrelated cell types, such as nerve stem cell into blood cells or muscle stem cell into brain cells. Neural stem cells isolated from the adult forebrain were recently shown to be capable of repopulating the hematopoietic system and produce blood cells in irradiated condition. In plants although the term$\boxDr$ stem cell$\boxUl$is not used, some cells in the second layer of tunica at the apical meristem of shoot, some nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac, and initial cells of adventive buds are considered to be equivalent to the totipotent stem cells of mammals. The telomere ends of linear eukaryotic chromosomes cannot be replicated because the RNA primer at the end of a completed lagging strand cannot be replaced with DNA, causing 5' end gap. A chromosome would be shortened by the length of RNA primer with every cycle of DNA replication and cell division. Essential genes located near the ends of chromosomes would inevitably be deleted by end-shortening, thereby killing the descendants of the original cells. Telomeric DNA has an unusual sequence consisting of up to 1,000 or more tandem repeat of a simple sequence. For example, chromosome of mammal including human has the repeating telomeric sequence of TTAGGG and that of higher plant is TTTAGGG. This non-genic tandem repeat prevents the death of cell despite the continued shortening of chromosome length. In contrast with the somatic cells germ line cells have the mechanism to fill-up the 5' end gap of telomere, thus maintaining the original length of chromosome. Cem line cells exhibit active enzyme telomerase which functions to maintain the stable length of telomere. Some of the cloned animals are reported prematurely getting old. It has to be ascertained whether the multipotent stem cells in the tissues of adult mammals have the original telomeres or shortened telomeres.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.128-137
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• 1991

신생아나 영아의 급성신부전증의 치료를 위하여서 복막투석이 매우 유효한 방법으로 알려져 있지만 혈역학적으로 불안정한 상태에서 저용량, 고농도의 투석액으로 자주 교환하는 방법이 통상적인 투석방법과 마찬가지로 효율적인지를 알아보기 위하여 본 연구를 시도하였다. 대상환아는 신생아와 영유아에서 혈역학적으로 불안정하리라 추정되는 7례의 급성신부전증 환아를 대상으로 저용량($14.2{\pm}4.2ml/kg$), 고농도(4.25% dextrose)의 투석액을 30-45분의 짧은 간격으로 교환하는 복막투석을 실시하여 통상적인 방법을 사용한 4례의 환아와 비교하였다. 환아의 연령은 $1.9{\pm}1.3$개월이었고, 체중은 $4.6{\pm}1.6kg$이었으며 신부전증을 일으킨 원인은 패혈증과 이에 동반한 쇽 5례와 심장수술 후 과다혈량 상태가 생긴 2례였다. 도관은 경피적으로 pigtail 도관이나 Tenckhoff 도관을 삽입하였다. 유효한외과여과율은 $0.27{\pm}0.09ml/min$로서 통상적인 방법에 의한 $0.29{\pm}0.09ml/min$와 유의한 차이가 없었다. 또한 투석 24시간 후 혈중 BUN은 $95.6{\pm}37.5mg/dl$에서 $ 75.7{\pm}25.9mg/dl$로 감소하였고, 혈중 pH는 $7.122{\pm}0.048$에서 $7.326{\pm}0.063$으로 증가하였다. 투석중의 부작용으로는 2례의 고혈당증, 2례의 도관 주위 누출, 1례의 경한 저나트륨혈증과 1례의 복막염이 발생하였으나 비교적 용이하게 교정이 가능하였다. 이들 환아중 2례의 환아가 선행질환의 악화로 사망하였다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.55-64
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• 1976

This paper presents the results of a survey for the causes of sensori-neural hearing impairment in Korea, The subjects were 1,676 children of total 2,928 enrolled in 16 Deaf Schools; two schools in each area of Seoul, Busan, Kyoungbook, Kyoungnam, Kyounggi and Chunbug, and each one in Chungnam, Chungbug, Chunnam and Jaeju. The data were collected by questionaire with 28 items distributed to their parents. The filling in the check lists were performed by their class teachers, interviewer, for 18 months from September, 1975 to february, 1976. The questionable or missed problems were reaffirmed. The results obtained were as follows. Most of the reasons, 78.5% were acquired characters that could be developed during pregnant period, the time of delivery and the time of after birth. The pure hereditary reasons except the cases complexed with one or two were only 11.3%. Those who could not be defined with any reasons were 10.2%. Among the acquired causes, 5.8% of total subjects were developed for pregnancy: 3.3%, during delivery; and 69.7%, after birth. In the pregnant period, the drug intoxications were 2.4% of total subjects, several diseases such as influenja, bleeding, surgical operation, venereal diseases and rubella etc. were about one percent, and the accompanied with some symptoms of pregnancy intoxication and traumatic events were 2.4%, During time, the cases with delayed rhythmical pain were 16 persons, the immaturities were 11, the asphyxial cases were nine, the errors of forceps delivery were seven, the cases of low body weight inspite of full term were four, the cases with cesarian section were three, the head injuries were two, and the accompanied with three kinds of above reasons were three. During after birth, the cases with acute communicable diseases were 35.4% of total subjects, the fever unknown origin were 16.1%, the chronic otitis media were 3.7%, the meningitis were 3.5%, the gastric and nutritional diseases were 3.5%, the drug intoxications were 4.8%, the blood diseases were 0.3% and the other causes were 2.2%. Here by acute communicable diseases, some importants were measle, 10.1% of total subjects; meningitis, 7.3%; convulsion with some reasons, 4.9%; poliomyelitis. 3.2%; encephalitis, 2.4%; and mumps, rubella, pertusis, scarlet fever, and small pox were somewhat played a role in. Among 59 cases with train diseases, 53 were concussion by the accidents, such as traffic and falling or sliping down etc., the cerebral paralysis and hydrocephalus were two, respectively. And the blood diseases were severe newjaundice in all five cases. If we were summarized with the above mentioned, most of the hearing impairments were introduced by the combined reasons with familial or hereditary factors and the acquired, than by a simple disease. Among the congenital or hereditary hearing impairments classified to now a day, we suppose that the many cases with the acquired causes during pregnancy, delivery and after birth were complexed. Subsequently, the maternal and child health should be more and more developed in our country, also.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.200-208
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• 2005

목적: 비침습적으로 간의 상태를 예측하기 위하여 여러 검사법들이 시도되고 있으나 각각의 제한점이 있다. 간 신티그라피는 방사성교질과 방사능 표지 iminodiacetic acid (IDA) 화합물이 가장 널리 사용되고 있으나, 실제 간세포의 상태를 나타내는데는 부족한 점이 있다. 최근에는 간세포 표면에 발현되는 asialoglycoprotein (ASGP) 수용체 (ASGP receptor: ASGPR)에 특이적으로 결합 할 수 있는 제제인 galactosylated serum albumin (GSA)이 간 신티그라피에 유용한 방사성의약품으로 성장하고 있으나 제한점을 가지고 있다. 본 연구는 현재 상용화된 GSA보다 유용한 ASGPR 영상용 방사성의약품인 lactosylated serum albumin (LSA)이 간세포의 ASGPR 발현 정도의 평가에 이용될 수 있는지와 조직학적 간손상정도 비침습적 평가 하는데 이용될 수 있는 방사성의약품인지를 알아보고자 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법: $^{99m}Tc$-LSA의 간기능 평가 성능을 알아보기 위하여 diethylnitrosamine (DEN)과 thioacetamide (TAA) 투여로 간손상을 일으킨 생쥐에서 생체내 분포변화를 알아보았으며, DEN 투여로 간손상을 일으킨 흰쥐에서 영상을 통하여 간 및 혈액내 방사능 분포 변화 양상을 알아보았다. 방사성의약품의 체내 분포 변화 및 간 및 혈액내 분포 변화가 간손상 여부를 잘 반영하는 지를 알아보기 위하여 간조직 검사를 시행하여 비교하였다. 결과: 체중 kg당 DEN 60 mg이 주당 1회 5번 투여된 생쥐는 광학현미경상 간손상 정도가 미약하였으며, 면역조직화학검사상 ASGPR의 발현이 높았으며, $^{99m}Tc$-LSA의 체내 분포는 정상생쥐와 유의한 차이가 없었다. 체중 kg당 DEN 180 mg이 주당 1회 2번 투여된 생쥐는 조직검사상 간조직의 괴사가 광범위하였으며, 면역조직화학검사상 ASGPR의 발현이 감소되어 있었고, $^{99m}Tc$-LSA의 체내 분포는 정상생쥐에 비해 간섭취가 감소되어 있었으며, 혈액에서의 제거나 늦었다. TAA를 투여하여 간조직의 괴사가 발생한 생쥐에서도 $^{99m}Tc$-LSA의 체내 분포는 정상생쥐에 비해 간섭취가 감소되어 있었으며, 혈액에서의 제거가 늦었다. 결론: 새로이 개발된 $^{99m}Tc$-LSA는 정상 간조직에 섭취정도가 높으며, ASGPR 발현정도에 비례하여 간섭취를 나타내며, 간손상 정도에 따라 섭취가 감소하여, 간손상 정도를 비침습적으로 잘 반영해 주는 것으로 나타나 향후 간기능 평가용 방사성의약품으로 임상에 손쉽게 쓰일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.60-71
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• 1976

The author reviewed the medical records of 96 typhoid fever patients who were diagnosed, admitted, and treated at Sea grave Memorial Hospital from January 1 , 1973 through August 31, 1975. Diagnosis was determined by clinical observation, aerology and bacteriology, eighty patients were treated medically, the remaining 16 patients required surgical intervention. The following results were obtained: 1) The age distribution of the patients revealed that 33.3% wert between 10 and 19 years old 21.9% were between 20 and 29, and 19.8% were between 30 and 39. The majority of patients were from these more active age groups. Male to female sex ratio was 1.3 : 1 2) Seasonal distribution was observed. Most illness occurred in the summer and autumn month 5. 3) 84. 3%of the patients came from farm families. 4) Duration between onset and admission averaged 16.0 days. The group without compilations was admitted after an average of 15. 1 days; The group with complications was ad-matted after an average of 19.4 days. 5) Methods of treatment before admission were as follows: 10.4% at medical clinics, 61, 5% at pharmacies (antibiotics 47.9%, other. drugs 13.5%), 7.3% by herb medications, 20.8% had no treatment. 6) Main clinical symptoms were as follows: fever 93.8%, headache 47.9%, abdominal pain 47.9%, chills 38.5%, cough 36.5%, general weakness 26.0%, nausea e vomiting 24.0% and generalized pain 21.9%. 7) Temperature of patients on admission: 22.9% were 39f or more, 67.6% were between 37℃ and 38℃, and 9.4% were 37℃ or less. 8) Occurrence of intensional bleeding after onset of disease averaged 9.3 days; perforation occurred at an average of 19. 1 days. 9) Interval between onset of major complication and surgical intervention averaged 2.8 days. 10) Among the 68 patients who underwent the bacteriological test the positive rate was 44.1% (30). The positive ,ales to, each separate culture method were as follows: 20.4% in the blood culture, 40.4% in the stool culture and 6.7% in the urine culture. Among these bacteriological positive patients 15 patients had a negative results or less than 160 titer of vidal reaction. 11) The initial vidal test of the total group showed a counts of 160 titer or more in 60.4% and less than 160 titer in 39.6%, 12) W. B. C. Counts in the uncomplicated group indicated that 32.5% were 6,000/㎣ or less, 47.5% were between 6,000 and 10,000, arid 20.0% were 10,000/㎣ or more. In the complicated group, 37.6% were 6,000/㎣ or less, 25,0% were 6,000-10,000/㎣ and 37.6% were 10,000/㎣ or more. 13) Duration of hospital stay of the patients averaged 6.4 days in the uncomplicated group and 12.7 days in the complicated group. 14) Subdiaphragmatic free air simple X-ray was found in 91.7% of the perforated cases. 15) Duration of antibiotic therapy until an febrile state was attained averaged 4.8 days in the uncomplicated group and 6.5 days in the complicated group. 16) Operative procedures were as follows: one layer simple closure of their perforation with or without debasement in 56.3%, drainage only in 6.3%, small bowel resection with primary anastomosis in 18.8% , externalization in 6.3%, cholecystectomy in 6.3%, The clinical findings of this study suggest the following recommendations. According to Top's report; 1% of typhoid fever patients treated with chlorarnphenicol and 2% of patients treated with other drugs become chronic carriers. Therefore, importance should be given to the strict control of these carriers. Immunization, improvement of sanitation and living standards are all needed for the prevention and treatment of disease, but a more serious problem is a lack of knowledge on the part of patients and their families. Thus it is most urgent to enlighten the citizens about the transmission and hygiene related to contagious disease. Legal restriction of sale of antibiotics at drug stores without a physician's prescription is an urgent matter for public health administrators. An even more important nursing responsibility is the reemphasis on health education both in the clinical setting and in the home.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.85-123
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• 2004

Back ground : Subcutaneous fat area is the main factor involved in replacement disease and arteriosclerosis. Simple weight control is the appropriate medical treatment. It's understood that weight reduction does not only reduce the fat concentrations in blood but also reduces blood pressure, improves glucose levels in diabetes patients and reduces incidents of heart disease. there are several methods for reducing fat in the abdominal region but their effectiveness is not folly understood. one method is electrical stimulation of the problem areas. Method : From May 1st 2002 to October 31st. The 15 subjects who received medical examination were aged between 25 and 53 and were of mixed gender. The subjects were divided into two groups one to received functional electrical stimulation and the other a control group. Using Broca's criterion for judging fat grades. I analysed the differences between the two groups before and after the treatment. Subjects received functional electrical stimulation on the abdominal muscle intensity 50Hz. They received this treatment 4 days a week for 40 minutes a day. In the case of aerobic exercise, at the Treadmill, we used it with the intensity of $75\%$ maximum heart rate (220-age). Result 1)After functional electrical stimulation in the case of male subjects, the weight was reduced 1.93kg, obesity $2.60\%$, fat mass 2.73kg, Percent body fat $4.40\%$, waist circumference 6.53cm, circumference of hips 5.53cm. On the other side, the quality of muscle was increased at the rate of 1.03kg, but it's not attentional level. The subcutaneous fat area was reduced by $26.63cm^2$, the visceral fat area was reduced by $43.00cm^2$, In the female subjects, we can see the reduction of fat grade by $26.63cm^2$, the quantity of body fat by 1.5kg, percent body fat by $1.77\%$, circumference of waist by 4.02cm, circumference of hips by 3.67cm, weight by 1.40kg but was increased 0.72kg at the quantity of muscles. We can see the reduction also in the subcutaneous fat area $24.03cm^2$, the visceral fat area by $25.36cm^2$. 2)After aerobic exercise, on the male subjects, we can see reduction of weight by 3.36kg, obesity by $4.00\%$, fat mass by 2.83kg and we can see increase at the soft lean mass by 2.96kg, but we can see reduction, the percent body fat by $3.03\%$, fat distribution by $0.023\%$, circumference of waist by 3.10cm, circumference of hips by 2.23cm. The female subjects show a reduction in the weight by 2.48kg, percent body fat by $2.20\%$, show an increase in the soft lean mass by 1.54kg. We can see a reduction in the quantity of fat mass by 2.32kg, the percent body fat by $2.80\%$, the circumference of waist by 2.16cm, the circumference of hips by 2.68cm, the fat distribution by $0.016\%$, the subcutaneous fat area by $15.25cm^2$ the visceral fat area by $11.52cm^2$. After aerobic exercise, we can't see the attentional change at the total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol. 3)After the application of functional electrical stimulation and aerobic exercise, in result of measurement on the body ingredient, we could see the weight reduction and increase the quantity of muscle with the male group who exercised aerobic. We can see the attentional rate on the electrical stimulation about abdominal fat rate, circumference of waist, circumference of hips. The other hand, I couldn't see the attentional differences between the two groups in the rate of fatness and quantity of body fat and the rate of body fat. There isn't any attentional difference in the area of fat under skin, on the contrary, There is attentional difference in the fat in the internal organs area at the electrical stimulation site. We can't see the attentional change of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol between electrical stimulation and aerobic exercise. 4)After execution of functional electrical stimulation and aerobic exercise, in result of measurement on change of body ingredient among female objects, We could see weight reduction, increase at muscle quantity in the aerobic exercise group. We could see the attentional differences in the rate of fatness, the rate of abdominal region, the circumference which received electrical stimulation. But, we couldn't see the attentional differences between two groups in the quantity of body fatness, the circumference of hips. The subcutaneous fat area doesn't show the attentional differences. On the Contrary, we could see lots of differences in the visceral fat area of the electrical stimulation group. Conclusion The results show that functional electrical stimulation and aerobic exercise have insignificant differences when if comes to total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Though there is affirmative change in body ingredient after both electrical stimulation and aerobic exercise. Functional electrical stimulation is more effective on the subcutaneous fat area and in changing visceral fat area. There fore. It is concluded that the physical therapy is more effective in the treatment of abdominal fatness.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.677-692
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• 2005

The assessment of sodium intake is complex because of the variety and nature of dietary sodium. This study intended to develop a dish frequency questionnaire (DFQ) for estimating the habitual sodium intake and a short DFQ for screening subjects with high or low sodium intake. For DFQ112, one hundred and twelve dish items were selected based on the information of sodium content of the one serving size and consumption frequency. Frequency of consumption was determined through nine categories ranging from more than 3 times a day to almost never to indicate how often the specified amount of each food item was consumed during the past 6 months. One hundred seventy one adults (male: 78, female: 93) who visited hypertension or health examination clinic participated in the validation study. DFQ55 was developed from DFQ112 by omitting the food items not frequently consumed, selecting the dish items that showed higher sodium content per one portion size and higher consumption frequency. To develop a short DFQs for classifying subjects with low or high sodium intakes, the weighed score according to the sodium content of one protion size was given to each dish item of DFQ25 or DFQ14 and multiplied with the consumption frequency score. A sum index of all the dish items was formed and called sodium index (Na index). For validation study the DFQ112, 2-day diet record and one 24-hour urine collection were analyzed to estimate sodium intakes. The sodium intakes estimated with DFQ112 and 24-h urine analysis showed $65\%$ agreement to be classified into the same quartile and showed significant correlation (r=0.563 p<0.05). However, the actual amount of sodium intake estimated with DFQ112 (male: 6221.9mg, female: 6127.6mg) showed substantial difference with that of 24-h urine analysis (male: 4556.9mg, female: 5107.4mg). The sodium intake estimated with DFQ55 (male: 4848.5mg, female: 4884.3mg) showed small difference from that estimated with 24-h urine analysis, higher proportion to be classfied into the same quartile and higher correlation with the sodium intakes estimated with 24-h urine analysis and systolic blood pressure. It seems DFQ55 can be used as a tool for quantitative estimation of sodium intake. Na index25 or Na index14 showed $39\~50\%$ agreement to be classified into the same quartile, substantial correlations with the sodium intake estimated with DFQ55 and significant correlations with the sodium intake estimated with 24-h urine analysis. When point 119 for Na index25 was used as a criterion of low sodium intake, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value was $62.5\%,\;81.8\%\;and\;53.2\%$, respectively. When point 102 for Na index14 was used as a criterion of high sodium intake, sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value were $73.8\%,\;84.0\%,\;62.0\%$, respectively. It seems the short DFQs using Na index 14 or Na index25 are simple, easy and proper instruments to classify the low or high sodium intake group.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.154-158
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• 1999

목적 : 1.5T와 3.0T에서의 FLASH (fast low-angle shot) 기법를 이용한 운동중추영역의 뇌기능 자기공명영상에서 TE 값 변화에 대한 $T_2^{*}$ weighting 효과를 관찰하고 TE 값의 변화에 따른 BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) 효과를 서로 비교하고자 한다. 그리고 활성화 영역에서 활성화상태와 휴식상태의 정량적인 값인 $T_2^{*}$에 의한 차이값을 영상화 하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법 : 24세에서 35세까지의 오른손잡이 10명의 건강한 남녀 (남:8명, 여:2명)를 대상으로 가능한 2Hz의 속도로 오른손에서 finger-tapping task (엄지 손가락과 나머지 네 손가락을 차례로 서로 마주치게 하는 운동)를 시행하였다. 운동자극은 처음에 한벤의 휴식상태 (3영상)를 가진 후2번의 활성화상태 (6영상)와 휴식상태 (6영상)를 반복하였다. FLASH (TR/flip angle: $l00ms/20^{\circ}$, FOV: 230mm) 방법를 이용하여1.5T'에서는 26, 36, 46, 56, 66 ms 의 TE를 사용하였고 3.0T에서는 16. 26, 36, 46, 56 ms의 TE를 사용하였다. 영승L을 얻은 후 PC에서 상관계수방법을 이용하여 자체 개발한 프로그램과 상관계수 0.45를 사용하여 분석 하였다. 기능적 영상에서 활성화된 영역에서 l.5T와 3.0T에서 각각의 TE에셔 활성화 상태와 휴식상태 의 차이값을 사용하여 fitting을 하여 적절한 TE값을 찾고 기능적 $T_2^{*}$영상을 구하였다. 결과 : FLASH기법을 사용하여 뇌 기능영상을 얻기에 최적의 TE 값은 1.5T에서는 $61.89{\pm}2 2.68{\;}ms,{\;}3.0T에서는{\;}47.64{\pm}13.34였다$. 뇌 활성화 영역에서 자화율 변화에 따른최대 선호 강도변화는 1.5T에서는 TE, 66ms에서 3.36%. 3.0T에서는 TE. 46ms에서 10.05%로 3.0T가 1.5T에 비해 약 3배 정도 변화가 큰 것을 알 수 있었다. 산출된 최적의 TE 값은 각각의 TE 값에서 얻은 활성화 상태와 휴식상태의 차이값의 최대의 TE 값와 일치하였다. 결론 : 뇌 기능영상에서 3.0T MRl는 1.5T에 비해 deoxyhemoglobin에 의한 자화율의 변화를 약 3배정도 잘 반영하므로 뇌 기능영상 측정시 보다 유용성이 있는 것으로 사료된다.