• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.71-75
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• 2010

To investigate the intestinal absorption of a fibrinolytic and proteolytic lumbrokinase extracted from Eisenia andrei, we used rat everted gut sacs and an in situ closed-loop recirculation method. We extracted lumbrokinase from Eisenia andrei, and then raised polyclonal antibody against lumbrokinase. Fibrinolytic activity and proteolytic activity in the serosal side of rat everted gut sacs incubated with lumbrokinase showed dose- and time-dependent patterns. Immunological results obtained by western blotting serosal side solution using rat everted gut sacs method showed that lumbrokinase proteins between 33.6 and 54.7 kDa are absorbed mostly by the intestinal epithelium. Furthermore, MALDI- TOF mass spectrometric analysis of plasma fractions obtained by in situ recirculation method confirmed that lumbrokinase F1 is absorbed into blood. These results support the notion that lumbrokinase can be absorbed from mucosal lumen into blood by oral administration.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.27-32
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• 1980

This paper was to investigate the biovailability of antipyrine, ampicillin and protein binding in pathological rats and rabbits pretreated with typhoid vaccine. The results are as follows: The absorption of antipyrine and ampicillin respectively were reduced in rats pretreated with typhoid vaccine as compared with those of normal rats. Especially absorption of ampicillin was more decreased than those of antipyrine. The blood level of antipyrine in severe state was decreased but in mild state. Blood level of ampicillin was decreased in mild state as well as in severe state. Relative bioavailability of antipyrine and ampicillin were mostly decreased in rabbits pretreated with typhoid vaccine except that of antipyrine in mild state. Renal clearance of antipyrine was not affected, but that of ampicillin was apt to increase. Protein binding of antipyrine and ampicillin were decreased by high concentration of typhoid vaccine.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.20-26
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• 1980

The purpose of this paper was to study the effect of sulpyrin on the absorption, excretion, metabolism, and protein binding of ampicillin in the small intestine of the rats and rabbits. The results are as follows; The absorption of ampicillin in small intestine of rats was increased by the combination of sulpyrin and ampicillin. The blood level of ampicillin in rabbits was elevated by oral administration of sulpyrin. The bioavailability of ampicillin was increased by simultaneous administration of sulpyrin and ampicillin. The urinary excretion of ampicillin was slightly decreased by combined administration of sulpyrin. The blood level of ampicillin was decreased and the urinary excretion was increased by long term administration of sulpyrin. On the other hand, metabolising enzyme of ampicillin was influenced by long term administration of sulpyrin. Protein binding rate of ampicillin was decreased by combination of sulpyrin as compared with control.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.88-92
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• 1982

Insulin administration rectally with the liposome has the hypoglycemic effect in the rabbits. The reducton in blood sugar was maximum at about 60 minutes after administration and continued for 4 hrs. at low level in these experiments. No hypoglycemic effect was observed in control administrated rectally without liposome. Rectal absorption of insulin has been effected by addition of the bile salt, as the protective agent which prevented denaturation and the phastransition of insulin in liposome-encapsulation. As a matter of the fact, a significant hypoglycemic action was obtained when the insulin-liposome was given by rectal administration. The use of this agent to enhance insulin absorption offers the possibility of a new approach to rectal insulin therapy.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 1978

The purpose of this paper was to investigate the bioavailability of sulfadimethoxine in pathological rats and rabbits pretreated with carbon tetrachloride and mercuric chloride. The results are as follows: The absorption of sulfadimethoxine was decreased in rats damaged liver and kidney as compared with that of normal rats. Especially, absorption of sulfadimethoxine in rats damaged liver was more decreased than that of rats damaged kidney. Blood level of sulfadimethoxine administered orally was mostly decreased significantly in rabbits damaged kidney and liver, and in rabbits severely damaged kidney the blood level of sulfadimethoxine was not significant at 4 to 6 hours. Urinary clearance of sulfadimethoxine in rabbits severely damaged kidney was inhibited at 5 to 6 hours. but in rabbit damaged liver. Hepatic clearance of sulfadimethoxine was accelerated in rabbits damaged kidney but in rabbits damaged liver. Protein binding percentage of sulfadimethoxine was not affected by the various concentration of carbon tetrachloride and mercuric chloride respectively.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.76-85
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• 1984

Antibiotic activity and antipyretic effect of three synthetic prodrugs, chloramphenicol acetylsalicylate (CAF-ASP), chloramphenicol naproxenate(CAF-NAX) and chloramphenicol acetaminophen succinate (CAF-SUC-ACET), were studied in vitro and in vivo. In the experimental results, the CAF-NAX showed the moat rapid absorption and the highest blood levels, and the CAF-SUC-ACET and CAF-ASP also were more rapid absorption and higher blood levels than controls, chloramphenicol and chloramphenicol palmitate. The synthetic prodrugs also showed the antipyretic effect by modified Roszkowski method using endotoxin.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.4 no.1_2
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• pp.31-38
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• 1974

The effort of proteolytic enzyme on the absorption and excretion of sulfadimethoxine are investigated in this paper. The rat small intestinal absortion of sulfadimethoxine in the presence of proteolytic enzymes such as chymotrypsin and trypsin are increasingly absorbed more than 20% during 3 hours. Blood levels of sulfadimethoxine following oral administration are not effected by proteolytic enzyme, but both on the high concentration of chymotrypsin and the low concentration of trypsin at only 3 and 4 hours are increased(P<0.05) from that of the control . Blood levels of sulfadimethoxine after duodenum injection are remakably enhensed to correspand to 18.5-25.0% (P<0.01) by the proteolytic enzyme concentration respectively. Proteolytic enzymes did not give influence on excretions of sulfadimethoxine after duodenum and oral administration.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.3923-3927
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• 2011

A noble method for pre-concentration and speciation of ultra trace As (III) and As (V) in urine and whole blood samples based on dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has been developed. In this method, As (III) was complexed with ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate at pH = 4 and Then, As (III) was extracted into the ionic liquid (IL). Finally, As (III) was back-extracted from the IL with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and its concentration was determined by flow injection coupled with hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (FI-HGAAS). Total amount of arsenic was determined by reducing As (V) to As (III) with potassium iodide (KI) and ascorbic acid in HCl solution and then, As (V) was calculated by the subtracting the total arsenic and As (III) content. Under the optimum conditions, for 5-15 mL of blood and urine samples, the detection limit ($3{\sigma}$) and linear range were achieved 5 ng $L^{-1}$ and 0.02-10 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The method was applied successfully to the speciation and determination of As (III) and As (V) in biological samples of multiple sclerosis patients with suitable precision results (RSD < 5%). Validation of the methodology was performed by the standard reference material (CRM).

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2015.10a
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• pp.578-579
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• 2015

Transmission and reflectance are two non-invasive techniques to perform pulse oximetry. This paper presents a design of reflectance-based pulse oximetry for watch-type wearable device, in which sensor and detector are located on the same surface of the body part. The basic principle of a pulse oximeter is based on the measurement of the red and infrared (IR) light absorption. Oxygenated blood has significant differences of light absorption characteristics than deoxygenated blood under red (660 nm) and infrared (940 nm) wavelength. Infrared is absorbed more by oxygenated hemoglobin than red. So the hardware implementation is included placing of the two LEDs (red and IR) with single photo-detector in the middle on the patient's wrist to get the corresponding pulsatile signals which are used to estimate the $SpO_2$.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.24-31
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• 1975

This paper attempts to investigate the effect of proteolytic enzyme on the absorption and excretion of pyrazinamide. The rat small intestinal absorption of pyrazinamide in the presence of proteolytic enzyme such as chymotrypsin and compounding enzyme (chymotrypsin and trypsin) are increasingly absorbed, but in the trypsin are similar to that of control. Blood levels of pyrazinamide after rabbit's duodenum injection are significantly enhenced to correspond to 112-120% by proteolytic enzymes concentration respectively, but both on the high concentration of chymotrypsin and the low concentration of trypsin are insignificantly enhenced. Proteolytic enzymes do not give the effect on clearance of pyrazinamide. Proteolytic enzymes give the effect on absorption of pyrazinamide, but do not give the effect on excretion of pyrazinamide.