• 교육시설 논문지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.17-23
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• 2019

The classroom is a learning space where students live mainly in school, and it is the most important space within the entire educational space of the school. Although our educational system has been trying to revise and change the curriculum many times, it still does not provide space for the educational concept of modern society. The impact of the abolished 'school facility standard design' in 1992 is still evident in the design of school facilities at present. Specifically, the uniformity of the educational space, the rigid boundary of the classroom unit, the blockage between the school facility and the outside, and the separation due to the break of the inner and outer spaces. In the future, we need a flexible space that can contain the contents of the future education, and it is necessary to study the composition and type of educational space that can escape uniformity and spatial breakdown. In this paper, we analyze the successful cases of Irvine school facilities and examine the type and composition of classroom space, and it will be a task to find the direction and change of thinking about our educational space.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2018

Background: Furosine (${\varepsilon}$-N-2-furoylmethyl-L-lysine, FML) is an amino acid derivative, which is considered to be an important indicator of the extent of damage (deteriorating the quality of amino acid and proteins due to a blockage of lysine and a decrease in the digestibility of proteins) during the early stages of the Maillard reaction. In addition, FML has been proven to be harmful because it is closely related to a variety of diseases such as diabetes. The qualitative analysis of FML in fresh and processed ginsengs was confirmed using HPLC-MS. Methods: An ion-pair reversed-phase LC method was used for the quantitative analysis of FML in various ginseng samples. Results: The contents of FML in the ginseng samples were 3.35-42.28 g/kg protein. The lowest value was observed in the freshly collected ginseng samples, and the highest value was found in the black ginseng concentrate. Heat treatment and honey addition significantly increased the FML content from 3.35 g/kg protein to 42.28 g/kg protein. Conclusion: These results indicate that FML is a promising indicator to estimate the heat treatment degree and honey addition level during the manufacture of ginseng products. The FML content is also an important parameter to identity the quality of ginseng products. In addition, the generation and regulation of potentially harmful Maillard reaction products-FML in ginseng processing was also investigated, providing a solid theoretical foundation and valuable reference for safe ginseng processing.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권12호
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• pp.3990-4002
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• 2021

CSPACE (Core meltdown, Safety and Performance Analysis CodE for nuclear power plants) for a simulation of severe accident progression in a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) is developed by coupling of verified system thermal hydraulic code of SPACE (Safety and Performance Analysis CodE for nuclear power plants) and core damage progression code of COMPASS (Core Meltdown Progression Accident Simulation Software). SPACE is responsible for the description of fluid state in nuclear system nodes, while COMPASS is responsible for the prediction of thermal and mechanical responses of core fuels and reactor vessel heat structures. New heat transfer models to each phase of the fluid, flow blockage, corium behavior in the lower head are added to COMPASS. Then, an interface module for the data transfer between two codes was developed to enable coupling. An implicit coupling scheme of wall heat transfer was applied to prevent fluid temperature oscillation. To validate the performance of newly developed code CSPACE, we analyzed typical severe accident scenarios for OPR1000 (Optimized Power Reactor 1000), which were initiated from large break loss of coolant accident, small break loss of coolant accident, and station black out accident. The results including thermal hydraulic behavior of RCS, core damage progression, hydrogen generation, corium behavior in the lower head, reactor vessel failure were reasonable and consistent. We demonstrate that CSPACE provides a good platform for the prediction of severe accident progression by detailed review of analysis results and a qualitative comparison with the results of previous MELCOR analysis.

• 산업식품공학
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2010

식품 산업 가공 공정에 다양하게 적용되는 진동 선별기(twist screen)의 구조를 변경하고 그 효율을 분석하기 위하여 위와 같은 실험을 실시하였다. 시료 공급 시 스크린 외곽의 프레임을 따라 선별되지 못하고 빠지는 입자를 방지하기 위하여 스크린 프레임에 dam을 설치하였으며, 스크린 중앙에서 공급되는 시료가 진동에 의하여 중앙에서 외곽으로 빠르게 이동하며 입자층을 이루어 선별 효율이 저하되는 것을 방지하기 위하여 스크린에 나선형 구조물을 설치하였다. 진동 선별기는 직경 1,200 mm와 직경 1,500 mm를 사용하였으며 스크린은 mesh 24이고 선경 0.12 mm인 표준망을 적용하였고 진동 모터는 60 Hz로 운전하였으며 자기진동 이송기는 주파수 게이지 8과 10으로 각각 실험한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 진동 선별기 직경 1,200 mm인 경우 일반형은 처리 용량 24 kg/hr, 처리 분율은 4.72%이었고 스크린 프레임에 dam을 설치하고 스크린에 나선형 구조물을 설치한 경우에는 처리 용량이 22.8 kg/hr, 처리 분율 8.05%이었다. 구조물의 설치로 처리 용량은 다소 감소하였으나 처리 분율은 1.7배 증가하여 선별 효율이 상당히 높아졌다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 진동 선별기 직경 1,500 mm의 경우 일반형의 처리 용량은 43.32 kg/hr으로 직경 1,200 mm인 경우와 비교하여 처리용량은 1.8배 증가하였으나 처리 분율은 2.37%로 처리용량에 비하여 낮게 나타났다. 처리 1의 입도를 분석한 결과 스크린에 의하여 선별될 세립의 입자가 비선별 처리물에서 발견되고 있다. 스크린의 직경이 넓어져서 처리 용량이 증가하였으나 공급 속도를 높여 공급량이 많아지므로 입자들의 망 접촉 시간이 감소하고 입자의 층 현상이 심화되어 처리 효율이 감소하고 세립의 입자 선별이 완벽하게 이루어지지 않았다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 선별기 직경 1,500 mm에 screen frame dam을 설치한 경우 처리 용량 43.14 kg/hr로 일반형과 비슷하며 처리 분율은 3.25%로 매우 증가되었다. 입자들의 층현상이 심화된 ${\emptyset}$1500에서 스크린의 프레임에 dam을 설치함으로써 스크린 프레임으로 빠져나가 망에 체류 시간이 단축되는 것이 방지되며 프레임을 따라 입자층이 형성되어 스크린과 접촉이 불가능하였던 입자들이 dam에 의하여 스크린 안쪽에서 이동되므로 거의 동일한 처리 용량에서도 처리 효율 증가가 뚜렷하게 구분되었다고 할 수 있다. Screen frame dam과 나선형 구조물을 모두 설치한 경우 처리 용량은 39.04 kg/hr로 다소 감소되었으나 처리 분율은 6.77%로 직경 1,500 mm의 진동 스크린에서 일반형 구조시 보다 3배, frame dam만 설치된 경우보다 2배의 증가를 보였다. 비선별 처리물인 처리 1의 시료를 입도분석한 결과 선별 처리되지 못한 세립의 입자를 전혀 발견할 수 없었다. 이와 같은 결과는 frame dam을 설치하여도 입자들이 빠르게 휩쓸려 스크린의 외곽으로 이동하여 망과 접촉 시간이 단축되며 층을 이루어 입자간의 간섭에 의해 선별 효과가 감소되는 것을 나선형 구조물에 의하여 방지함으로써 체류시간을 증가시키고 입자층을 분산시켜 선별 효율을 증가시킬 수 있었다. 나선형 구조물 설치시 처리 용량은 다소 감소되는 경향을 보이나 처리 분율이 3배까지 차이를 나타나며 이는 공급 속도가 빠를수록 처리 용량이 많을수록 영향이 크다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.317-323
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• 2011

Mini centrifugal pumps having a diameter smaller than 100mm are employed in many fields; automobile radiator pump, ventricular assist pump, cooling pump for electric devices and so on. Further, the needs for mini centrifugal pumps would become larger with the increase of the application of it for electrical machines. It is desirable that the mini centrifugal pump design be as simple as possible as precise manufacturing is required. But the design method for the mini centrifugal pump is not established because the internal flow condition for these small-sized fluid machines is not clarified and conventional theory is not suitable for small-sized pumps. Therefore, we started research on the mini centrifugal pump for the purpose of development of high performance mini centrifugal pumps with simple structure. Three types of rotors with different outlet angles are prepared for an experiment. The performance tests are conducted with these rotors in order to investigate the effect of the outlet angle on performance and internal flow condition of mini centrifugal pumps. In addition to that, the blade thickness is changed because blockage effect in the mini centrifugal pump becomes relatively larger than that of conventional pumps. On the other hand, a three dimensional steady numerical flow analysis is conducted with the commercial code (ANSYS-Fluent) to investigate the internal flow condition. It is clarified from the experimental results that head of the mini centrifugal pump increases according to the increase of the blade outlet angle and the decrease of the blade thickness. In the present paper, the performance of the mini centrifugal pump is shown and the internal flow condition is clarified with the results of the experiment and the numerical flow analysis. Furthermore, the effects of the blade outlet angle and the blade thickness on the performance are investigated and the internal flow of each type of rotor is clarified by the numerical analysis results.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2020

Small nuclear reactor features higher power capacity, longer operation life than conventional power sources. It could be an ideal alternative of existing power source applied for special equipment for terrestrial or underwater missions. In this paper, a 25kWe heat pipe cooled reactor power source applied for multiple use is preliminary designed. Based on the design, a thermal-hydraulic analysis code for heat pipe cooled reactor is developed to analyze steady and transient performance of the designed nuclear reactor. For reactor design, UN fuel with 65% enrichment and potassium heat pipes are adopted in the reactor core. Tungsten and LiH are adopted as radiation shield on both sides of the reactor core. The reactor is controlled by 6 control drums with B₄C neutron absorbers. Thermoelectric generator (TEG) converts fission heat into electricity. Cooling water removes waste heat out of the reactor. The thermal-hydraulic characteristics of heat pipes are simulated using thermal resistance network method. Thermal parameters of steady and transient conditions, such as the temperature distribution of every key components are obtained. Then the postulated reactor accidents for heat pipe cooled reactor, including power variation, single heat pipe failure and cooling channel blockage, are analyzed and evaluated. Results show that all the designed parameters satisfy the safety requirements. This work could provide reference to the design and application of the heat pipe cooled nuclear power source.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제36권8호
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• pp.1091-1096
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• 2012

유한체적법을 기반으로 나비에 스톡스 방정식을 비구조격자로 풀어 실린더 주위의 공력특성을 규명하였다. 보텍스, 속도, 압력, 잔차, 항력계수 등의 데이터를 가지고 분석하였고 레이놀즈 수는 50, 100이다. 유동특성은 Re>50에서 주기적으로 진동하는 소용돌이를 후류에 형성하며 이 현상은 이동하는 실린더에서도 유사한 현상을 보여 주었다. 지면효과는 실린더 위쪽에서 형성된 소용돌이가 벽면에 근접할수록 실린더의 후방으로 길게 늘어나는 형상을 보이고, 실린더와 근접벽면 사이의 유속이 정체되어 실린더와 벽면 사이의 간격이 0.6 에서는 근접 평판과 실린더 사이의 유동이 거의 끊겨짐을 알 수 있었다. 본 수치계산의 검증을 위하여 항력계수를 타 연구결과와 비교하였다.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.614-622
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• 2017

The characteristics of aerodynamic drag for Transonic Vehicle in Evacuated Tube was investigated using computational fluid dynamics. At first, parametric study on the system was performed according to the Mach number of the vehicle's speed ($Mach_v$), evacuated pressure of the tube ($Pre_t$), and blockage ratio (BR) between the vehicle and tube via axisymmetric flow analysis; the $Mach_v$ ranged from 0.3 to 1.0. The $Pre_t$ was 100, 1,000 and 10,000 Pa and the BR was 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4. In the calculations, the aerodynamic drag of the vehicle was larger when the BR and the pressure became larger. Concerning the $Mach_v$, the drag coefficient ($C_d$) became the maximum when the $Mach_v$ was near the Kantrowitz limit and decreased, which showed the typical transonic flow pattern. Then, three dimensional flow analysis was performed by changing the $Mach_v$ from 0.3 to 1.0 and setting the BR and the $Pre_t$ as 0.34 and 100 Pa, respectively by referring the Hyperloop Alpha documentation. From the calculations, the $C_d$ from three dimensional flow simulations were somewhat larger than those of axisymmetric ones because of the eccentricity of the vehicle inside the tube. However, the pattern of $C_d$ according to the $Mach_v$ was compatible with that of axisymmetric ones.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.313-320
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• 2017

Myocardial infarction is a disease caused by stenosis of the coronary arteries. The high risk of sudden cardiac death due to myocardial infarction has triggered related researches that have been actively studied so far. However, these studies focused on the clinical results, which are mainly based on observations of symptoms due to infarction through electrocardiograms. Therefore, in this study, we tried to analyze the behavior of heart according to the position and volume of infarction lesion through the computer simulation study using three dimensional ventricular models. In order to implement infarction, commercial software was used to simulate cell necrosis due to blockage of a specific coronary. In addition, the conduction block due to infarction was mimicked by reducing the electrical conduction in the infarcted area, which was 100 times less than the electrical conduction of the whole ventricular lattice implemented by the finite element analysis method. Thus, this study classified the infarcted cases into the upper, middle, lower, and apex according to lattice data of eight different infraction areas. In other words, we assumed that myocardial infarction would have inherent electro-dynamic characteristics depending on the location and extent, and analyzed the ventricular electromechanical responses for infarction lesions using a three dimensional cardiac physiome model. The results showed that the volume of infarction did not directly affect the cardiac responses, but the location of the infarction lesions could influence the ventricular pumping efficiency. These suggest that the occlusion of specific coronary arteries may have a fatal effect on the decline in ventricular performance. In conclusion, although location of myocardial infarction lesions is considered to be an important variable to be considered clinically rather than lesion size, quantitative predictions should be made more in the future considering physiological factors such as lesion location and direction of myocardial fiber at that location.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.588-597
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• 2012

In the present study, the dispersion characteristics of hydrogen leakage from a Fuel Cell Vehicle (FCV) were analyzed by numerical simulation in order to assess the risk of a hydrogen leakage incident in a long road tunnel. In order to implement the worst case of hydrogen leakage, the FCV was located at the center of a tunnel, and hydrogen was completely discharged within 63 seconds. The Leakage velocity of hydrogen was adopted sub-sonic speed because that the assumption of the blockage effect of secondary device inside a vehicle. The temporal and spatial evaluation of the hydrogen concentration as well as the flammable region in a road tunnel was reported according to change of ventilation operating conditions. The hydrogen was blended by supply air form a ventilation fan, however, the hydrogen was discharged to outside in the exhaust air. It is observed that the efficiency way to eliminate of hydrogen is supply air operating condition under the hazardous hydrogen leaking incident. The present numerical analysis can be provided useful information of ventilation under the hydrogen leaking situation.