• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.259-266
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• 2008

Recently, the maintenance period of sidewalk pavement proposed in Ministry of Construction & Transportation to be extended by more than 10 years. Therefore it takes many interests in Durability and the maintenance. Beside sidewalk pavement, block pavement happened problems in parking and road less than 20km/hr about bearing capacity and durability, the maintenance. It interests about importance of environmentally friendly sidewalk pavement. It compared engineering characteristics about strength and durability through general pavement comparison with stone block pavement. It estimate bearing capacity in actual si-tu site and test site. It experimented plate bearing test and field density test. It verified about durability of pavement by construction availability of geosynthetics that is constructed by purpose of filter. Stone block pavement evaluated about application of sidewalk/road pavement on the basis of result.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.2 s.115
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• pp.18-25
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• 2006

This study aims to measure and to analyze the thermal environment characteristics of the various permeable pavement materials such as grass pavement (GREEN BLOCK PARK), stone and grass pavement (GREEN BLOCK STEP), stone pavement (GREEN BLOCK MOSAIC) and wood pavement (WOOD BLOCK) under the summer outdoor environment. The thermal environment characteristics measured in the study includes the changes of surface temperature during the day, changes of the temperature on each pavement layer, and long and short wave radiation of each pavement surface. The experimental condition is based on the data on the hottest temperature (August 5, 2005, $34.0^{\circ}C$) of the you. Some of main findings are: 1) The heat environment was worse on the wood pavements than on the stone pavement. This is mainly due to the low albedo of the wood pavements (0.37) while the albedo value of stone pavements is 0.41. Small heat capacity of the wood pavements also contributes to this difference. 2) The heat environment was worse on the stone pavements than on the turf pavements. This was mainly due to the evapotranspiration of the plant growth layer of the turf pavements. 3) The peak surface temperature was the highest on the wood pavements ($56.1^{\circ}C$). The peak surface temperatures on the stone pavements, the stone-grass pavements and the grass pavements were $43.1^{\circ}C,\;40.1^{\circ}C\;and\;37.9^{\circ}C$, respectively. 4) To improve the thermal environments in the urban area, it is recommended to raise the albedo of the pavements by brightening the surface color of the pavement materials. Further studies on the pavement materials and the construction methods which can enhance the continuous evapotranspiration from the pavements surface are needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.91-104
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• 2020

This study was conducted to analyze the characteristics of defects according to the type of block and spatial type by quantitatively examining defects occurring in block pavement in apartment complex. According to the research results, depending on the type of block, defects have occurred 1,394.3ea/100㎡ in interlocking paver blocks, 464.8ea/100㎡ in clay brick paver blocks, and 235.1ea/100㎡ in shot blasted paver blocks. By space type, the defects were occurred 1,576.0ea/100㎡ on the access road paved by interlocking paver blocks and the defects were found 1,139.6ea/100㎡ in interlocking paver blocks, 235.1ea/100㎡ in shot blasted paver blocks, and 797.1ea/100㎡ in clay brick paver blocks, on the sidewalk. Also the defects are occurred 455.6ea/100㎡ on the resting space and 403.2ea/100㎡ on the gym space paved by clay brick paver blocks. Through the size analysis of the defects in the block paver, in the case 'peeling', the largest volume of 2,539.0㎣ on the sidewalk paved with shot blasted paver blocks, and 'Subsidence' occurred at the widest area of 2,096.0㎠ on the sidewalk where interlocking paver block was constructed. The difference in defect occurrence according to the type of block is considered to be influenced by the block production process, and the space type is considered to be caused the difference in the occurrence of defects according to the cause of construction and the usage pattern of residents. This study conducted a survey on defects in block and analyzed the defect characteristic according to paver material and space type. Base on this, it is judged that it can be used as an efficient basic data for material replacement, improvement, paver planning and construction in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2021.05a
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• pp.271-272
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• 2021

The maintenance and repair work of sidewalk block pavement is a construction that requires a large amount of budget to be invested every year. It is important to establish an appropriate standards for estimating construction cost to ensure proper budgeting and quality. In this study, the standards for estimating the cost of maintenance and construction work for sidewalk blocks that can be applied to the construction volume classified according to the site conditions, construction type, and equipment use differentiated from new construction was established. As a result, the daily construction volume was presented by reflecting excavator and truck as equipment in the combination of paver and common worker. The re-installation was applied by separating the construction volume of sections with general blocks and induction/raised blocks based on the installation of sidewalk blocks after demolition. Generally if block cutting is necessary, the precision construction conditions using a cutting machine were taken into consideration to secure the construction quality. In addition, it has been revised to apply classified construction volume into A and B-Type depending on the park and site conditions.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 2016

The rapid expansion of buildings and paved roads increases the risk of flood disaster in an urban area. One of the solutions can be the use of permeable pavements. This study evaluated the permeability of permeable blocks used for the roadway pavement. Joint fillers and mat sands of the investigated blocks met the corresponding standards. The flexural strength of the blocks was 5.29 MPa to meet these standards. Based on interior permeability test results after pollution, the four products evaluated were categorized into the following three levels: One for the $1^{st}$ level, one for the $2^{nd}$ level and two for the $3^{rd}$ level. From the field permeability test and pervious concrete infiltration test results nine months after their construction, all the products except one passed the quality standards of 0.1 mm/s.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.573-580
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• 2008

This study aims to measure and to analyze the characteristics of thermal environment of the various permeable pavement materials such as a break stone pavement (Green block cubic), soil protection pavement (Soil tector), soil cement pavement and ceramic brick pavement under the summer outdoor environment. The thermal environment characteristics measured in the study includes the changes of surface temperature during the day, and long and short wave radiation of each pavement surface. The experimental condition is based on the data on the hottest temperature (August 9, 2006, $37.1^{\circ}C$) of the year. The albedo was the highest on the break stone pavement(0.8) from 12:00 to 14:00. The albedo of the ceramic brick pavement, a soil tector pavement and soil cement pavement were 0.35, 0.29 and 0.27 from 12:00 to 14:00, respectively. The peak surface temperature and long wave radiation was the highest on the soil protection pavements($56.6^{\circ}C$/627 W/$m^2$). The peak surface temperatures and long wave radiation on the ceramic brick pavement, a stone brick pavement and soil cement pavement were $51.7^{\circ}C$/627 W/$m^2$, $48.8^{\circ}C$/607 W/$m^2$ and $45.9^{\circ}C$/582 W/$m^2$, respectively. The heat environment was better on the break stone pavement than on the other pavements. This is mainly due to the high albedo of the break stone pavement(0.8) while the albedo value of a ceramic brick pavement, a soil tactor pavement and soil cement pavement were 0.35. 0.29 and 0.27. Large heat capacity($2,629kJ/m^3{\cdot}K$) of the stone brick pavements also contributes to this difference. The heat environment was better on the soil cement pavement than the soil tector pavement. This is mainly due to the evaporation of the soil cement pavement while the active evaporation of the soil tactor pavement was not continued after two days from the rainfall event. To improve the thermal environments in the urban area, it is recommended to raise the albedo of the pavements by brightening the surface color of the pavement materials. Further studies on the pavement materials and the construction methods which can enhance the continuous evapotranspiration from the pavements surface are needed.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1011-1015
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• 2009

The vegetated porous pavement can be installed as an alternative way to replace the traditional pavement, which contributes less to the water circulation system in the urban area. This study aims to an investigation based on the shadow and pressure of the vehicle system, where the turfgrass get grown and the green block get constructed on the grassy parking lot. This study might achieve these conclusions, in the case of use 'green block' makes grass parking lot, plant a kind of 'zenith' and takes sod thickness 40 mm are more efficient for turfgrass growth in the early times. In the case of parking over 8 hours in a day, after 5 weeks turfgrass growth would come into reduce. So over 4 hours parking and after 9 weeks, we need consider to setting up green block in grassy parking lot. The grassy ground would get pressured by the vehicles' load and it would bring into some damage due to the load after 3 weeks. So we should put the grass's growth root point under the designed a top of 'green block' level. When the vehicle amounts and parking density is in a low level, it could be an environmentally friendly product.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.65-70
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• 2017

PURPOSES : Pavement Management System contains the data that describe the condition of the road. Under limited budget, the data can be utilized for efficient plans. The objective of this research is to develop a mixed integer program model that maximizes remaining durable years (or Lane-Kilometer-Years) in road maintenance planning. METHODS : An optimization model based on a mixed integer program is developed. The model selects a cluster of sectors that are adjacent to each other according to the road condition. The model also considers constraints required by the Seoul Metropolitan Facilities Management Corporation. They select two lanes at most not to block the traffic and limit the number of sectors for one-time construction to finish the work in given time. We incorporate variable cost constraints. As the model selects more sectors, the unit cost of the construction becomes smaller. The optimal choice of the number of sectors is implemented using piecewise linear constraints. RESULTS : Data (SPI) collected from Pavement Management System managed by Seoul Metropolitan City are fed into the model. Based on the data and the model, the optimal maintenance plans are established. Some of the optimal plans cannot be generated directly in existing heuristic approach or by human intuition. CONCLUSIONS:The mathematical model using actual data generates the optimal maintenance plans.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.43-51
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• 2004

Recently, the importance of choosing correct pavement materials has been increasing in urban spaces and streets. Much research regarding the pavement theory and construction method have been conducted, but analysis in terms of human psychological character has not yet been performed. The purpose of this study is to investigate the psychological characters to 12 pavement materials, that are commonly used in our urban spaces and streets. The results of the psychological character for each pavement material can be summarized as follows: 1. The psychological characters to each pavement material were as follows: ① Clay embodies a natural, traditional, soft and intimate psychological character; ② Pebble stone has a natural, hard, cool and intimate psychological character; ③ Turf grass incorporates an intimate and soft psychological character; ④ Ceramic brick has an artificial and hard psychological character; ⑤ Tile pavement has a modern, artificial, hard and cool psychological character; ⑥ Water permeable concrete has a modern and artificial psychological character; ⑦ Flag stone has a natural psychological character; ⑧ Granite has a modern and artificial psychological character; ⑨ Portland concrete has an artificial and hard psychological character; ⑩ Small compacted brick has an artificial, dynamic and modern psychological character; ⑪ Wood block pavement has a natural and traditional psychological character; ⑫ Asphalt concrete pavement has a modern, hard and artificial character. 2. On the results of the cluster analysis regarding psychological indexes for 12 pavement materials, pavement materials were categorized in 3 clusters. Among them, one cluster was mainly used as the most popular pavement material in our urban spaces and streets. From this point of view, psychological character for pavement material in our urban spaces and streets was not as various as we expected. 3. In conclusion, the proper selection of pavement materials was very important and the factors affecting the human psychological character should be considered in the design of urban spaces and streets.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.297-303
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• 2014

Recently, block and permeable pavements have been placed in apartment complex. However. it is hard to decide the cycle of maintenance and repair due to lack of performance evaluation criteria for these pavements. This study carried out life cycle cost analysis(LCCA) to present resonable alternatives of the pavements by considering initial construction cost, maintenance and repair cost along with the cycle of repair. According to results of LCCA, the interlocking concrete block pavement is the best alternative when the repair cycle of 20years is assumed, while asphalt concrete pavement is the best alterative when the repair cycle of 10years is assumed. Therefore, the repair cycle is most important factor to select alternative. Also, it is necessary to develop resonable performance evaluation index to quantify the cycle of maintenance and repair in the future.