• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.39-42
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• 2018

Background: Venipuncture pain is an uncomfortable suffering to the patient. It creates anxiety, fear and dissatisfaction. The ketoprofen transdermal patch is a proven treatment for musculoskeletal and arthritic pain. We planned this study to evaluate the efficacy of the ketoprofen patch to reduce venipuncture pain. Methods: Two hundred adult patients, aged 18-60 years, of either sex, ASA grade I or II, were enrolled. Presuming that therapy would decrease venipuncture pain by 30%, a power calculation with ${\alpha}=0.05$ and ${\beta}=0.80$ required enrollment of at least 24 patients into each group. However, 100 patients in each group were recruited. Group I (Control) received a placebo patch; Group II (Ketoprofen) received a 20 mg ketoprofen patch. A selected vein on the dorsum of the patient's non-dominant hand was cannulated with 18 g intravenous cannula 1 h after the application of the respective patch. Assessment of pain was done by a 10 cm visual analogue scale (VAS) of 0-10, where 0 depicts "no pain" and 10 is "the worst imaginable pain". The venipuncture site was assessed for the presence of skin erythema, swelling and rashes at 12 h, 24 h and at the time of decannulation. Results: Incidence of pain was 100% (94/94) in the control group as compared to 93% (85/91) in the ketoprofen group. The severity of the venipuncture pain was 6 (2) and 2 (2) for control and ketoprofen groups respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Application of a ketoprofen patch at the proposed site of venipuncture one hour before the attempt is effective and safe for attenuating venipuncture pain.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.149-158
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• 2007

To investigate the permeability of lidocaine, percutaneous absorption studies were performed using excised hairless mouse skin and the penetration of lidocaine via the skin was determined. To increase the skin permeation of lidocine, the effects of $Labrasol^{(R)}$, $Labrafil^{(R)}$, $Labrafac^{(R)}$ and $Transcutol^{(R)}$ were investigated. The skin permeation of lidocaine was increased when $Labrasol^{(R)}$ and $Transcutol^{(R)}$ were used as permeation enhancer. To evaluate the influence of ultrasound, various factors such as application modes (continuous mode and pulsed mode), frequency (1.0 and 3.0 MHz) and intensity (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 w/$cm^2$) were investigated with lidocaine hydrogel. The pronounced effect of ultrasound on the skin permeation of lidocaine was observed at all ultrasound energy levels. The influence of frequency having an effect on skin permeation rate was higher in the case of using 1 MHz, 2.0 w/$cm^2$ and continuous treatment. As the intensity of ultrasound increased, the permeation of lidocaine was accelerated. The in vivo anesthetic effects were evaluated by two aspects as mechanical threshold and electrical threshold. Six healthy volunteers consented to the randomized, double-blind, and cross-over designed study in each group. In each subject, 3 groups were adapted such as K group (ultrasound with gel base only), L group (lidocaine gel) and B group (ultrasound with lidocaine gel). In conclusion, lidocaine was potent anesthetic which could be block pain threshold effectively. And ultrasound could accelerate the skin penetration of lidocaine. The phonophoretic delivery system could be a good candidate for lidocaine as a local anaesthetic to improve the skin permeation and in vivo anaesthetic effect.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.17 no.1 s.50
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• pp.89-99
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• 2007

This paper intends to introduce more objective and qualitative rock mass classification method easily applicable to the excavation of gneissic masses showing corestone weathering profiles. It is proven that corestone weathering profile could be divided with reasonable accuracy into digging, ripping and blasting layers using visual and simple mechanical techniques such as Schmidt hammer rebound test on cut slopes, taking into consideration strength and spacial distribution of corestone, workability and work efficiency of excavation. Also, seismic refraction surveys were employed for shallow investigations (down to $20{\sim}30m$ depth) in corestone weathering profile and conducted across the top of vertical exposures where the underlying geology could be directly inspected. Some discrepancies ($3{\sim}4m$ in average and 6 m occasionally) between the actual and assumed materials with respect to seismic velocities were observed. Thus it can be concluded that field geotechnical mapping and field seismic test should be used together in order to get a relatively good accuracy in assessing likely excavation conditions of corestone weather-ing profiles.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2017

Recently, Looking at the watershed management policy in Korea, It is preparing to manage sub-watershed and tributary from the government-led mainstream management, such as the selection of algae focused management tributary, application of tributary-TMDLs. At this point, this study is attempted to propose the residents participatory watershed management methods that is possible daily, voluntary and customized management in the sub-watershed. As a results, through this study, we found out the importance of sub-watershed unit based watershed management because of the pollutants in blind spot. It is the prerequisite for watershed management to arrange practicable bottom-up approach that these investigated contents can be reflected in the various planning.

• Journal of Satellite, Information and Communications
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.58-63
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• 2015

Due to GPS signal's vulnerability of jamming attack, various enhancement techniques are needed. Among variety of techniques, we focused on GPS receiver's anti-jamming techniques. There are many anti-jamming methods at GPS receivers which include filtering methods in time domain, frequency domain and space domain. However, these methods are ineffective to signals, which include both jamming and noise. To solve the problem, this paper proposes a jamming separation scheme by using a BSS method in a jamming environment. As separated GPS signals include noise after the jamming separation method, it is difficult to receive accurate GPS signals. For this reason, this paper also proposes a wavelet de-noising method to effectively eliminate noise. Experimental results of this paper are based on a real field test data of an integrated GPS/QZSS/Wi-Fi positioning system. At the end, the simulation result demonstrates its superiority by showing improved positioning accuracy.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.645-652
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• 2020

As the times change, the way of enjoying art and the needs of viewers are diversifying, and the filmization of novels that visualize existing works has become a popular genre across the ages. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of providing implications for movie works based on novel works by considering the filmization of novels. However, while there are successful works, works that have been filmized without properly understanding the artist's intention or narrative fail in the box office. In this study, focusing on Lim Woo-sung's . The film did not give a clear answer to the important contents of the novel, "The Violence of Young Hye," and what the meaning of "Flower" means to Young Hye. Because of this, Yeong-hye in the film was portrayed only as a victim of violence pursuing a blind artistic desire, but rather a sensational element. Therefore, it suggested that the filmization of novels is needed in the future to make films work as a medium that can add depth of enjoyment by utilizing the media characteristics of films.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.427-439
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• 2008

In order to effectively communicate the fragrances of commercial perfumes to consumers, it is important to apply congruent colors to their bottles and packaging. This research investigated the cross-modal associations between colors and fragrances through two experiments. In the first experiment, bottle colors of more than 200 popular perfumes in the market were analyzed. Distinguishable color design patterns of the bottles were revealed in accordance with their fragrance types. The second experiment expanded the use of color-odor matching task to a test population of Korean participants. Participants selected colors evoked by fragrances of three test perfumes in a blind setting. These three perfumes had characteristic hues and their associated hues were similar with the real colors of their bottles. In addition, there were significant variations in color tone across fragrance notes, viz. the top notes, middle notes, and base notes. The results of the two experiments suggest the existence of robust cross-modal associations between particular colors and fragrances in commercial perfumery.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.33-40
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• 2014

The Danish-Icelandic artist, Olafur Eliasson who was born in 1967 is known for installation projects employing materials such as colour, fog, mirror and light to rethink the relationship between human and surrounding. Since he started the early projects, Eliasson has been interested in the relationship between an art, a viewer and space. He has used the medium from nature because he thought nature is very common subject to derive new idea of relationship between human and surrounding. Eliasson revealed the idea of relationship between human and surrounding by three characteristics of spatial design such as 'reinterpretation of placeness by juxtaposition of mediums and defamilarization', 'ambiguity and extensity of depth distance of space by mediums' and 'change in spatiality by movement of viewers and time'. This paper focused on four case projects : The mediated motion in 2001, The weather project in 2003, The blind pavilion in 2003, Your rainbow panorama in 2011. It is aimed to discover relationship between human and surrounding in the case projects under three characteristics. This study found that three characteristics were differently applied in the case projects in terms of spatial experience and design methods. Inside & outside locations, formal quality, visual-perceptual relationships in and around each case are crucial elements and tools. The unique relationship between human and surrounding of Eliasson and three characteristics are applicable to architecture and spatial design.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.105-110
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• 2012

Although reinforcement of work intensity caused by the recent prosperity of shipbuilding businesses and the steady increasing of results which produces orders has difficulties with heavy workload, unique work circumstance in shipbuilding industry where main and subcontractor do the job together is not easy to manage its safety systematically. According to KOSHA(Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency), there were 2, 587 deaths of 95,806 disaster victims a year on average for late 6 years(2003-2008), therein 36,605 disaster victims and 646 death in manufacture where shipbuilding have 2,287 victims, 6.25% of total disaster victims and 45 deaths, 6.97%. Moreover it shows much higher accident rate in shipbuilding industry in Korea than well developed countries in this industry as Japan, Singapore, Taiwan and so it does about 3 to 10 times higher in case of death. Compared to Japan with a shipbuilding competition of orders received system, 2 times and 2.3 times higher for each and it is more than 2 times higher than accident rate of all domestic industries. These increasing of disaster result in a labor-management dispute and it is necessary that more positive efforts and investments because there occurs blind spot, neglected industry safety and health management by lack of them, Therefore this study, for the effective safety and health management of shipbuilding industry, attempts to analyze risk on kinds of ships and budget needed in safety management through classifying ships that are being made recently by three dominate major companies. For this, we carried out a survey and interview targeting experts related to shipbuilding industry and used AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) for result analysis. It is considered that cost of safety and health management will be spent more effectively on the results about risk on kinds of ships and budget needed in safety management in the study and that this study can contribute to decreasing disasters in shipbuilding industry.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.182-186
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• 2000

The reduction of the postoperative wound pain has been a concern in recent surgery, especially in various types of minimally-invasive surgeries. This study was performed to evaluate the postoperative analgesic effect of the preincisional local anesthesia with the mixture of ketorolac(Tarasyn) and bupivacaine to the surgical site in minimally-invasive thyroid surgeries. Of 491 patients who were scheduled for minimally-invasive thyroid surgeries between October 1999 and July 2000, 244 were randomly assigned to receive a mixture of ketorolac tromethamine 15mg(0.5ml) and 0.25% bupivacaine 3ml via surgical site infiltration 3 minutes prior to the skin incision. The outcomes of these patients were compared to those of the 247 controls. Total number of patients in need of post-operative analgesic requirements(n=39, 16.0%), total dose of postoperative analgesics used($19.6{\pm}8.4mg$ of ketorolac) and Visual Analogue Pain Score(VAS, $2.6{\pm}1.2$) of the preincisional local anesthesia group were significantly lower than those of the control group(p<0.05). The mean postoperative hospital stay was $1.6{\pm}0.4$ days for the preincisional local anesthesia group versus $1.9{\pm}0.7$ days for the control group. The preincisional local infiltration of ketorolac and bupivacaine in the minimally invasive thyroidectomies reduces postoperative wound pain thus would be more beneficial to the patients.