• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.333-341
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• 2010

The objective of our study was to investigate the major reasons for the different growth and visible injury on the needles of black pine growing in Ulsan and Yeocheon industrial complex areas, South Korea. After 12 years of growth, we collected climatic and air pollutant data, and analyzed soil properties and the physiological characteristics of black pine needles. Annual and minimum temperatures in Ulsan were higher than those in Yeocheon from 1996 to 2008. Ozone ($O_3$) was the pollutant in greatest concentration in Yeocheon, and whereas the $SO_2$ concentration in most areas decreased gradually during the whole period of growth, $SO_2$ concentration in Yeocheon has increased continuously since 1999, where it was the highest out of four areas since 2005. Total nitrogen and cation exchange capacity in Yeocheon soil were significantly lower than those of Ulsan. The average growth of black pine in Yeocheon was significantly smaller than that in Ulsan, and the growth of damaged trees represented a significant difference between the two sites. Photosynthetic pigment and malondialdehyde content and antioxidative enzyme activity in the current needles of black pine in Yeocheon were not significantly different between damaged and healthy trees, but in 1-year-old needles, there were significant differences between damaged and healthy trees. In conclusion, needle damage in Yeocheon black pine can be considered the result of long-term exposure to oxidative stress by such as $O_3$ or $SO_2$, rather than a difference in climatic condition or soil properties, and the additional expense of photosynthate needed to overcome damage or alleviate oxidative stress may cause growth retardation.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.370-380
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• 2016

제주도 지역에서 소나무재선충병 피해를 받은 곰솔 원목의 이용확대를 위하여 열처리를 수행하였다. 열처리는 처리 원목의 중심부가 소나무재선충의 사멸온도인 $56^{\circ}C$를 30분간 유지하여야 한다. 곰솔 원목의 초기함수율과 말구지름은 각각 46% ~ 141%, 180 mm ~ 500 mm의 범위이고, 기본비중과 전건비중은 각각 0.47, 0.52이었다. $105^{\circ}C$ 조건에서 함수율과 말구지름에 따라 열처리에 소요되는 시간은 7.7 h ~ 44.2 h의 범위로 측정되었다. 다양한 함수율 및 지름을 갖는 곰솔 원목의 열처리 소요시간을 예측하기 위하여 열처리 진행 중 처리목 내부의 온도분포를 유한차분법을 적용한 2차원 열전달 해석을 통하여 제시하였다. 열전달 해석을 위한 목재의 열적 특성은 함수율에 따른 열전도계수와 비열을 적용하였으며, 자연대류와 강제대류를 합한 형태의 혼합대류에 의한 혼합대류계수를 적용하였다. 실험값과 예측 값의 오차는 3 ~ 45%의 범위로 분석되었다. 곰솔 원목에서 초기함수율이 50%이고, 말구지름이 200 mm, 300 mm, 400 mm인 경우, 예측된 열처리 소요시간은 각각 10.9 h, 18.3 h, 27.0 h이었다. 초기함수율이 75%일 때, 지름에 따라 각각 13.6 h, 22.5 h, 32.8 h이고, 초기함수율이 100%일 때, 지름에 따라 각각 16.2 h, 26.5 h, 38.2 h이었다. 이러한 열처리 소요시간의 예측방법에 소나무와 잣나무 등 다른 소나무재선충병 피해목의 물리적 특성을 적용하면, 함수율과 말구지름에 따른 열처리 소요시간을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.59-65
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• 2005

As physical condition of students improves, there is a need to develop human body-friendly desk and chair for students. In this study, desks and chairs were manufactured with curved veneer lamination under high frequency heating and pressing, using ten wood species such as Japanese red pine, Korean pine, pitch pine, Japanese larch, yellow poplar, black locust, oak, radiata pine, beech, and birch. The performance of these products were evaluated. The results obtained were summarized as follows; With high frequency heating, the turned lamination of veneers with full size sheet ($3{\times}6\;feet$) prepared by rotary lathe peeling was successfully applied for making the members of desk top, leg frames of desk and chair. Bending strengths of desk tops were relatively greater for yellow poplar, black locust and red pine, which were similar to those of beech and birch. Bending strengths of desk legs were classified into greater species group (red pine, yellow poplar, larch) and lower species group (radiata pine, Korean pine, pitch pine). Compressive strengths of chair legs in parallel direction to the lamination were greater in black locust and larch. On the other hand, differences between outer and inner gap at the top and drawer bottom of desk top were rather larger for the laminations of birch and beech, and less for those of yellow poplar and pitch pine, showing greater stability of open drawer space. In results, yellow poplar, larch, pitch pine and red pine showed good appearance and strength properties at the curved veneer lamination. Accordingly, it was believed that these domestic woods were able to substitute for birch which was being imported for the use of veneer-laminates type furniture.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.383-392
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the Fukiage sand dunes of southern Kyushu, Japan. We surveyed the status of recovery of coastal Japanese black pine forests damaged by pine wilt disease and their disaster prevention capability. We placed two transects: Transect 1, in an area that was severely damaged (80-90% damage rate) by pine wilt disease, and Transect 2, in an area that was mostly undamaged (<10% damage rate). Then, we installed survey lines, carried out vegetation surveys, and measured the depth and pH of humus soil. The survey lines were placed perpendicular to the coastline from the top of the fore-dune to the inland area, and divided into five 50 m sections. Before the point 100 m inland from the top of the fore-dune, the number of invasive hardwoods and of Japanese black pines were small because of the poor growth environment in both transects. Past the 100 m point, the species and number of Japanese black pines and broad-leaved trees increased further inland because the growth environment improved. In addition, the recovery metrics of tree height, diameter at breast height, age, and number in Transect 1 were much lower than those in Transect 2, and the basal area of broad-leaved trees and the depth of humus soil in Transect 1 were lower than in Transect 2, and the soil pH of humus soil in Transect 1 was higher than that of Transect 2. The shape ratio of the Japanese black pine forests indicated that they were insufficient for disaster prevention. Therefore, in order to fully promote the disaster prevention capability of coastal Japanese black pine forests, we should not only focus on prevention of pine wilt disease but also undertake continuous control efforts taking into consideration the sound growth environment such as appropriate density and soil management and removal of invasive broad-leaved trees.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.43-47
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• 1975

이것은 서울, 광릉(光陵), 전주(全州), 경주지방(慶州地方)에서 솔잎혹파리성충(成虫)의 우화시기(羽化時期)와 이의 표현표식(表現標識)으로 아까시나무의 개화시기(開花時期)를 조사(調査)한 것이다. 1. 솔잎혹파리성충(成虫)의 우화(羽化)는 그 지방(地方)의 아까시나무꽃의 개화(開花)가 시작되는 시기(時期)에 시작된다. 2. 솔잎혹파리성충(成虫)의 우화(羽化)는 그 지방(地方)의 아까시나무꽃의 만개(滿開)하는 시기(時期)에 그 최성기(最盛期)에 드러가며 주락기(淍落期)까지 계속(繼續)된다. 3. 솔잎혹파리성충(成虫)의 우화최성기(羽化最盛期)에 꽃이 만개(滿開)하는 식물(植物)은 아까시나무이외(以外)에 백당나무, 찔레나무, 꽃창포 등(等)이 있다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.305-312
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to compare the relative growth of annual ring width of red pine(Pinus densiflora), black pine(Pinus thunbergii) and pitch pine(Pinus rigida) by means of multiple regression method according to Graybill hypothesis. The obtained results are as follows. 1. The changes of rainfall have affected to tree growth during the periods of 1975 through 1978. 2. Among these pine trees, red pine was mostly influenced by environmental factors. 3. The growth of annual ring width was sensitively responded to the changes of rainfall and air temperature. 4. Among the heavy metals analyzed, the concentrations(ppm) of Lead(Pb) and Copper(Cu) were negatively effected on the growth of annual ring width of pine trees. 5. The analytical technique of annual ring width may be useful for estimation of the pollution in forest areas near industrial complexes.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2014년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.41-41
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• 2014

Pinewood nematode (PWN, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is a serious pathogenic worm that quickly dry pine trees to death. Recently, PWN has been devastating huge amounts of conifer trees in Korea. As a first step to explore the association and ecological roles of fungi in PWN life cycle in Korea, in this study we first isolated and indentified fungi from PWN-infested Korean pine and Japanese black pine wood sampled in Jinju, Sacheon, Pocheon, Chuncheon, Gwangju, and Hoengseong in Korea. A total of 144 fungal isolates were obtained from Japanese black pine wood and 264 fungal isolates from Korean pine wood. Their morphology and nucleotide sequences of the ITS rDNA and ♌-tubulin gene were examined for species identification. Ophiostoma ips, Botrytis anthophila, Penicillium sp., Hypocrea lixii, Trichoderma atroviride, O. galeiforme, Fusarium proliferatum were identified from Japanese black pine wood. Leptographium koreanum, L. pini-densiflorae, Ophiostoma ips, Penicillium raistrick, Trichoderma sp. were isolated from Korean pine wood. O. ips and L. koreanum were the major species on the two different PWN-infected pine tree. The cultivation of PWN on fungal mat of the identified species did some enhance PWN reproduction. The ambrosia beetle, Platypus koryoensis, is a serious pest of oak trees in Korea. In this study we investigated filamentous fungi present in the body of the beetle. Fourteen genera of filamentous fungi belonging to Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were isolated. All the obtained genera were isolated in the mitosporic state. The identified fungi were classified in 11 distinct orders including the Ascomycota (Eurotiales, Hypocreales, Microascales, Ophiostomatales, Pleosporales, and Sordiales) and Basidiomycota (Agaricales, Corticiales, Polyporales, and Russulales Xylariales). Within Ascomycota, 13 species were found. Meanwhile five species were found within Basidiomycota. The results showed the presence of diverse fungi in P. koryoensis. Among the isolated fungi, some were able to produce wood degrading enzymes. Further fungal isolation was performed with P. koryoensis infested Quercus mongolica trees sampled at Kumdan mountain in Hanam-Si, Gyeonggi province from June of 2009 to June of 2010. Penicillin spp. and Trichoderma spp. were the major species of mold fungi group. Pichia guilliermondii was the major species of mold yeast group. Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae was also isolated, but its isolation frequency was not high. Other species identified were Ambrosiella xylebori, Fusarium solani, Cryphonectria nitschke, Chaetomium globosum, and Gliocladium viride, Candida kashinagacola, C. maritima, C. vanderkliftii, Saccharomycopsis crataegensis.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.85-93
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• 2015

In 2013, the epidemics of pine wilt disease caused by the pine wood nematodes (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) resulted in damages to the forests of black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) trees in Jeju Island, Korea. Among the affected trees, an old black pine tree at Cave Temple on Mt. Sanbangsan was included and died due to the prevalence of pine wilt disease. The tree was on Mt. Sanbangsan, which was designated as a National Scenic Place with the Number 77 and was believed to be more than 400 years old in age. By examining the disc of the tree stem obtained from the height of 2 m, we counted the tree rings from 4 different directions and cross-dated the readings by comparing the records of drought simulated from the BROOK Model. Our analysis indicates that the tree seems to have grown since late 1860s. Contrary to the belief of the general public, we can conclude that the age of the tree was estimated to be at maximum 150 years, which means that it was not the same old tree as was shown in the painting of the Tam-Ra-Sun-Ryeok-Do (an old painting book for the Inspection Tour of Jeju Island) published in 1702. Discussion was extended to the life history of the tree in growth and leaning and the measures to protect the tree species from the damages of the pine wilt disease caused by pine wood nematodes.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제89권3호
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• pp.306-309
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• 2000

우리나라 해안지역에 널리 분포하고 있는 해송에 극심한 피해를 주고 있는 솔껍질깍지벌레는 1963년 전남 고흥에서 최초로 발생된 것으로 추정되며, 그 후 계속 확산되어 현재 서해안과 남해안 지역으로 분포가 확대되었다. 본 연구는 1983년부터 1999년까지 임업연구원에서 수행한 발생선단지 조사 자료를 토대로 확산방향을 최초 발생지로부터 서해안쪽으로의 북향, 내륙지역으로의 동북향, 남해안쪽으로의 동향 등 3방향으로 구분하여 확산 유형을 분석하였다. 내륙으로의 확산은 해송의 밀도가 높은 곳에서는 연평균 약 4.3km의 확산속도를 보였지만 1990년대 초반부터 해송의 밀도가 낮아지는 곳에서는 속도가 매우 느려졌다. 해송의 밀도가 높은 서해안쪽 북향과 남해안쪽 동향은 확산속도가 각각 연평균 5.9, 3.3km로서 북향으로의 확산속도가 가장 높았다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.463-468
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• 1993

솔잎혹파리(Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye) 방제용으로 소나무의 수간에 주입된 침투성 살충제 phosphamidon(2-chloro-2-diethylcarbamoyl-1-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate)의 이행 및 분포를 구명하기 위하여 $[vinyl,\;carbonyl-^{14}C]phosphamidon$을 약 10년생의 적송과 해송에 각각 수간주사하였다. 이 약제의 최고이행속도는 적송(Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.)과 해송(Pinus thunbergii Parl.)에서 각각 약 10 cm/hr(7월)와 2 cm/hr(12월)이었다. 처리된 방사능은 하계의 적송에서는 75일까지 일정한 수준을 유지하였으나 동계의 해송에서는 150일까지 유지하였다. 본 약제가 살충가능한 농도로 top에 도달하는데 걸리는 기간은 적송(7월)에서는 3일 이내인 반면 해송(12월)에서는 15일 이내이었으며, 그 이행정도는 약제처리시기 및 수종에 의하여 영향을 받았다. 솔잎에 잔류하는 phosphamidon과 그 대사산물은 methanol로 잘 추출되었으며, 솔잎시료의 methanol 추출액을 autoradiography한 결과 phosphamidon은 소나무내에서 신속히 분해되어 7일 내에 약 80% 정도가 분해되었다.