• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.214-219
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• 2008

The zirconia ceramics are widely used because of their excellent mechanical properties. Recently, many researches to make a colored zirconia was achieved to satisfy the individual aesthetic requirements. In this study, the synthesis of black-color spinel-based inorganic pigments which are stable above $1400^{\circ}C$ and the fabrication of black-colored zirconia using the synthesized pigments are investigated. Inorganic pigments which have spinel structure and near black color were synthesized by a solid state reaction method using a $Fe_2O_3,\;Cr_2O_3$, CoO and NiO powder as a starting materials at $1600^{\circ}C$. Most of synthesized pigments were black colored spinel phases and single spinel phase was successfully synthesized at the composition range of $Cr_2O_3:25{\sim}35%,\;Fe_2O_3:45{\sim}55%$, CoO:20% and NiO:$6{\sim}10%$. The black-colored zirconia was fabricated at $1410^{\circ}C$ with the 5 wt% synthesized pigments and their properties were evaluated. The results showed that the strength value was more than 848 MPa, absorption rate was 0.1%, the brightness of color was $L^*:40{\sim}42$, the tone of color is $a^*:0.2{\sim}0.8$ and $b^*:-1.1{\sim}2.4$. As a result, the black-colored zirconia was suitable for a artificial jewelry or decoration zirconia goods.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.503-512
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• 1998

Fine structure of the cutaneous pigments in the black widow spider, Latrodectus mactans are studied with light and electron microscopes. The cutaneous pigments are only observed in epidermal layer just beneath the cuticle. These pigments are compactly distributed around the spinnerets which located at caudal area of the abdomen. According to the fine structural characteristics of the pigment granules, two main types of guanine pigment granules-carotenoid vesicles and reflecting platelets - are observed in the cytoplasm of the epidermal cells. Morphological features of these pigment granules are characterized as the electron dense carotenoid vesicles and the electron lucent reflecting platelets. Marginal electron density of the carotenoid vesicle is different from that of internal region, whereas the reflecting platelets have laminated crystalline granules. Typiral structures of these pigment granules are very similar to those of invertebrate's chromatophores, especially erythrophores and iridophores. Moreover differentiation of these pigment granules are also originated from the small vesicles of Golgi complexes similarly to those of cutaneous chromatophores.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.46-49
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• 2008

Anthocyanin pigments from varieties of black, red and wild rice were identified and quantified to evaluate their potential as nutritional function, natural colorants or functional food ingredients. Anthocyanin extraction was conducted with acidified methanol with 0.1M HCl (85:15, v/v) and identification of anthocyanin, aglycone and sugar moieties was conducted by comparison with purified standards by HPLC, Ultraviolet-Visible absorption spectrophotometer and paper chromatography. Black and wild rice showed three different types of pigments by HPLC whereas red rice variety did not show any anthocyanins. Out of three pigments detected, one (peak 2) was characterized as cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) by comparison of spectroscopic and chromatographic properties with an authentic standard, and another (peak 3) was tentatively identified as cyanidin-fructoside on the basis of spectroscopic properties with ${\lambda}_{max}$ of aglycone in 1% HCl methanol at 537 nm, electrospray ionization mass spectra with major ions at 449 and 287 m/z and chromatographic properties. But another pigment (peak 1) has not been characterized. The most abundant anthocyanin in black and wild rice was C3G.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.264-271
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• 2007

The inorganic pigments of $Fe_2O_3-CoO-Cr_2O_3-MnO_2$ were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. $FeCl_3,\;CoCl_2,\;CrCl_3\;and\;MnCl_2$ are used for the starting raw materials, and 2 N-KOH for precipitator. $MnCl_2$ is secured with 10 mole%, and 6 composition ratios are used with three ingredients to synthesize the pigments. The samples were calcined at $1350^{\circ}C/1.5h$. The resulting pigments were characterized by using XRD, FT-IR, SEM, and UV spectrophotometer. 6wt% pigments were applied to lime glaze and lime-barium glaze respectively firing at $1260^{\circ}C$ for oxidation atmosphere and $1240^{\circ}C$ for reduction one. The results of color analysis by using UV spectrophotometer showed black, bluish black and dark grayish green.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.21
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• pp.119-143
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• 2000

The pigments composition and structure of the mural painting at Pongjongsa Kuknakjon is discussed. The structure of inner wall is consisited of Paint layer, Ground divided two layers of yellow and white pigments, Support. In case of outer wall, it is consisted of Paint layer, Ground divided three layers of yellow and green pigments, a layer mixed green pigments and paint layer, Support. As a result of compositon analysis of mural painting pigments at Pongjongsa Kuknakjon using Micro-area X-ray diffraction system, the red pigment on inner wall is consisted of Heamatite($Fe_2O_3$), Magnetite($Fe_3O_4$)of deep black pigment, and Chalcocite($Cu_2S$) of light black pigment. The white pigment on outer wall is consisted of Anglesite($PbSO_4$) and Atacamite($Cu_2CI(OH)_3$) of green pigment. We found out that natural pigments painted in the mural painting at Pongjongsa Kuknakjon has kept up its own color for a long time due to using the natural pigment not to artificial synthetic pigment.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.44 no.5 s.300
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• pp.160-165
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• 2007

This research studied the most suitable synthesis condition of mineral pigments of black spinel, which have a stable chromogenic characteristic also ata high temperature of $1400^{\circ}C$ (it is not currently producedin the country) to meet not only functionality of ceramics but also an individual's aesthetic. It was synthesized by the plastic synthetic method on the basis of basic formation of $Fe_2O_3,\;Cr_2O_3$, Quartz, Kaolin, CoO, $MnO_2$, and plasticity was made at $1500^{\circ}C,\;1550^{\circ}C,\;1600^{\circ}C,\;1650^{\circ}C$. We researched the most suitable condition of plasticity and composition which make crystallization of spinel system and chromogenic characteristic close to black in every composition. And for the experiment of application to Zirconia, after adding synthesized pigments to Zirconia and plasticizing them, we analyzed their color and property of matters. The most suitable synthesis conditions of mineral pigments of black spinel system require composition of $Fe_2O_3-32.01%,\;Cr_2O_3-30.47%$, Quartz-9.66%, Kaolin-18.53%, CoO-3.71%, $MnO_2-5.62%$ and condition of plasticity kept for 1 h at $1600^{\circ}C$. When we added pigments synthesized in this way to Zirconia with 5 wt% and plasticized them at $1410^{\circ}C$, the result was that the degree of $strength-32.6kgf/mm^2$, absorptance-0.108%, $luminosity-L^*:37.54,\;color-a^*:1.31,\;b^*:2.61$ and their use suited for artificial jewelry or decoration Zirconia goods.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.3A
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• pp.547-553
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• 2006

To know the effect of pigments on the material properties of color concrete, mortar and concrete tests were carried out by the using 5 kinds of pigment. The major component of red, yellow and black pigments was iron oxide and coloring component of blue and green pigments was copper phthalocyanine. Properties of mortar and concrete were some of difference according to adding ratio and kind of pigments. In case of using red, yellow and black pigments, setting time of concrete speeded a little and compressive strength was tendency to increase and slump or air content of concrete was same or decreased. On the other hand, in case of using green and blue pigments, compressive strength of concrete decreased largely because of the excessive air entrainment of surfactant and sump or air content of concrete increased highly. When the antifoaming agent was added to the color concrete mixed with green and blue pigments, compressive strength of concrete was improved and similar to that of concrete without pigment.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.505-510
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• 2014

The properties of black ceramic pigments including thermal and glaze stability were systematically investigated so that these pigments could be used to decorate porcelain products. Various compositions of $(Ni,Mn)(Fe,Cr,Mn)_2O_4$ and $Co(Fe,Cr)_2O_4$ powders were synthesised using a solid state reaction method. The obtained $Co(Fe,Cr)_2O_4$ and $(Ni,Mn)(Fe,Cr,Mn)_2O_4$ powders showed single phases of spinel structure after calcination processes at $1000^{\circ}C$ and $1200^{\circ}C$, respectively. CIE $L^*a^*b^*$ colourimetric parameters of glazed $Co(Fe,Cr)_2O_4$ and $(Ni,Mn)(Fe,Cr,Mn)_2O_4$ pigments were analyzed according to the different amounts of Cr substitution. In addition, the amount of $Cr^{+6}$ remaining in the $Co(Fe,Cr)_2O_4$ and $(Ni,Mn)(Fe,Cr,Mn)_2O_4$ pigments was also measured.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.44 no.10
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• pp.554-561
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• 2007

Synthesis and characterization of pigments by using $Fe_2O_3,\;CoO,\;Cr_2O_3\;and\;MnO_2$ were undertaken. The resulting pigments were characterized by using XRD, SEM, FT-IR and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The color of glazed tiles containing 6 wt% pigment changed from dark green to black depending on the compositions of used materials. Pigments were calcined with mixed materials at $1350^{\circ}C$, and the dark green and dark brown color were obtained. Pigments were used to determine possible interactions between a pigment and a glaze.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.44 no.11
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• pp.639-644
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• 2007

Spinel pigments, developing black color in high temperature glazes at oxidation or reduction atmosphere, without CoO because of its high price were synthesized by solid solution method. Ten mixed compositions consisted of NiO, MnO, $Fe_2O_3 and $Mn_2O_3$ were fired at $1250^{\circ}C$ for 1h. The resulting pigments were characterized by using XRD, FT-IR, SEM and UV-vis spectrometer. Structure of the pigments are spinel and particles' shape are spherical or cubic. Glazed tiles containing 5 wt% pigments were fired at $1260^{\circ}C$ and $1240^{\circ}C$ in reduction atmosphere. Color in glazes were analyzed by UV-vis spectrometer. Colors of NiO 0.875 MnO $0.125{\cdot}Fe_2O_3$ $0.4875{\cdot}Cr_2O_3$ $0.50{\cdot}Mn_2O_3$ 0.0125 mole% and NiO 0.875 MnO $0.125{\cdot}Fe_2O_3$ $0.3875{\cdot}Cr_2O_3$ $0.50{\cdot}Mn_2O_3$ 0.1125 mole% in lime glaze showed black in oxidation, in reduction NiO 0.875 MnO $0.125{\cdot}Fe_2O_3$ $0.4875{\cdot}Cr_2O_3$ $0.50{\cdot}Mn_2O_3$ 0.0125 mole% and NiO 0.875 MnO $0.125{\cdot}Fe_2O_3$ $0.4375{\cdot}Cr_2O_3$ $0.55{\cdot}Mn_2O_3$ 0.0125 mole% showed black. In case of lime-barium glaze, NiO 0.875 MnO $0.125{\cdot}Fe_2O_3$ $0.3875{\cdot}Cr_2O_3$ $0.50{\cdot}Mn_2O_3$ 0.1125 mole%, NiO 0.975 MnO $0.075{\cdot}Fe_2O_3$ $0.4375{\cdot}Cr_2O_3$ $0.50{\cdot}Mn_2O_3$ 0.0625 mole% and NiO 0.925 MnO $0.075{\cdot}Fe_2O_3$ $0.4375{\cdot}Cr_2O_3$ $0.50{\cdot}Mn_2O_3$ 0.0625 mole% showed black color in oxidation and NiO 0.875 MnO $0.125{\cdot}Fe_2O_3$ $0.3875{\cdot}Cr_2O_3$ $0.50{\cdot}Mn_2O_3$ 0.1125 mole%, NiO 0.925 MnO $0.075{\cdot}Fe_2O_3$ $0.4375{\cdot}Cr_2O_3$ $0.50{\cdot}Mn_2O_3$ 0.0625 mole% and NiO 0.725 MnO $0.275{\cdot}Fe_2O_3$ $0.4375{\cdot}Cr_2O_3$ $0.50{\cdot}Mn_2O_3$ 0.0625 mole% showed black one in reduction.