• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2008

인삼에 발생하는 병해충을 적기에 방제하여 농약살포횟수를 줄이고 인삼을 친환경적으로 재배할 수 있는 기초자료를 얻기위하여 2006년도에 전북지방의 인삼포장에 발생하는 병해충 및 포장에 비래하는 해충을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 전북지역에서 발생하는 병의 종류는 진안은 Rhizoctonia solani 등 8종, 정읍은 Botrytis cinerea 등 7종, 고창은 Botrytis cinerea 등 6종이었다. 발생시기는 7월을 전후한 장마기에 가장 많이 발생하여 장마 이전에 철저한 병해방제가 요구되었다. 또한 전북지역에서 가장 문제시되는 병은 Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 등이었다. 인삼 포장을 가해하는 해충을 조사한 결과, Asusta despecta sieboldiana와 Holotrichia sp.이었고 블랙라이트트랩을 이용한 결과에 있어서는 Maladera orientalis, Ostrinia furnacalis, Holotrichia morosa 등이 가장 많이 포획되었다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1988년도 학술대회지
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• pp.129-132
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• 1988

인삼은 한국, 일본, 소련, 북미에서 재배되고 있다. 이들 생산지역의 미세기상을 각각 조사해 보면, 인삼의 생육에 필요한 필수조건을 갖고 잇으며 각 지역에 따라 미세기상은 다른 방법으로 조절되고 있다, 한국, 중국에서의 최근연구자료를 비교해 보면 인삼생산에 맞는 여러가지 미세기상 조건들을 구명 할 수 있을 것이며, 여러가지 해가림 재료에 따른 일광차단에 관한 연구도 미세기상 조건구명의 한가지 방법이 되고 있다. 북미에서는 나무와 polypropylene 해가림 재료가 사용되지만, 중국에서는 마른 풀을 엮은 이엉사이에 polyvinylchloride film을 넣어 해가림을 한다. 이러한 해가림 재료들이 인삼생육과 수량에 미치는 효과는 뿌리생육에 있는 것 같으며, 생육기간 중 대부분 뿌리의 생육 적온에 미치지 못하고 있다. 년근별 생육자료를 분석해 보면, 근권의 토양온도가 지상부와 뿌리의 건물 분배에 미치는 효과를 구명하는데 유용할 것이다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.135-140
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• 2016

Background: Nephrotoxicity is a common side effect of medications. Panax ginseng is one of the best-known herbal medicines, and its individual constituents enhance renal function. Identification of its efficacy and mechanisms of action against drug-induced nephrotoxicity, as well as the specific constituents mediating this effect, have recently emerged as an interesting research area focusing on the kidney protective efficacy of P. ginseng. Methods: The present study investigated the kidney protective effect of fermented black ginseng (FBG) and its active component ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 against cisplatin (chemotherapy drug)-induced damage in pig kidney (LLC-PK1) cells. It focused on assessing the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases as important mechanistic elements in kidney protection. Results: The reduced cell viability induced by cisplatin was significantly recovered with FBG extract and ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 dose-dependently. The cisplatin-induced elevated protein levels of phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p53, and cleaved caspase-3 were decreased after cotreatment with FBG extract or ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3. The elevated percentage of apoptotic LLC-PK1 cells induced by cisplatin treatment was significantly abrogated by cotreatment with FBG and the ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3. Conclusion: FBG and its major ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3, ameliorated cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in LLC-PK1 cells by blocking the JNKep53ecaspase-3 signaling cascade.

• 식물병연구
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.8-12
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• 2004

2003년 7월, 경상북도 봉화지역의 인삼포장에서 인삼의 줄기가 쓰러지고 뿌리썩음증상을 보이는 인삼을 관찰하였다 병든 뿌리로부터 분리된 병원세균을 접종한 결과, 인삼의 잎은 황화되거나 검은색으로 변하여 시들었고, 줄기는 속이 텅비어 있었다. 뿌리는 접종부위가 썩으면서 주름이 생기고 차츰 검은색으로 변화였다. 이 병원세균은 인삼의 모든 부위에 대해 병원성이 인정되었고 이 병원세균의 형태 및 생리적 특성을 Bergey' manual에 기록된 세균의 특성과 비교한 결과, Serratia liquefaciens로 동정되었다. 이 세균은 아직 인삼의 병원세균으로 기록되어 있지 않기에 인삼뿌리썩음병으로 이 병원세균도 추가할 것을 제안한다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.160-168
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• 2016

Background: Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a well-characterized medicinal herb listed in the classic oriental herbal dictionary as "Shin-nong-bon-cho-kyung." Ginseng has diverse pharmacologic and therapeutic properties. Black ginseng (BG, Ginseng Radix nigra) is produced by repeatedly steaming fresh ginseng nine times. Studies of BG have shown that prolonged heat treatment enhances the antioxidant activity with increased radical scavenging activity. Several recent studies have showed the effects of BG on increased lipid profiles in mice. In this study report the effects of water and ethanol extracts of BG on hypercholesterolemia in rats. To our knowledge, this is the first time such an effect has been reported. Methods: Experiments were conducted on male Sprague Dawley rats fed with a high-cholesterol diet supplemented with the water and ethanol extracts of BG (200 mg/kg). Their blood cholesterol levels, serum white blood cell levels, and cholesterol-metabolizing marker genes messenger RNA (mRNA) expression were determined. Liver and adipose tissues were histologically analyzed. Results: We found that BG extracts efficiently reduced the total serum cholesterol levels, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels with increased food efficiency ratio and increased number of neutrophil cells. It also attenuated the key genes responsible for lipogenesis, that is, acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) acetyltransferase 2, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2, at the mRNA level inside liver cells. Furthermore, the BG extract also reduced the accumulation of fat in adipose tissues, and inhibited the neutral fat content in liver cells stained with hematoxylin and eosin and oil red O. Conclusion: Administration of BG extracts to Sprague Dawley rats fed with high-cholesterol diet ameliorated hypercholesterolemia, which was mediated via modulation of cholesterol-metabolizing marker genes. This data throw a light on BG's cardioprotective effects.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 1980년도 학술대회지
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• pp.39-47
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• 1980

The harvesting and export of Canadian ginseng from the cool, shady hardwood forests of southern Canada can be traced to 1796. Because of its high dollar value and diminishing woodland supplies it was decided in 1896 that it should be cultivated under wood lath screens. Present day economics dictate changes in production techniques to allow for a decreasing supply of expensive labour. Traditional wooden lath screens have a surface area of wood of 70 per cent and permit light penetration of only about 18 per cent. Experimental woven black polypropylene shade has an estimated surface area of 72 per cent and permits light pentration of about 28 per cent. While differences in air and leaf temperatures under the two shade structures can be measured it is doubtful if these are great enough to cause differences in plant growth under the two structures. Shade grown ginseng had a low fresh and dry weight and total chlorophyll content (ratio of a to b was 3 to 1) comparable to other shade species. There was no differences in fresh and dry weight and chlorophyll content of leaves from plants grown under the two shade structures. Maximum net photosynthesis of leaves was 0.175 g $CO_2\;m^{-2}\;hr^{-1}$ and light saturation level was about $200{\mu}E\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1},$ or about 10 per cent of full sunlight.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.123-129
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• 1989

국내외로 다변화하는 소비기호추세에 영합할 수 있는 제형으로의 제품개발을 위하여 국내의 가정주부를 대상으로 소비기호동향을 조사 $.$ 분석한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 가정주부들이 애용하는 다류는 커피>율무차>인삼차>홍차의 순이었고, 80% 이상이 인삼을 식품으로 인식하고 있었으며, 56% 정도가 인삼의 효과를 인정하였으나 약 43%가 체질에 따라 다르다고 인식하고 있어 체질과의 상관관계 연구가 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 90% 이상이 인삼의 복용경험을 가지고 있었고, 복용 시 기대효과는 주로 약리적인 것으로 과음이 으뜸이었다. 복용방법은 전통적인 복용형태인 탕으로 다려 먹는 방법을 가장 애용하고 있었다. 인삼의 향취미는 88% 이상이 좋은 반응을 보였고, 70% 이상이 유통가격을 복용의 기피요인으로 평가하고 있어 유통구조개선과 아울러 원가절감 개선을 위한 연구가 절실한 것으로 사료된다. 시판 인삼가공제품에 대한 인지율과 구입 및 복용경험은 제형에 따라 큰 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 인삼차와 인삼드링크류는 기호도가 아주 높은 반면 인삼캡슐과 인삼타브렐는 아주 낮았고, 평균 인지갯수는 4개이었다. 연령에 따라 인삼 및 인삼가공제품에 대한 기호도가 상당한 차이를 나타내고 있어 소비대상을 연령별로 면밀히 분석 구분하고 기호에 영합할 수 있는 새로운 제품으로의 제형개발과 기존제품의 품질개선이 이루어져 야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.434-438
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• 2008

To selection of optimal shading material, two-year-old ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) of new cultivar, 'Cheonpoong' (CP), and native species 'Hwangsookjong' (HS) were cultured under three kinds of shading materials such as three-layered blue and a one-layered black PE (polyethylene) net (TBSB), blue PE sheet (BS), and aluminium coated PE sheet (AS) in imperfectly drained paddy soil. Growth characteristics, yield and ginsenoside contents were investigated under three shading materials. Yield and ginsenoside contents of ginseng were distinctly affected by intensity and quality of sunlight penetrated through shading materials. Light transmission ratio, air and soil temperature according to shading materials were higher in order of BS, AS, and TBSB. However, ratio of aerial phase and porosity of the soil were higher in order of AS, BS, and TBSB, respectively. There was no significantly difference in the ratio of rusty colored root by shading materials. CP showed higher stem length, leaf area, and root weight than that of HS, while the former showed distinctly lower discolored leaf ratio than that the other. Eight kinds of ginsenosides content of CP were higher than that of HS in $Rg_1$, Re, Rf, $Rb_1$ and Rc except $Rg_2$, $Rb_2$, and $Rb_3$. Total ginsenoside contents of CP was distinctly higher than that of HS. Total ginsenoside contents as affected by shading materials was higher in order of BS, TBSB, and AS in CP, while TBSB, BS, and AS in HS.

• 생약학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.352-359
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to develop a new preparation process of ginseng leaf and stem extracts having high concentrations of ginsenoside Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, a special component of red and black ginseng. Chemical transformation from ginseng saponin glycosides to prosapogenin was analyzed by the HPLC. Extracts of ginseng (Panax ginseng) leaf and stem were processed under several treatment conditions including ultrasonication treatments. The content of total saponin reached their heights at 17 hr (UGL-17) of ultrasonication treatment, followed by 16 hr (UGL-16) and 7 hr (UGL-7) of ultrasonication treatment at $100^{\circ}C$. UGL-17 findings show that the ginseng leaf and stem that had been processed with ultrasonication for 17 hours peaked in the level of Rg2, Rg3 and Rh1. In addition, UGL-16 contained ginsenoside Rg5 at high concentrations. It is thought that such results provide basic information in preparing ginseng leaf and stem extracts with functionality enhanced.

• 약학회지
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• 제60권2호
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• pp.58-63
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to develop a new preparation process of ginseng berry extracts having high concentrations of ginsenoside Rh1, Rg2, Rg5, F4, a special component of red and black ginseng. Chemical transformation from ginseng saponin glycosides to prosapogenin was analyzed by the HPLC. Extracts of ginseng (Panax ginseng) berry was processed under several treatment conditions including ultrasonication treatments. The content of total saponin reached their heights at 6 hr (UGB-6, 61.760%) of ultrasonication treatment, followed by 10 hr (UGB-10, 53.009%) and 9 hr (UGB-9, 50.652%) of ultrasonication treatment at $100^{\circ}C$. Results of those treatments showed that the quantity of ginsenoside Rh1 increased by over 15% at 10 hr of ultrasonication treatment at $100^{\circ}C$. The results of processing with UGB-10 indicate that the ultrasonication processed ginseng berry extracts that had gone through 10 hr treatments were found to contain the largest amount of ginsenoside Rh1 (15.358%), Rg2 (6.301%), Re (4.567%) and F4 (2.658%). In addition, UGB-6 contained ginsenoside Rg3 (13.632%) at high concentrations. It is thought that such results provide basic information in preparing ginseng berry extracts with functionality enhanced.