• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.109-115
• /
• 2004

가축분 퇴비가 토양의 생화학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하고자, 농업과학기술원 시험포장에 시용량 ($8Mg\;ha^{-1}$, CM-8구: $29Mg\;ha^{-1}$, CM-29구: $57Mg\;ha^{-1}$, CM-57구)을 달리하여 돈분퇴비를 시비하고 봄배추를 재배하면서 생육시기별로 토양을 채취하여 biomass, 효소활성도의 변화를 조사하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 토양효소 활성은 NPK구의 경우 대조구에 비하여 낮았으나 퇴비구에서는 증가하여 CM-57구에서 protease, Phosphomonoesterase 그리고 dehydrogenase의 활성이 각각 2.3, 1.6 및 2.4배 증가하였다. Protease와 phosphomonoesterase의 경우 재배기간중 모든 처리구에서 생육중기에 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었다. Biomass는 퇴비의 시용랑에 따라 증가하여 biomass C의 함량은 CM-57구에서 $466mg\;kg^{-1}$으로 대조구에 비하여 4.3배, biomass N과 P는 각각 3.4배, 2.8배 증가하였다. 한편 NPK구에서는 biomass C와 N은 증가하였으나 biomass P는 낮았다. 퇴비구에 있어서 biomass N과 P는 배추의 생육중기에 최고치에 달하였으나 biomass C의 함량은 생육초기에 증가하여 수확기까지도 높은 함량을 유지하였다. 평균 biomass C:N:P 비율은 11:2:1이었으며, 토양의 유기 탄소 및 질소함량에 대한 biomass C와 N의 비율은 각각 1.1 및 3.6%이었다. 재배토양의 protease와 dehydrogenase는 biomass C 및 P와 고도로 유의한 상관관계를 나타내었다.

• 유기물자원화
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.86-94
• /
• 2015

반탄화 공정은 약 $250^{\circ}C$정도의 온도에서 진행되는 열화하적 반응으로, 본 반응에 의하여 바이오매스 중에 포함된 헤미세루로스가 분해되고, 휘발성 가스를 생성하여 분리되는 과정이 진행된다. 바이오매스를 반탄화하는 중요한 이유로는 반탄화에 의하여 에너지 집적도(바이오매스 단위 중량에 포함된 열량)가 증가하게 되어 수송 등에 필요한 열량이 감소하는 장점이 있는 반면, 반탄화의 결과로 생산된 반탄화물은 화재 및 분진 폭발의 위험이 높아지는 단점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 바이오매스 연료 중 목질류로서 자연 건조된 폐목재와 초본류로서는 볏짚을 대상으로 약 $200^{\circ}C{\sim}300^{\circ}C$범위의 온도에서 반탄화 실험을 실시하여 반탄화 후 결과물의 연료적 특성을 평가하였다. 특히 C/H(탄소와 수소 비) 및 C/O(탄소와 산소비)는 연료적 특성 중 생물학적 안정성 및 연소시 오염물질(특히 수트, Soot)과 관계되는 요소로서 중요하다. 실험 결과 반탄화에 의하여 C/H는 약 2배 증가하였으며, C/O는 약 3배 증가하였다. 이는 생물학적 안정성은 감소하여 자연적으로 분해(생분해)가 진행되는 어려운 상태로 변화되었으나, 연료 중 수소의 감소에 의하여 휘발성 가스의 생성은 감소할 수 있는 것을 나타낸다. 한편 탄화된 바이오매스의 TGA(Thermogravimetric Analysis)를 실시한 결과, 저온에서의 진행되는 열분해 부분이 상대적으로 감소하였으며, 이는 단순 바이오매스 연료에 비하여 석탄과 연소 특성이 유사할 수 있는 것으로 나타내었다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.38-43
• /
• 2014

In this study, we evaluated the methylene blue (MB) adsorption potential of non-treated and UV-C pretreated bacterial biomass from aqueous solution. The UV-C pretreatment denature the biomass and has increased overall functional groups when compared to non-treated biomass. The biosorbent was exposed to various pH, biomass dose, and contact time. The results showed that the dried and UV-C pretreated biomass effectively removed MB within 30 min. Dried and UV-C pretreated biomass of Bacillus pseudomycoides JH 2-2 showed a adsorption of 858.2 and 1072.4 mg/g at optimum conditions (pH: 9.0, contact time: 30 min, biomass dose: 1 g/L). Similarly, dried and UV-C pretreated biomass of Citrobacter freundii JH 11-2 showed an adsorption 868.3 and 954 mg/g at optimum conditions (pH: 9.0, contact time: 10 min, biomass dose: 1.5 g/L). The changes in the functional groups of UV-C pretreated biomass could be responsible for enhanced adsorption of MB. The results obtained have shown that non-treated and UV-C pretreated biomass has a high adsorption capacity for MB dye and can be used as a low-cost biosorbent in wastewater treatments.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제49권1호
• /
• pp.1-6
• /
• 2016

Carbonized biomass could be used as a mechanism for long-term storage of C in soils. However, experimental results are variable. Objective of this study was carried out to evaluate the effect of carbonized biomass made from soybean residue on soil organic carbon and seed yield during soybean cultivation. The carbonized biomass was made by field scale mobile pyrolyzer. Pyrolyzer was performed in a reactor operated at $400{\sim}500^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours using soybean residue. The treatments consisted of four levels as the control without input and three levels of carbonized biomass inputs as $357kg\;ha^{-1}$, C-1 ; $714kg\;ha^{-1}$, C-2 ; $1,428kg\;ha^{-1}$, C-3. It was appeared that seed yield of soybean was $2,847kg\;ha^{-1}$ for control, $2,897kg\;ha^{-1}$ for C-1, $2,946kg\;ha^{-1}$ for C-2 and $3,211kg\;ha^{-1}$ for C-3 at the end of experiment. It was shown that the contents of SOC were $5.21g\;kg^{-1}$ for C-1, $5.93g\;kg^{-1}$ for C-2, $7.00g\;kg^{-1}$ for C-3 and $4.73g\;kg^{-1}$ for the control at the end of experiment. Accumulated SOC contents linearly significantly (P < 0.001) increased with increasing the carbonized biomass input. The slopes (0.00162) of the regression equations suggest that SOC contents from the soil increase by $0.162g\;kg^{-1}$ with every $100kg\;ha^{-1}$ increase of carbonized biomass rate. Consequently the carbonized biomass for byproducts such as soybean residue could increase SOC. It might be considered that the experimental results will be applied to soil carbon sequestration for future study. More long-term studies are needed to prove how long does SOC stay in agricultural soils.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.449-455
• /
• 2018

In this study, the contribution of hot biomass ash to enrichment of the mineral content and to reducing the moisture content of broiler poultry manure was investigated. For this purpose, the mixtures have been prepared by adding biomass ash at varying rates (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) and at different temperatures ($100^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$, $200^{\circ}C$ and $250^{\circ}C$) according to the dry matter content (74.77%) of the poultry manure. The results showed that incorporation of biomass ash into poultry manure at 50% at $250^{\circ}C$ reduced the moisture content from 25.23% to 9.82%. Regarding the maximum N in the final product, the ideal temperature of biomass ash has been obtained at $150^{\circ}C$. The highest nutrient contents were obtained at 50% biomass ash incorporation. The highest dose of biomass ash application had significantly increased nutrients, such as Ca (19.34%), K (4.03%), Fe (1,545 mg/kg), Mn (812 mg/kg) and Zn (479 mg/kg) in the final organomineral fertiliser formulation. Overall, it was concluded that the addition of hot biomass ash can dramatically decrease the moisture content of poultry manure and therefore provide odour and pathogen removal and increase its plant nutrient content.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제99권5호
• /
• pp.673-681
• /
• 2010

This study examined the biomass data estimated from different allometric models and calculated the mean aboveground biomass, mean belowground biomass and root/shoot ratio values according to the forest types and age classes. These mean values and the forest inventories in 2009 were used to estimate the aboveground and total biomass carbon storage in different forest types (coniferous, deciduous and mixed forests). The aboveground and total biomass carbon storage for all forest types in Korea were 350.201 Tg C and 436.724 Tg C. Over the past 36 years, plantations by reforestation programs have accounted for more than 70% of the observed carbon storage. The carbon storage in Korean forest biomass was 436.724 Tg C, of which 175.154 Tg C for coniferous forests, 126.772 Tg C for deciduous forests and 134.518 Tg C for mixed forests, comprising approximately 1/20 of the total carbon storage of the East Asian countries. The total carbon storage for the whole forest sector in Korea was 1213.122 Tg C, of which 436.724 Tg C is stored in forest biomass if using the ratio of carbon storage in different pools examined from the United States. Such large carbon storage in Korean forests is due mainly to active plantations growth and management practices.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.281-285
• /
• 2007

We conducted research to determine the effects of forest tending works (FTW) on forest carbon (C) storage in Korean red pine forests by estimating changes in the quantity and distribution of stored organic C in an approximately 40-year-old red pine stand after FTW. We measured organic C storage (above- and belowground biomass C, forest floor C, and soil C at 50 cm depth) in the Hwangmaesan Soopkakkugi model forest in Sancheonggun, Gyeongsangnam-do before and after the forest was thinned from a density of 908 trees/ha to 367 trees/ha. The total C stored in tree biomass was 69.5 Mg C/ha before FTW and 38.6 Mg C/ha after FTW. The change in total C storage in tree biomass primarily resulted from the loss of 19.9 Mg C/ha stored in stem biomass after FTW. The total C pool in this red pine stand was 276 Mg C/ha before FTW and 245.1 Mg C/ha after FTW. Prior to FTW, 71.5% of the total C pool was stored in mineral soil, 25.2% in tree biomass, and 3.3% in the forest floor, where as after FTW 80.5% of the total C pool was stored in mineral soil, 15.7% in tree biomass and 3.7% in the forest floor. These results suggest that the development of site-specific tending techniques may be required to minimize the loss of tree biomass C storage capacity in red pine stands from FTW.

• 한국환경농학회지
• /
• 제19권5호
• /
• pp.375-381
• /
• 2000

Quantifying the changes of soil microbial biomass and activity of enzymes are important to understand the dynamics of active soil C and N pools. The dynamics of soil microbial biomass C and N and the activity of enzymes over entire growth period of soybean-(Glycine max (L) Merr.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sequence on a Typic Haplustert as influenced by organic manure and inorganic fertilizer N were investigated in a field experiment. The application of farmyard manure at 4 to 16 $Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}\;y^{-1}r^{-1}$ along with fertilizer nitrogen at 50 or 180 $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ increased the mean soil microbial biomass from 1.12 to 2.05 fold over unmanured soils under soybean-wheat system. Irrespective of organic and chemical fertilizer N application, the soil microbial biomass was maximum during the first two months at active growing stage of the crops and subsequently declined with crop maturity. The mean annual microbial activity was significantly increased when manure and chemical fertilizer at 8 $Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ and 50/180 N $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, respectively were applied. The C turnover rate decreased by 47 to 72 % when the level of farmyard manure was increased from 4 to 8 and 16 $Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$. There were significant correlations between biomass C, available N, dehydrogenase, phosphatase and yield of the crops.

• 한국토양비료학회지
• /
• 제48권5호
• /
• pp.549-555
• /
• 2015

Objective of this study was to investigate the effect of carbonized biomass from crop residues on chemical properties of soil and soil carbon pools during soybean cultivation. The carbonized biomass was made by field scale mobile pyrolyzer. A pot experiment with soybean in sandy loam soil was conducted for 133 days in a greenhouse, by a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments consisted of four levels including the control without input and three levels of carbonized biomass inputs of $9.75Mg\;ha^{-1}$, C-1 ; $19.5Mg\;ha^{-1}$, C-2 ; $39Mg\;ha^{-1}$, C-3. Soil samples were collected and analyzed pH, EC, TC, TN, inorganic-N, available phosphorus and exchangeable cations of the soils. Soil pH, Total-N and available phosphorus contents correspondingly increased with increasing the carbonized material input. The contents of soil carbon pools were $19.04Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$ for C-1, $26.19Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$ for C-2, $33.62Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$ for C-3 and $12.01Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$ for the control at the end of experiment, respectively. Increased contents of soil carbon pools relative to the control were estimated at $7.03Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$ for C-1, $14.18Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$ for C-2 and $21.62Mg\;C\;ha^{-1}$ for C-3 at the end of experiment, respectively, indicating that the soil carbon pools were increased with increasing the input rate of the carbonized biomass. Consequently, it seems that the carbonized biomass derived from the agricultural byproducts such as crop residues could increase the soil carbon pools and that the experimental results will be applied to the future study of soil carbon sequestration.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제37권3호
• /
• pp.189-200
• /
• 2015

Mesozooplankton biomass including total biomass and size-fractionated biomass and the abundance of major taxonomic groups of copepods were studied in the Northwestern Subtropical Pacific Warm Pool (NSPWP) and the Northern East China Sea (NECS) from 2006 to 2014. Mesozooplankton biomass ranged from 0.69 to $3.08mgC/m^3$ (mean $1.12mgC/m^3$) in the NSPWP and from 10.60 to $69.10mgC/m^3$ (mean $30.33mgC/m^3$) in the NECS with higher values in spring than fall. Percent composition in the biomass of each size group of mesozooplankton varied interannually both in the NSPWP and in the NECS. The smallest size group (0.2~0.5 mm) contributed the least to total biomass in both regions, but significantly higher in the NSPWP than in the NECS. The percent composition in abundance of copepod taxonomic groups (i.e. Calanoida, Cyclopoida, and Poecilostomatoida) also fluctuated interannually. Mean composition of calanoid copepods was higher in the NECS than in the NSPWP, but the opposite pattern was observed for poecilostomatoid copepods. Mesozooplankton biomass both in the NSPWP and in the NECS was negatively correlated with Oceanic $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ Index (ONI), indicating declines in biomass during El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ periods and vice versa during Na $Ni{\tilde{n}}a$ period. The effect of El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ on variation of mesozooplankton biomass was more prominent in the NSPWP than in the NECS. These results suggest that mesozooplankton biomass both in the NSPWP and in the NECS responded to El $Ni{\tilde{n}}o$ events, although the biological process that explain the reduced mesozooplankton biomass might be different in both regions.