• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.136-140
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• 2008

$TiO_2$ photocatalyst has been known to exhibit a notable disinfecting activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. A lot of commercial $TiO_2$ photocatalyst products have been developed for antimicrobial purposes. However, a standard method has not yet been proposed for use in testing antimicrobial activity. In this study, we developed a $TiO_2$ photocatalytic adhesion test method with film as the standard testing method for the evaluation of antimicrobial activity. This method was devised by modifying the previous antimicrobial products test method, which has been widely used, and considering the characteristics of $TiO_2$ photocatalytic reaction. The apparatus for testing the antimicrobial activity was composed of a Black Light Blue (BLB) lamp as UV-A light source, a Petri dish as the cover material, and a polypropylene film as the adhesion film. The standard $TiO_2$ photocatalyst sample, Degussa P25 $TiO_2$ - coated glass, could only be used once. The optimal initial concentration of the microorganism, proper light intensity, and light irradiation time were determined to be $10^6$ CFU/mL, 1.0 mW/$cm^2$, and 3 hr, respectively, for testing and evaluating antimicrobial activity on the $TiO_2$ surface.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.61-71
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• 2002

purpose : The purpose of this study was to find out the influencing factors of smoking-cessation behavior of patients with coronary heart disease and to suggest the model of smoking-cessation behavior which was based on the relationship between influencing factors and then to test its fitness empirically. method : This study was based on the Theory of Reasoned Action and a hypothetical model was constructed with fifteen paths in consideration of main predictive factors of smoking-cessation behavior such as biological factor, disease-related characteristics, self-efficacy, supportive factor, environmental factor, disease-related perception factor, intention-to-quit, and psychological factor. The validity of a smoking- cessation model was tested to 264 patients with coronary heart disease by using SPSS 8.0 and Window LISREL 8.12a. results : 1. Seven of the 15 paths of smoking-cessation behavior proved to be significant. 2. The final model excluded three paths in the hypothetical model was demonstrated to be improved by $x^2$=44.31 (df=38, p=.22), Goodness of Fit Index (GFI)=.98, Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (AGFI)=.96, Non-Normed Fit Index(NNFI)=1.00, Normed Fit Index(NFI)=1.00, and Root Mean Square Residual(RMR)=.24. 3.The smoking-cessation behavior was influenced directly by biological factor, self-efficacy, supportive factor, environmental factor, intention-to-quit, and psychological factor. The smoking-cessation behavior was accounted for 82% of variance by these factors. conclusion : although the adolescents' smoking behavior can be predicted by only smoking intention, it is hard to predict the adults' smoking-cessation behavior by only this factor. Therefore, intention-to-quit, self-efficacy, supportive factor should be improved because these are promotive factors for smoking-cessation behavior. Biological factor, environmental factor, and psychological factor are inhibitive factors, so nicotine replacement therapy is helpful to the high nicotine-dependents, and ex-smokers avoid other smokers in their environment and also patients should learn and practice the stress coping-skills.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.193-199
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• 2017

This study was aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Penicillium purpurogenum ED76 on several clinically important microorganisms. The endophytic fungus P. purpurogenum ED76 was previously isolated from Swietenia macrophylla leaf. The antimicrobial efficacy of P. purpurogenum ED76 dichloromethane extract was determined via disc diffusion and broth microdilution assay. A kill curve study was conducted and the morphology of extract treated bacterial cells were viewed under scanning electron microscope. The dichloromethane extract showed significant inhibitory activity on 4 test bacteria and 2 test yeasts. The minimal inhibitory concentration of the extract ranged from 125 to $1,000{\mu}g/ml$, which indicates the different susceptibility levels of the test microorganisms to the fungal extract. The kill curve study has revealed a concentration-dependent inhibition for all test microorganisms. With the increase of the extract concentration, the microbial growth was significantly reduced. The scanning electron micrograph of dichloromethane extract-treated Staphylococcus aureus cells showed the total damage of the cells. The cell wall invagination of the bacterial cells also indicates the loss of cellular materials and metabolic activity. The gas chromatography mass spectrometry analysis of the extract also showed that the major compound was stigmasterol, which constitutes 45.30% of the total area. The dichloromethane extract of P. purpurogenum ED76 exhibited significant inhibitory activity on several clinically important bacteria and yeasts. The study proposed a possible mode of action that the extract cause significant damage to the morphology of S. aureus cells.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.112-121
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of self management behavior of patients with type 2 diabetes and to compare the factors influencing self management behavior between the elderly and adults. Methods: The participants consisted of 105 adults and 100 elderly who visited the outpatient department of a hospital from August to December 2011. Data was collected by questionnaires and analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 18.0. Results: The elderly showed higher mean scores of subcategory of self management behavior than adults. In stepwise multiple regression analysis, a total of 42% (adults), 52% (elderly) respectively of variance in self management behavior were accounted for by self-efficacy, perceived barriers, perceived benefits, yes or no smoking and regular exercise in adults and readiness, self efficacy, perceived benefits in the elderly. Conclusion: Therefore, a diabetics intervention program should be designed and provided as a tailored one for adults and elderly separately in Korea. In the strategy for adults with type 2 diabetes in the promotion of self efficacy, perceived benefits and reduction of perceived barriers, and correction of life habits such as smoking and exercise are needed, whereas in the elderly promotion of readiness, self efficacy, perceived benefits are required.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.118-124
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare three surgical scrub methods-4% chlorhexidine gluconate(CHG) with brush, 4% CHG without brush, and waterless scrub using 1% CHG and 61% ethanol combination(alcohol-based agent)-for antimicrobial efficacy. Method: "Glove-juice technique" was used to evaluate microbial hand counts before surgical scrubs, 1 min and 3 hr after surgical scrubs. Result: Waterless scrub using CHG and ethanol combination resulted in a 4.8-log reduction at 1 min and 4.0-log reduction at 3 hr. CHG without brush resulted in a 4.7-log reduction at 1 min and 3.3-log reduction at 3 hr. The traditional scrub using CHG with brush resulted in a 3.6-log reduction at 1 min and 0.8-log reduction at 3 hr. The waterless scrub and CHG without brush showed significantly higher log reduction(p<.05) than CHG with brush at 1 min and 3 hr after surgical scrub. Waterless scrub showed greater log reductions than CHG without brush, but there was no statistical difference between the two groups. Conclusion: Waterless scrub using alcohol-based agent showed more persistent and immediate antimicrobial efficacy than either CHG with brush or CHG without brush.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.172-182
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• 2023

Purpose: This study investigated the differences in physical function, self-efficacy (SE), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) categorized by disease severity in community-dwelling patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods: This cross-sectional study included 182 patients with COPD selected from the pulmonology outpatient department of a tertiary hospital. Disease severity was measured using forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1). Physical function, SE, and HRQoL were measured with the six-minute walking distance, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Adapted Index of Self-Efficacy (PRAISE), and St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ). Disease duration, FEV1, and 12-month history of exacerbations were obtained from medical records. Patients were categorized by Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) category. Data were analyzed using the χ² test, and one-way ANOVA. Results: Most of the participants were male and nonsmokers. The disease duration was 10.76 ± 10.03 years, the mean FEV1% was 62.13 ± 22.80, and 70.3% of the participants were in GOLD category 2 (moderate) or milder. Half of the participants reported modified Medical Research Council scores ≥ 2. Patients in GOLD categories 1 and 3 (mild and severe) exhibited significantly higher PRAISE scores than those in the other groups (F = 8.23, p < .001). The total SGRQ scores were highest in GOLD 4 (very severe), indicating the lowest HRQoL. Significant differences were identified among GOLD 1, GOLD 2 and 3, and GOLD 4 (F = 9.92, p < .001). Conclusion: We identified potentially useful variables to comprehensively assess disease severity and tailor management strategies, including airflow limitation, and to determine the consequences of COPD from patients' perspectives.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.1131-1132
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• 2011

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.175-183
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• 1998

To consider current concepts of epilepsy further, the brief review begins with a discussion of what is epilepsy, discribes multifactorial nature of epileptic disorders, and ends with a presentation of current classifications. A combination of the standard antiepielptic drugs(AEDs) may be necessary to treat intractable seizures, but no studies have been done to indicate an optimal combination. The new AEDs provide alternative choices, but questions remain about the optimal timing and manner of administration. AEDs selection must individualized, no drug of choice can be named for all patients.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.789-791
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• 2022

Targeting fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) has been slow compared to other targeted cancer therapies for receptor tyrosine kinases, such as epidermal growth factor receptors. The low efficacy and variable response have limited the growth of FGFR inhibitors in clinical use. Nevertheless, recent systematic and genomic approaches have identified the biological conditions for effectively targeting FGFRs and can accelerate the development of targeted drugs. Under clinical and preclinical trials, the inhibitors started fast growing furious races to target FGFRs. Finally, FGFRs will be more actionable and targetable with more precise and effective drugs at the end of the race, passing the finish line.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.527-537
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• 2020

Panax ginseng, a medicinal plant, has been used as a blood-nourishing tonic for thousands of years in Asia, including Korea and China. P. ginseng exhibits adaptogen activity that maintains homeostasis by restoring general biological functions and non-specifically enhancing the body's resistance to external stress. Several P. ginseng effects have been reported. Korean Red Ginseng, in particular, has been reported in both basic and clinical studies to possess diverse effects such as enhanced immunity, fatigue relief, memory, blood circulation, and anti-oxidation. Moreover, it also protects against menopausal symptoms, cancer, cardiac diseases, and neurological disorders. The active components found in most Korean Red Ginseng varieties are known to include ginsenosides, polysaccharides, peptides, alkaloids, polyacetylene, and phenolic compounds. In this review, the identity and bioactivity of the non-saponin components of Korean Red Ginseng discovered to date are evaluated and the components are classified into polysaccharide and nitrogen compounds (protein, peptide, amino acid, nucleic acid, and alkaloid), as well as fat-soluble components such as polyacetylene, phenols, essential oils, and phytosterols. The distinct bioactivity of Korean Red Ginseng was found to originate from both saponin and non-saponin components rather than from only one or two specific components. Therefore, it is important to consider saponin and non-saponin elements together.