• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.533-538
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• 2013

Potatoes were first introduced outside the Andes region four centuries ago, and have become an integral part of much of the world's food. Potatoes were first introduced into Europe in the 16th century and Korea in the early 19th century. In the nutritional aspects, potatoes contain abundant vitamins and minerals, as well as an assortment of phytochemicals such as carotenoids and natural phenols. Chlorogenic acid constitutes up to 90% of potato natural phenols. Due to the high content of potato functional compounds, it has known that potatoes are effective in the prevention of various human diseases. Recently, color-fleshed potatoes 'Hongyoung' and 'Jayoung' were developed by RDA, and it has reported that they have high content of anthocyanin. Additionally they show higher radical scavenging activity compared to white or yellow fleshed potatoes. So it will be expected that the consumption of color-fleshed potatoes grandually increase by pre-peeled potatoes and color potato chips. This study was conducted to enhance the peel of color-fleshed potatoes utilization and to determine the biological activity of peel of color-fleshed potatoes extract. The anti-inflammatory effects on ethanol extract and its solvent fraction were also evaluated. The anti-inflammatory activities of $CHCl_3$ fraction was evaluated for inhibitory activities against lipopolysacchride(LPS) induced nitric oxide(NO) and prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ production as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and cyclo oxygenase-2(COX-2) protein expressions in RAW264.7 cell lines. The fraction inhibitory activity for both tests with $IC_{50}$ values showed in the ranges of $25{\sim}50{\mu}g/ml$. This result revealed that $CHCl_3$ fraction of Jayoung's peel is expected to be good candidate for development into source of anti-inflammatory agent.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.124-135
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• 2018

The study was performed to explore the molecular changes in the vegetative stage (3-and 5-leaf) of sorghum under waterlogging stress. A total of 74 differentially expressed protein spots were analyzed using LTQ-FT-ICR MS. Among them, 12 proteins were up-regulated and 3 proteins were down-regulated. Mass spectrometry (MS) results showed that about 50% of the proteins involved in various metabolic processes. The level of protein expression of malate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase related to carbohydrate metabolic process increased in both 3 and 5-leaf stage under waterlogging stress. These proteins are known to function as antistress agents against waterlogging stress. The expression of oxygen-evolving enhancer protein 1 protein related to photosynthesis was slightly increased in the treated group than in the control group, however the expression level was increased in the 5-leaf stage compared to the 3-leaf stage. Probable phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase protein and superoxide dismutase protein related to response to oxidative stress showed the highest expression level in 5-leaf stage treatment. This suggests that the production of reactive oxygen species by the waterlogging stress was the most abundant in the 5-leaf treatment group, and the expression of the antioxidant defense protein was increased.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.403-411
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• 2009

This study was conducted to gather the basic data on the increase of utilization for the Japanese staunton vine (Stauntonia hexaphylla), native plants which were grown in the southern districts in Korea. We have also determined their partial physical and chemical compositions and their physiological activities. Vitamin C contents in fruit skin was 85.23 mg/100 g, and that in flesh was 61.67 mg/100 g. Total amino acids contents in fruit skin increased much more by 762.72 mg/100 g DW compared to that in flesh by 434.05 mg/100 g DW. Inorganic matter contents were more increased in the fruit skin (108.48 mg/$\ell$) and its main components were K (76.53 mg/$\ell$), Ca (20.20 mg/$\ell$) and Mg (6.22 mg/$\ell$). Total phenol compound and flavonoid contents in 1,000 mg/$\ell$ methanol extracts were 7.3-9.6 mg/$\ell$ and 5.1-6.7 mg/$\ell$. Nitrite radical scavenging activity in 4,000 mg/$\ell$ methanol extracts of fruit skin and flesh for Stauntonia hexaphylla were 79.5% and 77.8%, however, that in seeds was 17.1%. Overall mushroom tyrosinase inhibition activity (% of control) was less than 10.8%. Anti-microbial activities of methanol extracts from the fruit skin against the gram negative and positive microbial strains were not significant in the lower concentration of extracting solution, however, that from flesh and seeds in terms of the inhibition diameter were $8.91{\sim}12.25\;mm$.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.64-73
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• 2008

The cDNA of CCF (coelomic cytolytic factor)-like gene (EC 3.2.1.16), a kind of glycosyl hydorlase, was isolated and cloned from the midgut of the earthworm Eisenia anderi. The size of nucleotide sequence appeared to be 1,152 bp and its predicted coding region was composed of 384 amino acid residues including the initiation methionine. The 17 residues at N-terminal end in the deduced amino acid sequence were regarded to be a signal peptide. Based on the amino acid sequence analysis, it appeared that this CCF-like protein could belong to glycosyl hydrolase family 16 (GHF16) and showed a high sequence homology of about 79~99% with CCF and CCF-like proteins from other earthworm species. The CCFs and CCF-like proteins from various earthworm species exhibited a 100% homology in the polysacchride-binding motif and glucanase motif. It has been reported that the CCFs isolated from E. fedita appeared to show a broader pattern recognition specificity than those from other earthworm species because this species resides in decaying organic matter showing very high microbial activity, implying that CCF-like protein isolated in this study from E. andrei might exhibit a broad substrate specificity that is a useful characteristic for industrial application. A phylogenetic analysis using the deduced amino acid sequences of CCF-related proteins through the BLASTX revealed that GHF16 families could be divided into three groups of metazoa, viriplantae and eubacteria subfamily. Subsequently the CCF-related proteins of metazoa subfamily could clearly be subgroup into lophotrochozoan and edysozoan type including a deuterostome origin. Further understanding of the biological properties of E. andrei CCF-like protein should be addressed to regulate the ${\beta}$-D-glucan hydrolysis and production for the industrial uses.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.41-50
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• 2017

The design of proper agitation system is requisite in biological waste treatment and energy generation plant, which is affected by viscosity, impeller types, and power consumption. In the present work, hydrogen fermentation of food waste was conducted at various operational pHs (4.5~6.5) and substrate concentrations (10~50 g Carbo. COD/L), and the viscosity of fermented broth was analyzed. The $H_2$ yield significantly varied from 0.51 to $1.77mol\;H_2/mol\;hexose_{added}$ depending on the pH value, where the highest performance was achieved at pH 5.5. The viscosity gradually dropped with shear rate increase, indicating a shear thinning property. With the disintegration of carbohydrate, the viscosity dropped after fermentation, but it did not change depending on the operational pH. At the same pH level, the $H_2$ yield was not affected much, ranging $1.40{\sim}1.86mol\;H_2/mol\;hexose_{added}$ at 10~50 g Carbo. COD/L. The zero viscosity and infinite viscosity of fermented broth increased with substrate concentrations, from 10.4 to $346.2mPa{\cdot}s$, and from 1.7 to $5.3mPa{\cdot}s$, respectively. There was little difference in the viscosity value of fermented broth at 10 and 20 g Carbo. COD/L. As a result of designing the agitation intensity based on the experimental results, it is expected that the agitation intensity can be reduced during hydrogen fermentation. The initial and final agitation intensity of 30 g Carbo. COD/L in hydrogen fermentation were 26.0 and 10.0 rpm, respectively. As fermentation went on, the viscosity gradually decreased, indicating that the power consumption for agitation of food waste can be reduced.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2010

We investigated the growth of cucumber plants, the uptake and use of mineral nutrients, such as $NO_3$-N, $NH_4$-N, $K^+$, $Ca^{+}^{+}$, $Mg^{+}^{+}$ and $Na^+$, absorbed from media solution, and the synthesis and distribution of soluble sugars under nutrient-deficient condition. Difference in plant growth revealed after 20 days of treatment. Nitrate uptake in nutrient-deficient condition was significantly reduced compared with nutrient-normal treatment, and its distribution was primarily in petioles, stem, roots and less in leaves. In contrast, ammonium content was markedly predominated in fast growing organs, and it was significantly different in growing leaves, expanded leaves, and roots under similar growth conditions. $K^+$, lack by deficient nutrient condition, was found in growing leaves. The $Ca^{+}^{+}$ content did not show significant difference between treatments and a substantial portion of $Ca^{+}^{+}$ remained in petioles. The $Mg^{+}^{+}$ content was significantly higher in the leaves of nutrient-normal condition compared with nutrient-deficient condition while significantly lower in stem and roots. The behavior of $Na^+$ in plant was similar to $K^+$ although its content was relatively little. The highest $CO_2$ assimilation was observed in fully expanded leaves of nutrient-normal condition, which was 1.7 times higher compared with nutrient-deficient condition. The instantaneous water use efficiency (A/E) and the A/gsratio, which is an index of leaf intrinsic water use efficiency for individual leaves, was 1.2 and 1.1 times higher, respectively. The total soluble sugar (TSS) contents were highest in leaves followed by petioles, stems and roots, and in younger leaves. The growing leaves contained about 7,200 mg $kg^{-1}$ of TSS in nutrient-normal condition whereas the TSS contents in nutrient-deficient condition were not significantly different between leaves. The $Mg^{+}^{+}$ and $NH_4$- N were positively correlated with the TSS whereas $NO_3$ - N was negatively correlated.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.849-856
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• 2017

In this study, we investigated the variation in free sugars, organic acids, amino acids, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effect of Solanum nigrum Linne fruits according to harvest time. Four kinds of free sugars (fructose, glucose, sucrose, maltose) were detected in S. nigrum fruit, and the free sugar contents varied significantly with harvest time. Organic acid content of S. nigrum fruit showed the highest in malic acid and acetic acid, and the highest content of total organic acids was found in S. nigrum fruit harvested on October $18^{th}$ and October $25^{th}$. For the total polyphenol content, S. nigrum fruit harvested on October $18^{th}$ was the highest. The strongest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity was showed in S. nigrum fruit harvested on October $11^{th}$ and October $18^{th}$. The anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant effects were the highest in the ethanol extract from S. nigrum fruit collected on October $18^{th}$ and October $11^{th}$. Thus, it seems the best to harvest of S. nigrum fruit harvested on October $11^{th}$ and October $18^{th}$.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.61-62
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• 2003

Clonal propagation of high-value forest trees through somatic embryogenesis (SE) has the potential to rapidly capture the benefits of breeding or genetic engineering programs and to improve raw material uniformity and quality. A major barrier to the commercialization of this technology is the low quality of the resulting embryos. Several factors limit commercialization of SE for Corsican pine, including low initiation rates, low culture survival, culture decline causing low or no embryo production, and inability of somatic embryos to fully mature, resulting in low germination and reduced vigour of somatic seedlings. The objective was to develop a Corsican pine maturation medium that would produce cotyledonary embryos capable of germination. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, and significant differences between treatments determined by multiple range test at P=0.05. Corsican pine (Pinus nigra var. maritima) cultures were initiated on modified !P6 medium. Modifications of the same media were used for culture multiplication and maintenance. Embryogenic cultures were maintained on the same medium semi solidified with 2.5 g/l Gelrite. A maturation medium, capable of promoting the development of Corsican pine somatic embryos that can germinate, is a combination of iP6 modified salts, 2% maltose, 13% polyethylene glycol (PEG), 5 mg!l abscisic acid (ABA), and 2.5 g/l Gelrite. After initiation and once enough tissue developed they were grown in liquid medium. Embryogenic cell suspensions were established by adding 0.951.05 g of 10- to 14-day-old semisolid-grown embryogenic tissue to 9 ml of liquid maintenance media in a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask. Cultures were then incubated in the dark at 2022$^{\circ}$C and rotated at 120 rpm. After 2.53 months on maturation medium, somatic embryos were selected that exhibited normal embryo shape. Ten embryos were placed horizontally on 20 ml of either germination medium ($\frac{2}{1}$strength Murashige and Skoog (1962) salts with 2.5 g/l activated charcoal) or same medium with copper sulphate adjusted to 0.25 mg/1 to compensate for copper adsorption by activated carbon. 2% and 4% maltose was substituted by 7.5% and 13% PEG respectively to improve the yield of the embryos. Substitution of' maltose with PEG was clearly beneficial to embryo development. When 2% of the maltose was replaced with 7.5% PEG, many embryos developed to large bullet-shaped embryos. At latter stages of development most embryos callused and stopped development. A few short, barrel-shaped cotyledonary embryos formed that were covered by callus on the sides and base. When 4% of the maltose was removed and substituted with 13% PEG, the embryos developed further, emerging from the callus and increasing yield slightly. Microscopic examination of the cultures showed differing morphologies, varying from mostly single cells or clumps to well-formed somatic embryos that resembled early zygotic embryos only liquid cultures with organized early-stag. A procedure for converting and acclimating germinants to growth in soil and greenhouse conditions is also tested. Seedling conversion and growth were highly related to the quality of the germinant at the time of planting. Germinants with larger shoots, longer, straighter hypocotyls and longer roots performed best. When mature zygotic embryos germinate the root emerges, before or coincident with the shoot. In contrast, somatic embryos germinate in reverse sequence, with the cotyledons greening first, then shoot emergence and then, much later, if at all, the appearance of the root. Somatic seedlings, produced from the maturation medium, showed 100% survival when planted in a field setting. Somatic seedlings showed normal yearly growth relative to standard seedlings from natural seed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

Essential oils of various plants have been known for potential biological effects such as antibacterial, antifungal, spasmolytic, antiplasmodial activities and insect-repellent property. Recently, the essential oils have attracted considerable interest in oral disease therapy. This essential oil has been known as being effective on easing sick house syndrome, giving forest aroma therapy effect and acting as repellent against pest. The essential oil of Pinus koraiensi, a native plant from Hongcheon-gun, Gangwon-do, was obtained by hydrodistillation. In light of its medicinal importance, in this study its composition, antibacterial activity and the reducing effect of offensive odor have been analyzed. The composition of essential oil was determined by GC and GC-MS. We have identified 14 compounds, of which 1R-${\alpha}$-pinene (19.38 %), 3-carene (10.21 %), camphene (9.82 %), limonene (9.00 %), bicyclo[2,2,1] heptan-2-ol (8.76 %) and ${\beta}$-phellandrene (7.98 %) were the main components. Essential oils from P. koraiensis, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Abies holophylla and Pinus densiflora were compared in terms of alleviating effect of malodors caused from formaldehyde, ammonia, trimethylamine and methylmercaptan. P. koraiensis essential oil was found to decrease the amounts of ammonia and trimethylamine by 75.17 % and 77.36 %, respectively. Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, which were known as oral cavity inducer, was investigated using the paper disc agar diffusion method. The inhibition zone was observed against S. mutans (5.97 mm) and S. sobrinus (1.40 mm), respectively. P. koraiensis essential oil shown effective deodorization and inhibitory activity against oral cavity in this study might be potential material in oral sanitary industry.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.30-38
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• 2008

Petroleum-based resin adhesives have extensively been used for the production of wood panels. However, with the increase of manufacturing cost and the environmental issue, such as the emission of volatile organic compounds, of the adhesive resins, it is necessary to be developed new adhesive systems. In this study, the potential of okara, which is a residue wasted from the production of tofu, for the development of bio-based adhesives was investigated. At first, the physical and chemical properties of okara were examined. After okara was hydrolyzed in acidic and/or alkaline solutions, okara-based adhesive resins were formulated with the mixtures of the okara hydrolyzates and phenol formaldehyde (PF) prepolymer. The adhesive resins were used for the fabrication of plywood panels, and then the adhesive strength and formaldehyde emission of the plywood panels were measured to examine the applicability of the resin adhesives for the production of plywood panels. The solids content and pH of the okara used in this study were around 20% and weak acidic state, respectively. In the analysis of its chemical composition, the content of carbohydrate was the highest, and followed by protein. The shear strengths of plywood fabricated with okara-based resin adhesives exceeded a minimum requirement of KS standard for ordinary plywood, but its wood failure did not reach the minimum requirement. In addition, the formaldehyde emissions of all plywood panels were higher than that of E1 specified in the KS standard. Based on these results, okara has the potential to be used as a raw material of environmentally friendly adhesive resin systems for the production of wood panels, but further researches - biological hydrolysis of okara and various formulations of PF prepolymer - are required to improve the adhesive strength and formaldehyde emission of okara-based resin adhesives.