• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.64-75
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• 2024

Purposes: This study aims to identify the characteristics of the study subjects by age, including non-elderly people aged 19 to 65, pre-elderly people aged 65 to 75, and elderly people aged 75 and over, and to identify factors affecting health literacy based on an investigation of the health literacy level of each study group. This study would like to find out the differences in health literacy factors by age group. Methodology: The HLS-EU-Q16, developed by the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe for the Health literacy Survey of Europeans, will be applied in this study. Findings: We found that scores decreased in order of nonelderly, pre-elderly, and late-elderly in health care, disease prevention, and health promotion. In addition, health literacy was lower in the older age group, and higher health literacy was associated with being unmarried, higher education, and higher income. In terms of influencing factors, marital status was significantly different in the non-elderly group, and higher education level was associated with higher health literacy. Practical Implications: The results of this study show that health literacy levels are low in all age groups, and efforts to improve health literacy in younger, older, and non-elderly groups are needed. It is expected that age-specific health literacy strategies can help improve the level of understanding and utilization of health information, improve health, and lead a healthy life.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.708-722
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• 2024

Bispecific antibodies represent a significant advancement in therapeutic antibody engineering, offering the ability to simultaneously target two distinct antigens. This dual-targeting capability enhances therapeutic efficacy, especially in complex diseases, such as cancer and autoimmune disorders, where drug resistance and incomplete target coverage are prevalent challenges. Bispecific antibodies facilitate immune cell engagement and disrupt multiple signaling pathways, providing a more comprehensive treatment approach than traditional monoclonal antibodies. However, the intricate structure of bispecific antibodies introduces unique pharmacokinetic challenges, including issues related to their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, which can significantly affect their efficacy and safety. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the structural design, mechanisms of action, and pharmacokinetics of the currently approved bispecific antibodies. It also highlights the engineering innovations that have been implemented to overcome these challenges, such as Fc modifications and advanced dimerization techniques, which enhance the stability and half-life of bispecific antibodies. Significant progress has been made in bispecific antibody technology; however, further research is necessary to broaden their clinical applications, enhance their safety profiles, and optimize their incorporation into combination therapies. Continuous advancements in this field are expected to enable bispecific antibodies to provide more precise and effective therapeutic strategies for a range of complex diseases, ultimately improving patient outcomes and advancing precision medicine.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.1353-1361
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• 2009

This study investigated the effect of waxy barley on the incorporation trans fat (tFA) into plasma lipid and lipid profile through 6 weeks trial. 39 healthy volunteers were divided into 2 groups and fed waxy barley bread (WBG) or wheat bread (WG) containing equivalent amounts of tFA (elaidic acid rich, 3.75 g/day), respectively. Plasma lipid profiles and fatty acid composition at 0, 2, 4, 6 weeks after a respective bread were studied. Plasma lipid was extracted by the method of Folch, esterified by acid transmethylation and analyzed by gas chromatography. The fatty acid composition reflected the fatty acid proportion of the test fat. However, consumption of waxy barley bread with tFA for 6 weeks affected plasma fatty acid composition including tFA. Incorporation of tFA into plasma lipid was significantly lowered compared to WBG than in WG after 6 weeks of consumption. Furthermore, saturated fatty acids such as C16:0 and C18:0 levels were also significantly lowered in WBG than in WG. Furthermore, plasma total cholesterol level and TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio were also significantly lowered in WBG compared to WG at 2, 4 and 6 weeks. These results suggest that waxy barley bread with high $\beta$-glucan lowered plasma trans, saturated fatty acid and total cholesterol levels though the inhibition of lipid absorption.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.1042-1049
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• 2009

It has been reported that trans fat (tFA) may have adverse or beneficial effect depending upon the position and number of double bonds. The presence of tFA in human tissues and fluids is related to dietary intake, intestinal absorption, metabolism and storage, exchanges among compartments. This study investigated the effect of breads containing tFA, soybean or rice on postprandial plasma fatty acid and lipid composition. 33 healthy volunteers were divided into 3 groups and fed soybean bread, rice bread or wheat bread groups containing equivalent amounts of tFA (elaidic acid rich, 3.75 g/day), respectively. Postprandial lipid profiles at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 hours after a respective meal were studied. Plasma fatty acid was extracted by the method of Folch and methyl ester of fatty and prepared by acid transmethylation and analyzed by Gas Chromatography. Peaks were identified using pure reference compounds and quantified. Postprandial data indicated that consumption of soybean and rice breads with 3.75 g tFA retarded the appearance of C18:1 and C18:2 tFA in plasma lipid compared to that of wheat bread. Futhermore, soybean and rice bread groups showed lower plasma saturated fatty acid levels than wheat bread group. Postprandial TG level was significantly lowered in soybean bread group compared to that of rice and wheat bread groups. These results imply that soybean bread with high dietary fiber content and biologically active substances may inhibit or delay lipid absorption.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.319-325
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• 2006

[ $\beta$ ]-Glucans (AG) were prepared from Agaricus blazei cultured in the medium fortified with the roots of Pueraria spp. by repeated extraction with hot water, gel filtration chromatography and DEAE ion exchange chromatography. Oligosaccharides (AO) were derived from the hydrolysis of AG by an endo-$\beta$-(1$\rightarrow$6)-glucanase from Bacillus megaterium. The anti-HT-29 human colon cancer activity of AG or AO was investigated using MTT assay, apoptosis assay, cell cycle analysis, and cDNA microairay. AG and AO both inhibited proliferation and growth of HT-29 cells, and stimulated apoptosis of the cells in a dose-dependent manner. In cell cycle analysis, treating HT-29 cells with AG or AO resulted in the increase of cells in the G0 (sub-G1) and G1 phase. Especially, AO was more effective in inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest than AG. To screen the genes involved in the increase of apoptosis, the gene expression profile of the HT-29 cells treated with AO was examined by cDNA microarray. While several genes involved in cell cycle progression (CCND2 and CDK2) were down-regulated, many genes involved in apoptosis (TNFSF9, TNFRSF9, FADD, CASP8, BAD, CRADD, CASP9 etc), cell cycle inhibitor (CDKN2A), immune response (IL6, IL18, IL6R etc), and tumor suppressor (CEACAM1, TP53BP2, IRF1, and PHB) were up-regulated. These results suggest that AO could inhibit the proliferation and growth of HT-29 cells by G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and induction of apoptosis.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.264-275
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• 2014

This study evaluated the improving efficacy of Lespedeza cuneata ethanol extract on skin photoaging induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents of the extract were respectively $134.98{\pm}1.70$ and $16.20{\pm}0.05$ mg/g, respectively. The superoxide anion radical scavenging activity and electron-donating ability of the extract were shown to be dependent on concentration, and the antioxidant ability was shown to be more effective in superoxide anion radical scavenging activity than in electron-donating ability under the same concentration conditions. In the in vivo test conducted using hairless mouse with skin photoaging induced by UVB irradiation, the skin erythema of the groups treated with the extract (AS) reduced to 28% of the control, and the skin moisture content increased to 131%.. The extract treatment of the UV-damaged skin improved the morphological and histopathological state of the skin. Furthermore, the SOD, GST and CAT activities in the skin tissue of the AS group increased, and the XO activity and TBARS generation decreased. With regard to the genes related to the photoaging skin, the expression of PAK, p38, c-Fos, c-Jun, TNF-${\alpha}$ and MMP-3 in the skin of the AS group were found to have decreased. It was therefore concluded that Lespedeza cuneata ethanol extract can reduce wrinkle formation in the skin due to the regulation of the gene expression caused by the exposure to UVB light.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1363-1370
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• 2006

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of Agaricus blazei $\beta-glucan$ and egg shell calcium complex on bone metabolism in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Forty Sprague-Dewley female rats, 10 weeks of age $(248{\pm}1.7g)$, were divided into 4 groups and fed on the experimental diets for 6 weeks: sham operated control treated with normal diet containing 0.5% calcium (Sham-C), OVX-control treated with normal diet containing 0.5% calcium (OVX-C), $OVX-\beta-glucan$ group treated with $\beta-glucan$ diet containing 0.5% calcium (OVX-G), and $OVX-\beta-glucan$ egg shell calcium complex treated with $OVX-\beta-glucan$ egg shell calcium complex containing 0.5% calcium (OVX-GE). Bone weight of femur was higher in the OVX-GE group than in the other OVX groups. Bone mineral density of femur was significantly different (p<0.05) among the experimental groups and showed the highest level in the OVX-GE group. Calcium absorption rate and retention were higher in the $\beta-glucan$ supplement groups than in the other groups (p<0.05). Alkaline phosphatase activities and osteocalcin levels of serum showed lower in the $\beta-glucan$ supplement groups than in the OVX-C group. Deoxypyridinoline crosslink values of urine, indicator of bone absorption, showed the lowest in the OVX-GE group. The $\beta-glucan$ supplemented groups had a lower bone resorption ratio than in the OVX-C group. We concluded that bioavailability of calcium is higher in $\beta-glucan$ supplement groups compared to those in OVX rats. From the above results, these findings suggest the possibility of using $\beta-glucan$ egg shell calcium complex as a functional food material related to bone metabolism, even though there is no significant difference between the groups of $\beta-glucan$ and $\beta-glucan-egg$ shell calcium complex supplementation.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.567-574
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• 2011

In this work, the major flavonoid content of citrus peel ethanol extract and the changes in the serum lipid and body fat of high-fat-diet-fed rats were examined. The subjects were divided into four groups: the normal, control, O1 (0.1% citrus peel ethanol extract), and O5 (0.5% citrus peel ethanol extract) groups. The experimental groups (O1 and O5) were fed a high-fat diet mixed with 0.1 and 0.5% citrus peel ethanol extract, respectively, for 10 weeks. The results of the analysis showed that the main ingredients of the flavonoid in the citrus peel ethanol extract (60 brix) were $38.21{\pm}1.37$ mg/g hesperidin and $15.02{\pm}0.48$ mg/g narirutin. With regard to the changes in the serum total-cholesterol level, compared with the control group's $79.1{\pm}4.6$ mg/dL, the serum total-cholesterol levels of the O1 and O5 groups were significantly lowered to $64.6{\pm}5.4$ and $59.5{\pm}4.7$ mg/dL, respectively. As for the changes in the LDL-cholesterol level, compared with the control group's $18.4{\pm}3.7$ mg/dL, the LDL-cholesterol levels of the O1 and O5 groups were significantly lowered to $13.0{\pm}3.6$ and $13.0{\pm}1.9$ mg/dL, respectively. For the changes in the serum triglyceride level, compared with the control group's $74.5{\pm}13.2$ mg/dL, the serum triglyceride level of the O5 group was significantly lowered to $48.6{\pm}11.2$ mg/dL. Finally, with regard to the changes in body fat, compared with the control group, the 05 group showed a significant decrease. In conclusion, it was observed that citrus peel ethanol extract was effective in lowering the total-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride levels of high-fat-diet-fed rats.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.493-498
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• 2003

Changes in amino acids content and antioxidative activity in the leaves of buchu (Allium tuberosum R.) at different harvesting times were investigated. Contents of protein, lipids and ash were the highest at the first harvest time, but decreased thereafter, whereas water content showed the reverse pattern. Amino acid contents were the highest at 2nd harvest time, major compositions being aspartic acid, alanine, and glutamic acid, which decreased thereafter. Antioxidative activities according to harvesting times also revealed the same pattern showing by the major nutrients. Correlation coefficients between antioxidative detecting methods in TEAC vs FRAP assay, FRAP vs DPPH assay, and TEAC vs DPPH showed 0.996, 0.992, and 0.987, respectively (p<0.001). The earliest-harvested buchu had the highest content of carotenoids, vitamin C, and total phenol, whereas the lowest of chlorophyll. Antioxidative effects of buchu, with vitamin C and total phenol contents have high coefficient correlations of 0.991 and 0.989, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2005

Contents of isoflavone, phenolic acids, tocopherol, and anthocyanin in black soybean (Glycine max) were measured by HPLC. To compare antioxidative activities of main black soybean components, antioxidative effects of the same levels of commercial standard components were measured by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity assay (TEAC). Most effective component was gentisic acid followed by anthocyanin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, genistein, syringic acid, and daidzein. TEAC assay results revealed genistein in isoflavone, gentisic acid in phenolic acids, p-tocopherol in tocopherol, and anthocyanin showed highest antioxidative and synergistic acitivities, with anthocyanin showing strongest synergy effect.