• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.941-953
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• 2019

Biodiesels are being explored as a clean energy alternative to regular diesel, which causes pollution. In this study, the optimum conditions for producing biodiesel (BD) by combining beef tallow, an animal waste resource with a high saturated fatty acid content, and corn oil, a vegetable oil with a high unsaturated fatty acid content, were investigated, and the fuel properties were analyzed. Furthermore, Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to verify the optimum conditions for producing biodiesel. The influences of control factors, such as the oil blend ratio and methanol to oil molar ratio, on the fatty acid methyl ester and biodiesel production yield were investigated. As a result, the optimum condition for producing blended biodiesel was verified to be tallow to corn oil blend ratio of 7 : 3 (TACO7) and a methanol to oil molar ratio of 14 : 1. Moreover, the interaction between the oil blend ratio and the methanol to oil molar ratio has the most crucial effects on the production of oil blended biodiesel. In conclusion, the analysis results of the fuel properties of TACO7 BD satisfied the BD quality standard, and thus, the viability of BD blended with waste tallow as fuel was verified.

• Advances in Energy Research
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.233-241
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• 2022

Biodiesel is a non-polluting and non-toxic energy source that can replace conventional diesel. However, the higher production cost and raw material scarcity became challenges that obstruct the commercialization of biodiesel production. In the current investigation, fried cooking oil is used for biodiesel production in a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor, thus enhancing raw material availability and helping better waste oil disposal. However, due to the cavitation effect inside the reactor, the hydrodynamic cavitation reactor can give biodiesel yield above 98%. Thus, the use of orifice plates (having a different number of holes for cavitation) in the reactor shows more than 90% biodiesel yield within 10 mins of a time interval. The effects of rising temperature at different molar ratios are also investigated. The five-hole plate achieves the highest yield for a 4.5:1 molar ratio at 65℃. And the similar result is predicted by the response surface methodology model; however, the optimized yield is obtained at 60℃. The investigation will help understand the effect of hydrodynamic cavitation on biodiesel yield at different molar ratios and elevated temperatures.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.1048-1056
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• 2018

Non-edible oil sources (i.e., Palm Acid Oil, waste animal fat) usually contain relatively high amount of free fatty acids (FFA) that make them inadequate for direct base catalyzed transesterification reaction. Enzymatic biodiesel synthesis can solve several problems posed by the alkaline-catalyzed transesterification, and has certain advantages over the chemical catalysis of transesterification, as it is less energy intensive, allows easy recovery of glycerol and the transesterification of glycerides with high free fatty acid contents. In this study, we synthesized biodiesel through enzymatic catalyzed process using high free fatty acid containing waste oil in biodiesel reactor (1 ton/day) and optimized the biodiesel production processes.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.261-267
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• 2017

The interest in biodiesel is increasing rapidly. As a result, the price of vegetable oil that is used as a raw material for biodiesel is skyrocketing. Studies of biodiesel using animal waste as a means of solving these problems are underway. Biodiesel produced from animal fat contains considerably more saturated fatty acids than that produced from vegetable oil. In addition, it has a high cetane number and a high heating value. On the other hand, the fluidity decreases at lower temperatures because of the large amount of saturated fatty acids. For the biodiesel production, waste chicken oil and soybean oil were first purified. The raw materials were mixed at various ratios from 1:9 to 9:1. The methanol / oil molar ratio was also changed from 7 mol to 15 mol. The entire reaction time was one hour. The results showed that the optimal mixing ratio of soybean oil to waste chicken oil was 3:7, and the optimal methanol / oil molar ratio was 13. Moreover, the BD yield was 90.2%, the FAME content was 96.6%, and the LAME content was 4.1%. This result satisfied the Korea Industrial Standard (KSM2413).

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.56-63
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• 2015

In this study, the exhaust characteristics of the diesel engine for the change of the mixing ratio of biodiesel fuel were quantitatively analyzed by using the numerical analysis method. As the fuel used in the experiment, the diesel and biodiesel(waste oil, soybean oil), the mixed fuel BD2(Diesel only), BD3, BD5, BD20, BD50 and BD100 were used. The injection pressure($p_{inj}$) was set to 400bar, 600bar, 800bar, 1000bar and 1200bar as the experimental variable. Also the concept of the standard deviation, Pearson's correlation coefficient and Spearman rank-order correlation coefficient based on the statistics was introduced in order to analyze the exhaust characteristics of the quantitative NOx and Soot according to the injection pressure and the mixing ratio variation of biodiesel blending fuel. It is considered that as a result of studies, for the waste oil, NOx and Soot can be simultaneously reduced through control of the mixing ratio at the regions of $p_{inj}=400bar$ and $p_{inj}=600bar$, and the Soot can be reduced without affecting on the emission of NOx at more than $p_{inj}=800bar$. For the soybean oil, NOx and Soot can be simultaneously reduced at $p_{inj}=400bar$ and the Soot can be reduced without affecting on the emission of NOx at $p_{inj}=600bar$.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 2013

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel which can be obtained from the transesterification of vegetable oils, animal fats and waste cooking oil. The objective of this study is to evaluate the properties of biodiesel obtained from different feedstocks (soybean, waste cooking, rapeseed, cottonseed and palm oils). The biodiesel derived from different feedstocks was analyzed for FAME (fatty acid methyl esther) content, kinematic viscosity, flash point, CFPP (cold filter plugging point) and glycerin content. The quality of biodiesel was tested according to the Korean and European standard (EN14214, requirements and test method for biodiesel fuel). The biodiesels derived from soybean, waste cooking, rapeseed and cottonseed oils contain high amount of unsaturated fatty acid, while palm biodiesel is dominated by saturated fatty acid. The fuel properties of biodiesel, such as low temperature performance, kinematic viscosity and oxidation stability are correlated with the FAME composition components in biodiesel.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.72-76
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• 2011

In this study, we investigated the characteristics of biodiesel using the waste coffee oil which was extracted by waste coffee grounds. We tried to deduce the optimum conditions by defining the operating variables, such as mole ratio between methanol and coffee oil (6~18) and the reaction temperature ($45{\sim}60^{\circ}C$) in the biodiesel production processes. The performance was evaluated in terms of yields, contents of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), viscosities, and heating values. The optimum reaction temperature was $55^{\circ}C$. Also, the best biodiesel was produced at the mole ratio between methanol and coffee oil of 12. The highest heating value of the produced biodiesel made from coffee oil was 39.0~39.4 MJ/kg, which satisfies the general standard for the biodiesel energy density, 39.3~39.8 MJ/kg.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2009

Biodiesel is estimated to be the best recycling energy source as an alternative fuel for transportation vehicles which represents the biggest share of greenhouse effect gas exhausts. Thus, in order to widely expand use of biodiesel and to enhancement its reliability, studies on quality improvement of biodiesel is needed. In this study, we have produced biodiesel(BD100, BD20) through esterification reaction using raw material of waste frying oil and analyzed compatibility with 24 items of quality criteria. As waste frying oil has high contents of unsaturated fatty acid such as Oleic acid, Linoleic acid and Linolenic acid, it is confirmed that there is no problem in using the same as a raw material of biodiesel. The result of analyzing the quality criteria items of biodiesel showed that it satisfied all the quality criteria except the oxidation stability of BD100, which was 2 hours, fatty acid methyl ester of BD20, which was 18.6w% and the filter plugging point, which was $-5^{\circ}C$. We believe that it will contribute to improved utilization of waste resources as alternative energy if studies on technology to improve quality of some items are provided.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.89-95
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• 2009

Biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl esters), which is produced from sustainable resources such as vegetable oil, animal fat and waste oils, have used to as substitutes for petro-diesel. In this study, we investigate the performance of 30 L and 300 L pilot-scale biodiesel production system using alkali-catalyst transesterification from soybean oil and rapeseed oil produced at Jeju island in Korea. The 30 L-scale biodiesel production was performed to in the condition of reaction temperature $65^{\circ}C$, catalyst amount 1% (w/w) and oil to methanol molar ratio 1 : 8. At that reaction condition, the fatty acid methyl ester contents of product are above 98% within reaction time 30 min. Also, the conversion yield of over 98% was obtained in 300 L-scale biodiesel production system using rapeseed oil and soybean oil. The quality of biodiesel produced from reaction system was satisfied to recommended quality standard of Korea. Our results may provide useful information with regard to the scale-up of more economic and efficient biodiesel production process.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.160-167
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• 2018

Vegetable oils can contribute to the goal of energy independence and security owing to their naturally renewable resources. One of the representative vegetable oils is biodiesel, which is being used in domestic and European markets as a blended fuel with automotive diesel. Vegetable oils are promising candidates as base fluids to replace petroleum lubricants because of their excellent lubricity and biodegradability. We prepared biodiesel with a purity of 99.9% via the esterification of waste cooking oil. Blended biodiesel and Petro-lube base oil were mixed to produce five types of mixed lubricating oil. We analyzed the various characteristics of the blended biodiesel with Petro-lube base oil for different blending ratios. The lubricity of the vegetable lubricant improves as the content of biodiesel increases. In addition, since zinc dialkyldithiophosphates (ZnDTPs) are widely used as multifunctional additives in petroleum-based lubricants, we optimized the blending ratio for lubricity, oxidation stability, and shear stability by adding ZnDTP as a performance additive to improve the biodiesel properties, such as oxidation stability and hydrolysis. The optimized lubricants improve by approximately 25% in lubricity and by 20 times in oxidation stability and shear stability after the addition of ZnDTP.