• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.827-835
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• 2005

A three-dimensional ecological model (EMT -3D) was applied to Nonylphenol in Tokyo Bay. EMT -3D was calibrated with data obtained in the study area. The simulated results of dissolved Nonylphenol were in good agreement with the observed values, with a correlation coefficient(R) of 0.7707 and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.5940. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that biodegradation rate and bioconcentration factor are most important factors for dissolved Nonylphenol and Nonylphenol in phytoplankton, respectively. In the case of Nonylphenol in particulate organic carbon, biodegradation rate and partition coefficient were important factors. Therefore, the parameters must be carefully considered in the modeling. The mass balance results showed that standing stocks of Nonylphenol in water, in particulate organic carbon and in phytoplankton are $8.60\times 10^5\;g,\;2.19\times 10^2\;g\;and\;3.78\times 10^0\;g$ respectively. With respect to the flux of dissolved Nonylphenol, biodegradation in the water column, effluent to the open sea and partition to particulate organic carbon were $6.02\times10^3\;g/day,\;6.02\times10^2\;g/day\;and\;1.02\times10^1\;g/day$, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.265-274
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• 2002

The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in air and plant were measured every other week at Hankyong University located in Ansung, Kyoung-ki province from July to November of 1999. The predicted PCB concentrations in air derived from measured Morus allba were compared with ambient measurement data. This was necessary to test the possibility of using the two equations incorporating Riederer's and Bacci's bioconcentration factors (BCFs) based on the octanol-air partition coefficient (Ksub/oa/) to predict the air-plant equilibrium of PCBs. Ratios of calculated to measured PCB concentrations in air were 2.4 (1.24~4.36), 2.7 (0.17~7.96) using Riederer's and Bacci's equations, respectively Regression analysis between PCBs calculated by Riederer's equation and PCBs directly measured in air, showed correlation ($R^2$= 0.90). However, slope of regression between calculated and directly measured PCB concentrations was above 1. The results thus suggest that calculated PCBs were overestimated comparing with direct measurements. Bio-monitoring using Morus allba may have possibilities in predicting PCBs concentration in air with a further extension of air-plant equilibrium research.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.683-690
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• 2014

Nanomaterials are used in a range of fields, including industry, medicine, aerospace, and manufacturing, due to their unique and useful properties. In recent years, nanotechnology has developed rapidly, and the amount of nanomaterials used in various fields has increased consistently. As a result, nanomaterials are released into the aquatic and soil ecosystem, posing potential risks to organisms and environment. These materials can enter the cells and may cause serious damage to organisms. Furthermore, they can be transferred through trophic levels and food web, thereby leading to bioconcentration and biomagnification. In this study, we analyzed the trends in research on food chain transfer of nanomaterials and investigated the techniques used in the research. Although many studies have been underway, there is a need for further advanced studies on higher trophic levels and complex microcosm and mesocosm. Furthermore, study topics should be expanded to include various types of nanomaterials and varied species and trophic levels.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.675-684
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• 2011

In nature, the overall effect of heavy metals on the biota can be influenced by a number of environmental factors like soil characteristics and air pollution by elevated $CO_2$. Pillbugs (Isopoda, Armadillium vulgare) take up heavy metals with their food and store them mainly in the vesicles of hepatopancreas. They accumulate certain metals, occur in relatively large numbers, are easily collected and identified, and provide sufficient material for analysis. The species are decomposing litter well and soil impurities into N and P. Therefore, it has been suggested that total body concentration of metals in pillbugs could be positively correlated to the levels of environmental exposure and that pillbugs could be used as biological indicators of metal pollution and global change by $CO_2$. The aim of the study is to determine effects of heavy metal concentrations in soil and elevated $CO_2$ on pillbugs' body accumulation of heavy metal and growth rate. In this study, the concentrations of six metals (Fe, Mg Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) have been determined. Pillbugs (N=287) were collected at five sites during Jul-Aug, 2006. Cu and Zn concentrations in the body were much higher than in the soils(1.39-41.70 times). This indicated that bioaccumulation of some of the heavy metals were increasing in the food-chain. The high bioconcentration of lead in Sangam may be partly associated with reclaimed land uses.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.264-271
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• 2004

An aquatic food chain was constructed to provide information of bioaccumulation of DEHP as followed: phytoplankton(Scenedesmus subspicatus) ${\rightarrow}$ zooplankton(Daphnia magna) ${\rightarrow}$ fish(Oryzias latipes). After 10 days of exposure to DEHP, the fish and culture water were analyzed for residual concentration of DEHP and BAF(Bioaccumulation Factor) was determined. In addition, BCF(Bioconcentration Factor) was calculated in exposure tank in which fish were only exposed DEHP by culture water. These experiments provide the relative importance between BAF and BCF. In this study, BCF and BAF did not show any significant difference. Another work in this study was model construction and application to investigate the effect of food chain structure to BAF in higher organism (fish). The model constructed in this study considered the biological characteristics of DEHP such as metabolic parameters, as well as the chemical characteristics such as solubility. This model could be used in prediction of bioaccumulation level in dependent of various food chain structures, when the target organisms or chemicals would be changed.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.251-258
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• 2017

This study was conducted to identify transition characteristics of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) and to calculate bio-concentration factors (BCF) in the three perennial root medicinal plants, namely Codonopsis lanceolata (Deoduck), Platycodon grandiflorum (Balloon flower) and Panax ginseng (Korean ginseng) grown in major medicinal plant producing districts in Korea. Average BCF values ranged from 0.009~0.029 in As, 0.334~1.453 in Cd, and 0.021~0.023 in Pb in three perennial root medicinal plants. The BCF values increased in the order of ginseng (0.029) > deodeok (0.012) > balloon flower (0.009) for As, balloon flower (1.453) > deodeok (0.685) > ginseng (0.334) for Cd, and ginseng (0.023) > deodeok (0.022) > balloon flower (0.021) for Pb. The BCF values calculated in this study will be useful for predicting the uptake of heavy metal (loid)s. Further study on uptake and accumulation mechanism of toxic metal (loid)s by agricultural products is required to assess the human health risk associated with soil contamination.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2011

The behavior prediction of PAHs in Jinhae Bay using a three-dimensional ecological model(EMT-3D) was examined. A three-dimensional ecological model(EMT-3D) was applied to the simulation of PAHs behaviors in Jinhae Bay of Korea. The computed results of simulation were in good agreement with the observed values. The result of sensitivity analysis showed that photolysis coefficient and extinction coefficient were important factors in the variation of dissolved PAHs, and POC partition coefficient was important factor in the variation of PAHs in particulate organic matter. In the case of PAHs in phytoplankton, bioconcentration factor of plankton was the most significant and the most effective in all. In simulations of 30%, 50% and 80% reduction in total loads of PAHs, the concentrations of dissolved PAHs were shown to be lower than 24 ng/L, 20 ng/L and 16 ng/L, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.59-64
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• 2000

Heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments, seawater and oysters (Crassostrea gigas) were determined to assess heavy metal contamination in the Jinhae Bay. The ranges of cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, lead and zinc concentration in surface sediments were 0.1∼2.4, 12.6∼14.4, 25.3∼ 92.3, 32.4∼ 93.5, 24. 1∼81.2, 124∼477 ㎍/g, respectively. The concentrations of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc which were influenced by industrial activity were the highest in the inside of Masan Bay. Dissolved concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, lead and zinc in seawater were <0.010∼0.043, 0.008∼0.120, 0.31∼0.90, 0.25∼3.10, 0.010∼0.142, 0.27∼9.04 ㎍/L, respectively. The concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, copper, nickel, lead and zinc in seawater were also the highest inside of Masan Bay, suggesting that Masan Bay is the major source of heavy metal input to the Jinhae Bay. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) of zinc, copper, cadmium, lead, cobalt and nickel in C. gigas were 647373, 280861, 145069, 44559, 13524, 2745, respectively, showing C gigas is a stronger accumulator than other bivalves.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.539-546
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• 2010

In nature, the overall effect of heavy metals on the biota can be influenced by a number of environmental factors like soil characteristics and air pollution by elevated $CO_2$. Pillbugs(Isopoda, Armadillium vulgare) take up heavy metals with their food and store them mainly in the vesicles of hepatopancreas. They accumulate certain metals, occuring in relatively large numbers, are easily collected and identified. Therefore, it has been suggested that total body concentration of metals in pillbugs could be positively correlated to the levels of environmental exposure and that pillbugs could be used as biological indicators of metal pollution and global change by $CO_2$. The aim of the study is to determine effects of heavy metal concentrations in soil and elevated $CO_2$ on pillbugs'body accumulation of heavy metal and growth rate. In this study, pillbugs were collected at five sites (N=287) May 2006. Cu and Zn concentrations in pillbugs were higher than in soils (1.39-41.70 times) than in control. The high bioconcentration of lead in Sangam may be partly associated with reclaimed land uses. Pillbugs in low $CO_2$ and Pb condition showed higher growth rate than in elevated $CO_2$ and Pb condition.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.223-230
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• 1997

The skeletal chemistry of calcareous microfossils may contribute to the classification of various biological processes and be used as an environmental indicator for future pollution. In order to examine the degree of heavy metal pollutions in marine environments, samples of sediment and benthonic foraminifera were taken from 5 study areas from 3 different stations in coastal offshore regions of Korea. After sieving, cleaning and acid digestion, sample were analyzed for heavy metals by ICP-MS, ICP-AES and AAS. Concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in most of marine sediments from 5 study areas are not higher than those in sediments from unpolluted marine environment in the U.K.. However, pollution indices are up to 0.96~0.99 in the Gwangyang and Yulchon areas which are classified as the special control distric along the coast for pollution. The pollution indices decrease in order of Yulchon > Gwangyang > Mokpo > Gamak = Yoja > Yonggwang areas. Concentrations of Mg, Pb, Sr and Zn in Ammonia beccarii Pseudorotalia gaimardii, Quinqueloculina lamarckiana are reduced after pre-treatment of samples. From the result of bioconcentration index, Mg is easily accumulated in microfossils and Quinqueloculina lamarckiana may be used as the best indicator for future pollution.