Che Woo Seong;Lee Jeong-Bong;Kim Kabseog;Kim Kyunghwan;Jin Byung-Uk
Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
/
v.11
no.2
s.31
/
pp.59-66
/
2004
This paper presents a novel fabrication process for a tapered hollow metallic microneedle array using backside exposure of SU-8, and analytic solutions of critical buckling of a tapered hollow microneedle. An SU-8 meta was formed on a Pyrex glass substrate and another SU-8 layer, which was spun on top of the SU-8 mesa, was exposed through the backside of the glass substrate. An array of SU-8 tapered pillar structures. with angles in the range of 3.1∘∼5∘ was formed on top of the SU-8 mesa. Conformal electrodeposition of metal was carried out followed by a mechanical polishing using a pianarizing polymeric layer. All organic layers were then removed to create a metallic hollow microneedle array with a fluidic reservoir on the backside. Both 200μmand400μm tall, 10 by 10 arrays of metallic microneedles with inner diameters of the tip in the range of 33.6∼101μm and wall thickness of 10μm−20μm were fabricated. Analytic solutions of the critical buckling of arbitrary-angled truncated cone-shaped columns are also presented. It was found that a single 400μm tall hollow cylindrical microneedle made of electroplated nickel with a wall thickness of 20μm, a tapered angle of 3.08∘ and a tip inner diameter of 33.6μm has a critical buckling force of 1.8 N. This analytic solution can be used for square or rectangular cross-sectioned column structures with proper modifications.
Kim, Soo-Hyun;Chung, Mi-Ja;Jang, Hae-Dong;Ham, Seung-Shi
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
/
v.39
no.2
/
pp.193-202
/
2010
In vitro activities of Codonopsis lanceolata (CL) 70% ethanol extract and its fractions (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol and water) were examined by total polyphenol content, reducing power, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays. The ethyl acetate fraction from CL ethanol extract (CLEA) showed the highest total polyphenol content (22.7 mg/g) among five fractions, and also exhibited an excellent reducing power (0.42~1.27 at 250∼1,000μg/mL). CLEA at 100∼400μg/mL concentrations had 27.7~70.3% of ABTS radical scavenging activity and the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (81.6% at 400μg/mL). CLEA had dominantly higher ORACROO⋅activity compared to other fractions. CLEA and butanol fraction had significantly higher ORACOH⋅ activities than 70% ethanol extract, hexane, chloroform and water fractions. The CLEA exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in CL 70% ethanol extract and its fractions. Thus, effect of CLEA treatment on antioxidant gene expression under the oxidative stress conditions by a high fat diet in animal model was studied by microarray and RT-PCR methods. The 31 antioxidant genes were expressed but the genes were not up-regulated at least a two-fold by CLEA treatment. We concluded that CLEA does not have an indirect antioxidant effect but a direct antioxidant effect by up-regulation of antioxidant genes in high fat diet-induced obese mice.
Kim, Byeong-Kwan;Lim, Tae-Heon;Kim, Youn-Hee;Park, Seok-Hwan;Lee, Sang-Hwa;Cha, Byeong-Jin
Research in Plant Disease
/
v.14
no.3
/
pp.193-200
/
2008
Blending of eggshell powder into soil as ratio of 1:5, 1:10, 1:15, 1:20, and 1:25 did not affect seed germination rates of several crops including Chinese cabbage. The blending increased pH of distilled water and decreased the viability of resting spores of Plasmodiophora hrassicae. The ratio of non-viable resting spores in eggshell-blending water was over five times higher than in distilled water of the same pH. Chinese cabbage (cv. 'Norangbom') grew more in eggshell-blended soil than in non-treated soil, but other crops grew less. Leaf numbers and above ground growth of Norangbom increased to around 150% and 470%, respectively, in soil blended with 1:20∼1:15 of eggshell powder. Even though the optimum sizes of eggshell powder were 0.8∼2.0mm for growth and smaller than 0.4 mm for inhibition of clubroot disease of Chinese cabbage, there was no statistical difference among the sizes. Soil pH was above 8.0 in all eggshell treatments without any statistical difference among them. Eggshell powder blending to 1:20 showed lower control efficacy, 58.5%, than registered fungicide 'Hokanna (flusulfamide)', 78.5%. However, Chinese cabbage of that blending ratio recorded the highest growth among the treatments. Therefore, blending of eggshell powder into clubroot-contaminated soil may make culture of Chinese cabbage possible by growth-increasing, even though eggshell powder could not inhibit clubroot disease entirely.
Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
/
v.37
no.4
/
pp.521-527
/
2008
Acanthopanacis cortex extracts added Yakju was manufactured and then fermentation and quality characteristics of Yakju were examined. Acanthopanacis cortex extracts added Yakju showed totally similar characteristics with the non-extract added Yakju of control groups. The pH showed almost no change to pH 4.0 after 6 days of fermentation and it was decreased only once in only fermentation time of 3 days. The acidity of Acanthopanacis cortex extracts added group showed no difference to the control group. The sugar obrix and reducing sugar content showed decrease in all two groups in the initial fermentation stage; however, it showed slow decrease as the late fermentation stage. The Acanthopanacis cortex extracts added Yakju showed less alcohol content than the control group in the initial fermentation stage. However, after 6 days of fermentation, the Acanthopanacis cortex extracts added Yakju showed more alcohol contents and constant increase till the final fermentation day. The pH, acidity, reducing sugar and alcohol content showed rapid changes between fermentation days 0 through 3. Therefore, it means that the Acanthopanacis cortex extracts added Yakju fermentation actively takes place between the days 0 through 3. Organic acids detected in Yakju were acetic, lactic, oxalic, malic and succinic acids. The acetic acid was the highest among the total acid contents. Eleutheroside E and chlorogenic acid, known as the effective components of Acanthopanacis cortex, showed stable status without changes in component content till stage two fermentation. The contents of eleutheroside E and chlorogenic acid were 7.61±0.39μg/mL and 3.63±0.18μg/mL on the final fermentation day, respectively. The fusel oil was slightly detected in both groups with values of 0.08±0.001∼0.86±0.03mg in n-propyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol and isoamyl alcohol content. The Acanthopanacis cortex extracts added group was similar to the control group in the overall sensory test.
Kang, Duk-Young;Kim, Won-Jin;Kim, Hyo-Chan;Chang, Young Jin
Korean Journal of Ichthyology
/
v.26
no.3
/
pp.185-193
/
2014
To find the influence of water temperature, tank color and illumination in feeding, growth and blind-side hypermelanosis of starry flounder, Platichthys stellatus, in the present study, we performed a series of temperature, background color and illumination intensity test for 180 days (From June to December). The test was done in duplicate at 100 fish/tank (430% of initial covering area [PCA]) with the selected ordinary juvenile flounder (TL 17.3±0.5cm, BW 82.5±0.2g). The rearing was performed in darkgreen FRP aquarium tanks (H100cm×L100cm×W100cm; bottom area 1m2) lighten with average 1,000 lux and 230 lux, and in white FRP aquarium tank (H100cm×L100cm×W100cm; bottom area 1m2) lighten with average 230 lux of light intensity. We investigated correlation of daily food intake (DFI) with water temperature and salinity, and compared the influences of background colors and light intensity in DFI, food efficiency (FE), growth, survival rate, and ratio of malpigmented blind-side area and ambicolored fish ratio. In DFI, although it was not related with salinity, the amount was significantly decreased under 0.5 g/fish/day in summer and winter season, but was significantly increased over 1.5 g/fish/day in autumn season showing from 10∘C to 20∘C in water temperature. In background and illumination test, DFI, FE and survival rate showed no difference among three groups. The ratios of malpigmented blind-side area and ambicolored fish were also not significantly different among three groups, indicating that the blind-side hypermelanosis of starry may be governed not by background color (or light intensity) but by a genetics external trait inherited from parents.
This study was conducted to select organic materials (OM) and nitrogen sources in composting of waste mushroom bed from Agaricus bisporus. We examined physio-chemical properties of the organic materials and the mixture ratio for preparing the wasted mushroom bed (M) compost. The carbon content of sawdust was higher than those of rice straw (R) as OM source and the nitrogen content was high in the order of fowl manure (F)>> pig manure (P)> cow manure (C). The compost was prepared to maintain the criteria of above 25% organic matter and then the change of their ingredients was estimated during the process of fermentation. The temperature of waste mushroom bed+pig manure+rice straw (MRP) treatment was varied fast throughout fermentation, on the other hand the temperature of waste mushroom bed+pig manure+sawdust (MSP) treatment was steadily elevated to the middle of composting. The pH of the compost was somewhat high to pH 8.5~9.0 at the early stage, but decreased to 7.5 at the end stage of composting. The content of OM after fermentation was decreased to the level of 19~21% in rice straw, but the sawdust treatment maintained 25~27% organic matter. The waste mushroom bed+fowl manure+rice straw (MRF) treatment, which contains 26.2% organic matter and 0.68% nitrogen, was the highest among them. The volume of compost was reduced to 50% by using rice straw as organic matter, but reduced to 30% by using the sawdust. The contents of heavy metal in the compost were suitable within the legal criteria. The number of microorganisms were higher in the rice straw than those in the sawdust. It was high in the order of fowl manure> pig manure> cow manure. The major groups consisted of aerobic bacteria, gram negative bacteria and Bacillus sp. and their populations after fermentation were increased to 1×101∼1×102cfug−1 rather than those before fermentation. Therefore we concluded that the waste mushroom bed+fowl manure+sawdust (MSF 3:9:1 v/v/v) treatment was suitable combination for high organic matter and nitrogen source, and the periods of composting were 50~60 days.
This study was performed to evaluate the influence of temperature, relative humidity, and light conditions during healing and acclimatization on the graft-take and growth of grafted peppers (Capsicum annuum L.), in order to propose optimum environmental conditions for the healing and acclimatization of grafted peppers. The healing and acclimatization period was for six days and was divided into three stages (Stage I, II and III), of which each period was two days. Grafted peppers were healed under the condition of 30 and 95% relative humidity (RH) during Stage I. During Stage II and III, grafted peppers were healed and acclimatized under different temperatures (20∘C, 25∘C, or 30∘C) and RH conditions (75%, 85% or 95%). The growth of grafted peppers was greater under lower temperature and lower relative humidity conditions. The graft-take just after the end of healing and acclimatization was greater grafted peppers under high RH condition. However, the graft-take of peppers which were healed and acclimatized under 30∘C and RH 95%, dropped by about 10 percent on day seven after healing and acclimatization. And also, grafted peppers were healed and acclimatized under the different temperatures (25∘C or 30∘C), RH conditions (65%, 75% or 85%), and light condition (dark or light). Lower RH (to 65%) and light condition at 25∘C during healing and acclimatization promoted the graft-take and growth of grafted peppers.
Kim, Dong-Myung;Kim, Seong-Ho;Lee, Jin-Man;Kim, Ji-Eun;Kang, Sun-Chul
Applied Biological Chemistry
/
v.48
no.2
/
pp.132-139
/
2005
The major obstacle in the popularization of Chungkookjang is the short shelf-life of 2∼3 months and some problems concerning storage including the growth of molds even in the products even within shelf-life. To solve these problems we conducted a research to improve its storage by using the vacuumed packaging and sanitary method through seed culture, innoculation and sterilization. For the optimization of storage time, temperature and sterilization temperature, we measured viable cell numbers of bacteria and fungi, amount of gas outbreak and contents of amino type nitrogen and monitored these experimental results by response surface methodology of SAS program, so that we could observe the quality changes of Chungkookjang during shelf-life. Especially fungi, which are the biggest troublemaker in Chungkookjang shelf-life, couldn't be detected from the generally and vacuum-packed samples; also, viable cell numbers were highly influenced by sterilization temperature and in vacuum-packed samples. In the case of vacuum-packed samples, amount of gas outbreak was highly influenced by sterilization temperature of its storage conditions and it was higher in generally packed samples as compared to vacuum-packed samples even at any storage conditions. The changes of pH in generally and vacuum-packed samples were highly influenced by the storage temperature. As the temperatures of storage and sterilization were higher and the storage time was longer, so the amount of gas outbreak was accordingly lower. These results showed that amino type nitrogen contents in generally and vacuum-packed samples were systematically influenced by the temperature, storage time and sterilization temperature. Also the result showed that the change of amino type nitrogen contents during storage was less in vacuum-packed samples than in general ones. Based on the above results, we can produce Chungkookjang products with extended shelf-life of as far as 6 months without any quality change using sanitary manufacturing method, vacuumed packaging condition, sterilization in 70∘C for 60 minutes and storage under 10∘C during shelf-life. According to this research, we have the possibility to greatly increase the goods value of Chungkookjang by developing the manufacture processing and packaging.
This study was conducted to extend the postharvest life of eggplant (Solanummelongena L.) by modified atmosphere packaging using a OPP bag with 1-MCP to evaluate the alleviation effects of that treatment on external chilling injury during at low temperature. 1-MCP treatment at the level of 1.0μL⋅L−1 were very effective in delaying the progress of surface bronzing of eggplant during 10 days of storage at 8∘C, but not significant at 1∘C. Also, the treatment of 1-MCP at the levels of 0.1∼1.0μL⋅L−1 are beneficial to complement low temperature storage and maintain quality indices such as higher firmness and lower weight loss than untreated control even at a critical low temperature 4 to 8∘C. The treatment of carbon dioxide using dry ice (DI, 5 g/3 fruits) significantly promoted chilling injury of eggplant stored at 4∘C, symptoms were appeared from 3 days after treatment and combination treatment of 1-MCP did not block the development of chilling injury symptom. Meanwhile, single treatment of CO2 absorber (CA, 5 g/3 fruits) or combination treatment with 1-MCP at the level of 1.0μL⋅L−1 prevented effectively the external and internal chilling injury at 4∘C during 6 days and 15 days of MAP storage, respectively. Results suggest that 1-MCP and carbon dioxide absorber treatments delay fruit deterioration and are beneficial to broaden storage temperature of eggplant fruits.
Objective of this research was to investigate the effect of calcium concentrations in the fertilizer solution on growth and development of Ca deficiency in 'Maehyang' strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). The margins of the youngest leaves were scorched and they developed a cupped shape as they were expanded in Ca deficient plants. The vein area of the youngest leaves became brown when the deficiency became severe. The quadratic responses were observed in dry weight production to elevated Ca concentrations in fertilizer solutions with the highest growth in 4.5 mM treatment. The regression equation was y=2.4026+1.0209x-0.098x2(R2=0.3546∗∗∗). However, tissue Ca contents increased lineally as the Ca concentrations in fertilizer solutions were elevated (y=1.2108+0.1333x, R2=0.9189∗∗∗). In changes of the fresh weight and Ca concentrations in petiole sap, fresh weight production showed quadratic responses to elevated Ca concentrations in fertilizer solution, but Ca concentration increased lineally. The equations in changes of fresh weight and Ca concentrations were y=9.273+4.882x-0.4245x2(R2=0.4935∗∗∗) and y=52.311+3.2917x (R2=0.6918∗∗∗), respectively. When the concentration of calcium at which plant growth was retarded by 10% is regarded as critical concentration level, the calcium contents based on dry weight of above ground plant tissue and in petiole sap should be in the range between 1.6 to 2.25% and 63 to 79mg⋅kg−1, respectively.
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