• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.27-32
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• 2010

Low Calorific Gas Turbine (LCGT) has been developed as a next generation power system using landfill gas (LFG) and biogas made from various organic wastes, food Waste, waste water and Livestock biogas. Low calorific fuel purification by pretreatment system and carbon dioxide fixation by green house system are very important design target for the optimum applications of LCGT. Main troubles of Low Calorific Gas Turbine system was derived from the impurities such as hydro sulfide, siloxane, water contained in biogas. Even if the quality of the bio fuel is not better than natural gas, LCGT may take low quality gas fuel and environmental friendly power system. The mechanical characterisitics of LCGT system is a high energy efficiency (>70%), wide range of output power (30 kW - 30 MW class) and very clean emission from power system (low NOx). A green house has been designed for four different carbon dioxide concentration from ambient air to 2000 ppm by utilizing the exhaust gas and hot water from LCGT system. LCGT is expected to contribute achieving the target of Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS).

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.333-341
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• 2017

Recently, the earth has shown the limit of environmental capacity. It is also experiencing an environmental crisis with rising energy prices and depletion of coal. Therefore, development of renewable energy is very important solution. However, waste fuel solid are renewable fuels, but they cause environmental problems. In this study, the emission characteristics of hazardous air pollutants were analyzed through measurements at the facilities using solid fuels (SRF, BIO-SRF). Analysis method of PAHs are based on the Korea Standard Methods for Examination. The analysis of PAHs showed that the concentration much higher in Naphthalene, and Benzo(a)pyrene showed at a higher concentration incertain sources. As a result of gas phase and particle phase PAHs, most of Benzo(a)pyrene appeared to be particulate. Through the results of this study will provide basic data for atmospheric environmental management.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.52-62
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• 2016

Nowadays, emissions of a vehicle are been getting by testing on a chassis dynamometer and a test modes. Also, fuel efficiency is calculated by carbon-balance method that is applying the emissions(CO, THC and $CO_2$) to the fuel calculation formular. In Korea, before 2014, the formular did not include the fuel factors (density, net heat value and carbon weight fraction), but the constants were based on the fuel properties of 2000s. So, this formular did not consider a characteristic of test fuel property that was changed when progressing fuel efficiency test. The characteristics of test fuel property which was distributed in domestic have a difference of quality depending on production regions and oil-refining facilities. Because the fuel properties are variable value during refineries, crude oils and blending contents of a bio-fuel, vehicle fuel is changed for each test. Therefore, the fuel qualities need to apply for a fuel economy test. In this paper, changing patterns of a fuel properties were reviewed during history of fuel standards. Also, the appropriateness of the methods was discussed by calculating and comparing fuel economies with the fuel factors and the constants.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.3102-3107
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• 2008

This paper was focused on the particulate matter (PM) on the gasoline and bio ethanol. Bio ethanol as a clean fuel is considered one of the alternative fuels that decreased the PM emission from the vehicle. Particle formation in SI engine was depended on the fuel and engine operating condition. In this paper, Particle number concentration behaviors were analyzed by DMS500 (Differential Mobility Spectrometer) and CPC (Condensation Particle Counter) instrument which was recommended by PMP (Particle Measurement Programme). Particle emissions were measured with various engine operating variables such as air excess ratio ($\lambda$), spark timing and intake valve opening (IVO) at part load condition. In vehicle test, the number of particulate matter was analyzed with golden particle measurement system, which was consist of CVS (Constant Volume Sampler), particle number counter and particle number diluter.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.29-42
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• 2022

The government promotes the 2050 carbon-neutral policy. Therefore, the concern to convert livestock manure into energy is increasing for the reduction of greenhouse gases generated in the livestock industry sector. In this study, the economic feasibility of the livestock manure solid fuel power generation facility, which is a major consumer of livestock manure solid fuel, was assessed to expand the demand for livestock manure solid fuel. The production cost of livestock manure solid fuel showed the lowest production cost of 97.4 thousand won/ton when dried using solid fuel at a 200 ton/day scale bio-drying facility. The livestock manure solid fuel power generation facility showed economic feasibility at a REC weight of 1.5 in the case of the bio-drying facility, so it was necessary to set a REC weight of 1.5 or more to expand the demand for livestock manure solid fuel. The conversion of livestock manure into solid fuel has various environmental benefits, such as the reduction of greenhouse gases and the effect of reducing non-point pollutants in the water system. Therefore, in order to expand livestock manure solid fuel production facility, it was required to review the feasibility including various environmental benefits.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.508-516
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• 2011

Hydrotreated biodiesel(HBD) is paraffinic bio-based liquid, with the chemical structure $C_nH_{2n+2}$, originating from vegetable oil(the process can also be applied to animal fat). The oil or fat is treated in a number of process, the most important being hydrogenation, in order to create a bio-based liquid diesel fuel. During the hydrogenation, oxygen is removed from the triglyceride and converted into water. Propane is formed as a by product and can be combusted and used for energy production. HBD can be used in conventional diesel engines, pure or blended with conventional diesel, due to its similar physical properties to diesel. This study reports the quality characteristics with chemical and physical properties as an alternative diesel fuel. Especially, HBD showed higher cetane value and number than FAME, and it is consisted of $C_{15}$ - $C_{18}$ n-paraffinic compounds. We also describes quality characteristics of HBD blends(2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 vol%) in automotive diesel. HBD blends(max. 20 vol%) were the limit by the Korean specification due to poor low temperature characteristics.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.45-52
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• 2023

As of 2020, 139,753 tons/day of livestock manure is generated. Most of the livestock manure is made of compost(75.3%) and Liquor(11.7%) and is spread on farmland. The compost and Liquor of these livestock manure are the main causes of water pollution. Therefore, it is necessary to convert livestock manure into energy. For this reason, hydrothermal carbonization technology was applied to evaluate the physical and chemical properties. Among livestock manure, cow manure was used. Through hydrothermal carbonization, it was confirmed that the HHV (Kcal/kg) of 3,101 kcal/kg of raw material rises to more than about 3,800 kcal/kg at 220℃ or higher. This result was judged to be influenced by carbonization through a clear trend of decrease in O/C and H/C ratios. As a result, the value of Bio-SRF was evaluated through hydrothermal carbonization of cow manure, and All other items except for chlorine showed satisfactory results.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.529-536
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• 2008

Cyanobacteria Synechocystis PCC 6803 or the extracted thylakoid membrane from this strain was appled to photosynthetic bio-electrochemical fuel cell(PBEFC) for the production of hydrogen under the illumination of 48Klux using halogen lamp. PBEFC was composed of anode, cathode and membrane between them. Electrode material was carbon paper while electron mediator and receptor were added phenazine methosulfate(PMS) and potassium ferricyanide respectively. When water and 50 mM tricine buffer and $300{\mu}M$ PMS were added to the anode under the light condition, PBEFC produced the current density $4.4{\times}10^{-5}\;mA/cm^2$, $1.4{\times}10^{-4}\;mA/cm^2$ and $2.4{\times}10^{-4}\;mA/cm^2$, respectively. And the addition of the thylakoid membrane to the system increased current density to $1.3{\times}10^{-3}\;mA/cm^2$. Two times increase of the thylakoid membrane into the anode doubled the current density to $2.6{\times}10^{-3}\;mA/cm^2$. But the current density was not increased proportionally to the amount of thylakoid membrane increased. The system was unstable to measure the electricity output due to the foam production in the anode. Addition of triton X-100 and tween 80 stabilized the system to measure the electricity output but the current density was not increased higher than $8.4{\times}10^{-4}\;mA/cm^2$ and $2.3{\times}10^{-3}\;mA/cm^2$. When the thylakoid membrane was substituted to Synechocystis PCC 6803 cells of four-day culture which has chlorophyll contents $20.5{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, maximum current density was $1.3{\times}10^{-3}\;mA/cm^2$ with $1\;k{\Omega}$ resistance.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.591-597
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• 2023

Pakistan depends heavily on imports for its fuel requirements. In this experiment, catalytic pyrolysis of a blend of feedstock's consisting of date seed, wheat straw, and corn cob was conducted in a fixed bed reactor to produce oil that can be used as an alternative fuel. The main focus was to emphasize the outcome of important variables on the produced oil. The effects of operating conditions on the yield of bio-oil were studied by changing temperature (350-500 ℃), heating rate (10, 15, 20 ℃/min), and particle size (1, 2, 3 mm). Moreover, ZnO was used as a catalyst in the process. First, the thermal degradation of the feedstock was investigated by TGA and DTG analysis at 10 ℃/min of different particle sizes of 1, 2, and 3mm from a temperature range of 0 to 1000 ℃. The optimum temperature was found to be 450 ℃ for maximum degradation, and the oil yield was indicated to be around 37%. It was deduced from the experiment that the maximum production of bio-oil was 32.21% at a temperature of 450 ℃, a particle size of 1mm, and a heating rate of 15 ℃/min. When using the catalyst under the same operating conditions, the bio-oil production increased to 41.05%. The heating value of the produced oil was 22 MJ/kg compared to low-quality biodiesel oil, which could be used as a fuel.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.501-511
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• 2014

Bio-oil derived from biomass through fast pyrolysis process has the potential to displace a significant amount of petroleum fuels. However, the use of bio-oil in a diesel engine is very limited because of its poor properties, e.g., its low energy density, low cetane number, and high viscosity. Therefore, bio-oil should be emulsified or blended with other fuels that have high centane numbers. Because bio-oil has poor miscibility with petroleum fuels, the most suitable candidate fuels for direct mixing are alcohol fuels. In this study, bio-oil was blended with ethanol, and two types of cetane improvers were added to a blended fuel to improve the self-ignition property. The two types of cetane improvers, PEG 400 and 2-EHN, made it possible for bio-oil blended fuels to combust in a diesel engine with a maximum bio-oil content of 15 wt%. A high-compression-ratio piston is also proposed for the combustion of bio-oil in a diesel engine.