• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.97-105
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• 2009

Seed storage lipids of plants, essential for seed germination as energy supplier, have been used for humankind and animal as nutrition sources. Fatty acids of vegetable oils have the characters appropriate for industry based on their chain length, the position and the number of double bonds. So they are used as raw materials for lubricants, cosmetics, soaps, paints and plastics or as energy source such as bio-diesel. However, there is a limit that applies vegetable oils from typical oil crops for industrial uses, mainly because of the mixture of five common fatty acids. Therefore, identification of unusual fatty acids for industrial uses from diverse plant resources and metabolic engineering to produce unusual fatty acids have been carried out in Arabidopsis as a model for the study of oilseed biology. Here, we discuss the unusual fatty acids for industrial uses, the genes synthesizing them in lipid metabolism, and the current limits in production of transgenic plants accumulating unusual fatty acid in their seeds. In addition, we describe our work on metabolic engineering of Brassica napus for the production of the unusual fatty acid ricinoleic acid in the seed, because of its industrial uses.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.147-154
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• 2009

Suitable rapeseed cultivation techniques of domestic agriculture are essential for stable security, supply and demand of rapeseed. This research developed a rapeseed seeder for bio-diesel and analyzed the seeding performance improving an existent granule fertilizer applicator. The relational expression of metering groove size and discharge rate per time displayed high correlation with a coefficient of determination of 0.988. Also, the scattering types were analyzed by forwarding speed and discharge rate. Validity application width was decided as 7.0 m by analyzing application uniformity at application widths of 7.6 m, 6.6 m, 5.6 m. All average coefficients of variation values were less than 20%. The best application uniformity was obtained in the condition of a work speed of 1.3 m/s and a sowing rate of 19.0 g/s. It was better average coefficient of variation values under 10% at superposition application of rapeseed seeder. Also, scattering amount rates of right and left were within 0.89${\sim}$1.0.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2009

This study was conducted to develop a moisture sensor for rapeseed, a bio-diesel material. A typical rapeseed, SUNMANG, was used as a raw material. The rapeseed moisture content sensor consists of three components, such as upper and bottom electrodes, a test material dish, and a fixing housing. To evaluate the performance, a data acquisition system was equipped with the rapeseed moisture sensor, computer, printer, and main board. The findings of this study were: 1) the rapeseed moisture content was inversely proportional to electric resistance, and 2) values of electric resistance were recorded in a range of $10{\sim}100\;M{\Omega}$, depending upon a change of the moisture content. The determination of coefficient ($R^2$) and standard error between rapeseed moisture content and electric resistance were 0.9921 and ${\pm}0.289$, which indicated a highly correlative relationship. The response of rapeseed moisture sensor to temperature change was also observed for further performance test. Satisfying results were obtained, such as the determination of coefficient ($R^2$) of 0.9918, predicted standard error of ${\pm}0.373%$, deviation of 0.103%, measurement error of $0.14{\sim}0.48%$, standard deviation of $0.01{\sim}0.22%$, and measurement time of 28.3 s per point, respectively.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2009

A rapeseed reaping equipment attachable to a conventional combine was developed in order to harvest rapeseed for bio-diesel materials. This study was carried out to measure the harvest feasibility of a prototype combine in rapeseed fields. Grain, stem and pod flow rate, grain qualities (whole kernel, damaged kernel, unhulled kernel, material-other-than-grain) and grain loss rates (header, threshing, separation) were investigated in each field test. As the result of the fold test, the average grain flow rates of SUNMANG and MS varieties showed 1,430 kg/h and 2,038 kg/h, respectively. The average stem and pod flow rates showed 3,443 kg/h and 6,596 kg/h, respectively. In each working speed, the average whole kernel rate and the material-other-than-grain showed 99.9% and below 0.08%, respectively. In the average grain loss, the rates showed 5.66% in case of SUNMANG and 5.94% in MS. Header loss was higher than other parts for SUNMANG. However, threshing loss was relatively higher than other parts for MS. Header loss rate due to side cutter knifes, however, was not so high when compared with a grain loss due to the cutter bar. Effective field capacity and field efficiency of the prototype combine showed 0.389 ha/h and 44%, respectively. Comparison of customary combine with the prototype combine through field test demonstrated that the header loss was reduced by 69.3% when the prototype combine was used.

• 청정기술
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.102-110
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 동물성 오일로부터 바이오디젤 생산을 위한 에스테르화 반응과 전이에스테르화 반응을 실시하였다. 원료 초기 상태인 동물성 비계로부터 오일을 추출하기 위해 3개의 추출법을 적용하였다. 에스테르화 반응은 불균질계 촉매인 Amberlyst-15와 Amberlyst BD-20 그리고 균질계 촉매인 황산이 사용되었다. 3가지 촉매 중 유리지방산 제거 효율이 가장 높은 촉매는 황산으로 나타났으며 에스테르화 반응에 대한 황산과 메탄올의 최적 투입량 결정을 위해 반응표면분석법(Response Surface Method, RSM)을 적용하였다. 에스테르화 최적 조건 도출 후 유리지방산이 제거된 오일을 이용해 전이에스테르화 반응을 진행하였다. 전이에스테르화 반응 원료의 유리지방산 함량은 1% 이하이며 수분함량은 0.090% 이하였다. 촉매는 KOH, NaOH, $NaOCH_3$를 이용하였으며 무수메탄올에 녹여 사용하였다. 촉매 종류 및 투입량에 따른 영향을 관찰하기 위해 촉매 투입량을 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 wt%로 사용하였고 메탄올은 26.7 wt%로 고정하였다. 알코올 투입량에 따른 영향 실험은 투입량을 오일대비 4 : 1, 6 : 1, 9 : 1, 12 : 1로 변경하여 실시하였으며 촉매양은 0.8 wt%로 고정하였다. 촉매와 알코올 외 반응변수는 모두 동일하게 적용하였다. 반응온도는 메탄올의 끓는점인 $65^{\circ}C$로 설정하였고 내부 온도계를 설치해 반응물의 온도를 측정하였다. 촉매 투입량 변경실험 후 KOH의 FAME 전환율이 높은 것을 확인하였다. 메탄올 투입량 변경실험은 오일대비 6 : 1 이상 사용했을 때 전환율이 높았다. 촉매, 메탄올 변경 실험 중 가장 높은 FAME 함량은 96.0%였으며 품질규격인 96.5%에는 미달하였다. FAME 함량증가 및 불순물 제거를 위해 바이오디젤 증류를 실시하였다. 이때 FAME 함량은 98%로 나타났다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.8-13
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• 2008

Emissions from automobiles have long been considered a prime source of pollutants involved in smog formation and ozone production. Especially VOCs are associated with serious environmental problems such as photo-chemical smog as well as human health effects. Since motor vehicles are a major source of VOCs, estimating of emission from mobile source is the most important factor to control VOCs. VOCs are emitted from various pollution like motor vehicles, mobile and stationary source that has characteristics of toxicity, cancer-causing, bio-accumulation, durability in air and diffusion can exert a bad influence upon human health and environment. However we don't have any standard or regulation about VOCs emissions. This study is summarized as VOCs emission characteristics from in-use light-duty diesel and LPG fueled vehicles. The vehicle exhaust-gas test mode is CVS cycle and nier-10 cycles that developed on EPA and National Institute of Environmental Research. TO-14 method (Toxic Organic) was chosen for VOCs analysis from EPA in USA. This study results will be useful when make a emission factor and rule making of emission standard about domestic VOCs emission for the improve to air condition.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2010년도 제35회 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.795-796
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• 2010

바이오매스로부터 합성액체오일을 생산하기 위한 방법의 하나로써 Fischer-Tropsch 합성이 세계적으로 주목을 받고 있다. $C_7-C_{15}$ 파라핀의 수첨이성화 반응은 세탄넘버의 향상과 저점도, 유동점, 및 어는점 등의 저온유동특성의 개선을 위하여 디젤연료의 생산 공정에 적용된다. Fischer-Tropsch 합성으로부터 생산되는 Jet fuel 등의 상업적인 제품들은 낮은 끓는점과 유동점을 개선해야 한다. 본 연구는 합성 오일로부터 bio-jet fuel을 제조하기 위한 수첨이성화 반응용 촉매를 개발하는데 있다. 수첨이성화 반응용 백금/제올라이트 촉매의 특성을 분석하고 모델반응으로써 도데칸의 수첨이성화반응 성능을 회분식반응기에서 조사하였다.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.251-257
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• 2015

Heavy oil production is receiving significant attention because of increased demands for thermal power generation systems of the diesel engine and boilers. However, asphaltene, which is a heavy oil components (6-8 wt%), reduces the heat efficiency of the fuels owing to its agglomerated sludge of asphaltene during the burning process. Therefore, for hassle-free operation, we should develop asphaltene dispersants to suppress the formation of the sludge. We prepare variable salt-type polymeric dispersants using poly(isobutenyl succinic anhydride) and poly(amine) through both condensation esterification and acid-base neutralization reactions, which we subsequently evaluate for dispersing performance, using Turbiscan measurement. Total acid number (TAN) and total base number (TBN) of 75Lec-25SynDis.2 composed of lecithin and the prepared polymeric salt having the ratio of 3 : 1 are 18.9 and 33.7 mg KOH/g, respectively, which are comparable to those of the commercial dispersants (15.8 and 26.5 mg KOH/g). We determine the initial turbidity observed for 15 min of the polymeric dispersant was determined with transmittance (%), which can be calculated to separability number (SN). The SN value of 75Lec-25SynDis.2 is close to zero, which is superior to that of commercial dispersants and lecithin (0.015 and 0.017).

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.313-321
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the emissions of the air pollutants from the automobile in Suwon city. To estimate emissions due to by automobile the data of express highway and the national road used an observation traffic volume, and the other roads used a method by Vehicle kilometer traveled(VKT). In the emissions due to by automobile from Suwon city, CO was highest 36,290.4 ton/year, NOx at 19,392.1 tons, HC 5,095.4 tons and PM 2,788.7 tons was highly order. SOx emissions in the whole Suwon city by fuel types was investigated with 178ton/year from the Diesel motorcar, 26.9 ton/year and 6.2 ton/year from the gasolines and LPG automobiles, respectively. VOC emissions from the automobile was investigated with 366.4 ton/year (29.22%) from Gwonseon-gu, 329.2 ton/year (26.25%) Yeongtong-gu, 319.9 ton/year (25.51%) Jangan-gu, 238.6 ton/year (19.03%) Paldal-gu.

• 청정기술
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.313-319
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 유리지방산을 4% 포함한 어유로부터 바이오디젤을 제조하기 위해 산촉매를 이용한 에스테르화 반응과 염기촉매를 이용한 전이에스테르화 반응을 수행하였다. 실험에 사용된 어유는 GS바이오사(社)로부터 공급받은 베트남산 메기(catfish)에서 추출된 오일을 사용하였다. 에스테르화 반응에 대하여 불균질계 고체 산촉매로 Amberlyst-15와 Amberlyst BD-20을 이용하였으며 균질계 산촉매로 황산을 사용하였다. 에스테르화 반응에 의한 유리지방산 제거율이 가장 높은 촉매는 황산으로 나타났으며 반응시간도 가장 짧게 나타났다. 3종의 염기촉매 KOH, $NaOCH_3$, NaOH를 이용하여 어유의 전이에스테르화 반응 특성을 조사한 결과 KOH 촉매가 가장 적합한 것으로 나타났다. $NaOCH_3$와 NaOH 촉매의 경우 전이에스테르화 반응시 글리세롤과 바이오디젤이 일정한 조건에서 고형화 현상이 관찰되었으며 비누화 반응이 진행된 것으로 판단된다. KOH 촉매를 이용하여 초기 원료 산가와 메탄올 투입량이 전이에스테르화 반응에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과 초기 원료오일의 산가는 낮을수록 좋았으며 메탄올과 오일의 몰비는 9:1이 적합한 것으로 도출되었다.