• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.152-157
• /
• 2007

In an attempt to develop functional salts having beneficial health effects, we experimentally prepared three functional salts by fortification with soluble seaweed minerals (Hizikia mineral salt, HMS), fucoidan (fucoidan salt, FS) and laver extracts (laver salt, LS). To characterize the functional salts, their physicochemical properties and in vitro functionalities, such as pH, color, mineral composition, solubility, oxidation-reduction potential, sensory properties, angiotesin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, and bile acid binding capacity were investigated. The functional salts revealed slightly lower NaCl concentrations, but showed a variety of pH values compared with conventional table salt. The pH values of HMS, FS, and LS were 11.3, 6.8, and 6.5, respectively. The oxidation-reduction potentials (ORP) of the functional salts varied from -229 mV to 38 mV, significantly lower than refined salt. The functional salts were significantly darker in color than refined salt, and the mineral composition of HMS was considerably enriched compared to refined salt, particularly in potassium ion. As a result of the sensory evaluation, FS and LS were comparatively palatable in saltiness, pungency, bitterness, and overall acceptance compared with refined salt. It was also found that one functional salt had ACE inhibitory activity (54.8% in LS) and another had bile acid binding capacity (80.7% in FS).

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.43-54
• /
• 1982

Bile formation is a complex process comprised of three separate physiologic mechanism operating at two anatomical sites. At present time, it was known that at least two processes are responsible for total canalicular secretion at the bile canaliculus. One of the processes is bile salt-dependent secretion (BSDS) hypothesis that the active transport of bile salts from plasma to bile provided a primary stimulus for bile formation: the osmotic effect of actively transported bile acid was responsible for the movement of water and ions into bile. The other process is bile salt-independent secretion (ESIS), which is unrelated to bile salt secretion at the canaliculus and which may involve the active transport of sodium. The third process for bile formation involves the biliary ductal epithelium. Secretin-stimulated bile characteristically contained bicarbonate in high concentration. Therefor, it was suggested that secretin stimulated water and bicarbonate secretion from the biliary ductules. One the other hand, it was found that a large amounts of cAMP was present in canine bile but no apparent relationship between bile salt secretion and cAMP content in dog bile. However, bile flow studies in human have demonstrated that secretin and glucagon increase bile cAMP secretion as does secretin in baboons. Secretin increases baboon bile duct mucosal cAMP levels in addition to bile CAMP levels suggesting that in that species secretin-stimulated bile flow may be cAMP mediated. It has been postulated that glucagon and theophylline which increase the bile salt-independent secretion in dogs might act through an increased in liver cAMP content. In a few studies, the possible role of cAMP on bile formation has teen tested by administration of an exogenous derivative of cAMP, dibutyryl cAMP. In the rat, DB cAMP did not modify bile flow, but injection of DB cAMP in the dog promoted an increase in the bile salt-independent secretion. Because of these contradictory results, this study was carried out to examine the relationship between cyclic nucleotides and bile flow due to various bile salts as well as secretin or theophylline. Experiments were performed in rabbits with anesthesia produced by the injection of seconal(30 mg/kg). Rabbits had the cystic duct ligated and the proximal end of the divided common duct cannulated with an appropriately sized polyethylene catheter. A similar catheter was placed into the inferior vena cava for administration of drugs. Bile was collected for determination of cyclic nucleotides and total cholate in 15 min. intervals for a few hours. The results are summerized as followings. 1) Administrations of taurocholic acid or chenodeoxycholic acid increased significantly the concentrations of cAMP and cGMP in bile of rabbits. 2) Concentration of cAMP in bile during the continuous infusion of ursodeoxycholic acid, was remarkedly increased in accordance with the increase of bile flow, while on the contrary concentration of cGMP in bile was decreased significantly. 3) Dehydrocholic acid and deoxycholic acid significantly increased bile flow, total cholate output and cyclic nucleotides in bile. 4) Only cAMP concentration in bile was significantly increased from control value by secretin, while theophylline increased cAMP as well as cGMP in rabbit bile. 5) In addition, the administration of secretin to taurocholic acid-stimulated bile flow increased cAMP while theophylline produced the increases of cAMP and cGMP in bile. 6) The administration of insulin to taurocholic acid-stimulated bile flow decreased cAMP concentration, while on the contrary cGMP was remarkedly increased in rabbit bile.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.135-144
• /
• 1990

The effects of bile salts (BS) on the stability of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) liposomes were investigated, observing apparent absorbance of vacant liposomes and calcein release from entrapped liposomes. Unilamellar liposomes were prepared by using a small quantity of palmitoly-immunoglobulin G(IgG) ($2.5{\times}10^{-4}$ mo1/lipid mol) to stabilize the bilayer phase of the unsaturated DOPE which by itself does not form stable liposomes. The destabilization of PE immunoliposomes by papain, clearly demonstrates that the IgG is essential for stabilization of PE bilayer. Approximately 4% of the entrapped calcein was released from the PE liposomes after 1 hr from liposome formation. Calcein release and absorbance of liposomes depended on the BS/lipid ratio because of the solubilization of lipid molecule in bilayer and the formation of mixed micelles. At very low BS concentrations, the incorporation of BS induced BS/lipid aggregates in the outer vesicles monolayer, while high BS concentrations, mixed micelles were formed. Chelate and its conjugates as $3{\alpha},\;7{\alpha},\;12{\alpha}-trihydroxy$ BS induce the concentration of the $3{\alpha}$, $12{\alpha}-dihydroxy$ BS at half-maximal solubilization of immunoliposomes to approximately 2.5-, or 5-fold. Conjugation of BS with glycine or taurine slightly enhanced their capacities to perturb membranes.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.300-311
• /
• 2021

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the cholesterol-assimilation ability of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which were isolated from kimchi, a Korean traditional fermented cabbage. The isolated strain, using modified MRS medium, showed 30.5% cholesterol assimilation activity and was named Pediococcus acidilactici LRCC5307. Types and concentrations of bile were investigated for their effects on increasing the cholesterol assimilation ability of the LRCC5307 strain, a 74.5% decrease in cholesterol was observed when 0.2% bile salts were added. In addition, the manufacture of low-cholesterol butter using LRCC5307 was examined. After fermentation, LRCC5307 with butter showed 8.74 Log CFU/g viable cells, pH 5.43, and a 11% decrease in cholesterol. These results suggest that LRCC5307 could help in the production of healthier butter by decreasing cholesterol and including living LAB.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.29 no.11
• /
• pp.2119-2124
• /
• 2008

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.449-456
• /
• 2008

Phenotypic screening for bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity was performed on Lactobacillus acidophilus PF01 isolated from piglet feces. A gene encoding BSH was identified and cloned from the genomic library of L. acidophilus PF01. The bsh gene and surrounding regions were characterized by nucleotide sequence analysis and were found to contain a single open reading frame (ORF) of 951 nucleotides encoding a 316 amino acid protein. The potential bsh promoter region was located upstream of the start codon. The protein deduced from the complete ORF had high similarity with other BSHs, and four amino acid motifs located around the active site, FGRNXD, AGLNF, VLTNXP, and GXGXGXXGXPGD, were highly conserved. The bsh gene was cloned into the pET21b expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli BLR(DE3) by induction with 0.1mM of isopropylthiogalactopyranoside. The BSH enzyme was purified with apparent homogeneity using a $Ni^{2+}$-NTA agarose column and characterized. The overexpressed recombinant BSH enzyme of L. acidophilus PF01 exhibited hydrolase activity against tauroconjugated bile salts, but not glycoconjugated bile salts. It showed the highest activity against taurocholic acid. The maximum BSH activity occurred at approximately $40^{\circ}C$. The enzyme maintained approximately 70% of its maximum activity even at $60^{\circ}C$, whereas its activity rapidly decreased at below $37^{\circ}C$. The optimum pH was 6, and BSH activity was rapidly inactivated below pH 5 and above pH 7.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.12
• /
• pp.1741-1745
• /
• 2004

Administration of milk and fermented milks produced from indigenous dadih lactic acid bacteria on serum lipids and bile acids, fecal bile acids and microflora was estimated in hypercholesterolemic rats. Anaerobic lactic acid bacteria decreased and coliforms increased in the feces of the control group; however, the number of fecal lactic acid bacteria remained unchanged when rats were administered milk and fermented milks. Only fermented milk made from Lc. lactis subsp. lactis IS-10285 significantly reduced serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and total bile acids. Milk and fermented milks did not influence the HDL cholesterol. Triglyceride and phospholipid levels were significantly lower in the rats fed fermented milk of Lc. lactis subsp. lactis IS-10285 than rats fed milk and fermented milk of Lc. lactis subsp. lactis IS-29862, but not significantly different from the control group. Hypocholesterolemic effect of Lc. lactis subsp. lactis IS-10285 was attributed to its ability to suppress the reabsorption of bile acids into the enterohepatic circulation and to enhance the excretion of bile acids in feces of hypercholesterolemic rats.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.16 no.7
• /
• pp.1047-1052
• /
• 2006

A bile salt hydrolase (BSH) was purified from Lactobacillus plantarum CK 102 and its enzymatic properties were characterized. This enzyme was successfully purified using ion-exchange chromatography with Q-Excellose and hydrophobic interaction chromatography with Butyl-Excellose. The purified enzyme showed a single protein band of 37 kDa by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which was similar to the molecular weight of known BSHs. The amino acid sequence of GLGLPGDLSSMSR, determined by MALDI-TOF, was identical to that of BSH of L. plantarum WCFS1. Although this BSH hydrolyzed all of the six major human bile salts, glycine-conjugated bile acid was the best substrate, based on its specificity and $K_{m}$ value. Among the various substrates, the purified enzyme maximally hydrolyzed glycocholate with apparent $K_{m}$ and $V_{max}$ values of 0.5 mM and 94 nmol/min/mg, respectively. The optimal pH of the enzyme ranged from 5.8 to 6.3. This enzyme was strongly inhibited by thiol enzyme inhibitors such as iodoacetate and periodic acid.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.659-670
• /
• 1995

Cyclosporin A extracted from fungus Trichoderma polysporum Rifai and Cyclindrocarpon lucidum Booth serves as an important immunosuppressive drug in transplantation surgery. Systemic treatment with cyclosporin A induces an impairment of the biliary excretion of the bile salts and cholestasis. This study was designed to observe the Ultrastural changes of the hepatocytes and the bile canaliculi in cyclosporin A-induced intrahepatic cholestasis in rats. Cyclosporin A was injected into male Wistar rats intraperitoneally 50mg per kg body weight and rats were necropsied at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 hours. The liver tissues were observed with transmission and scanning electron microscopes and the results were as follows. Transmission electron microscopy: After cyclosporin A injection, SER and lysosomes were increased in the hepatocytes until 9 hours. At 12 hours after injection of cyclosporin A, RER with dilated cistern were increased, and SER, lysosomes in the cytoplasm were decreased. From 1 hour to 24 hours after injection of cyclosporin A, there were dilation of bile canalliculi and decreased or lost microvilli. At 24 hours the dilation of bile canaliculi were decreased. Scanning electron microsocopy: After cyclosporin A injection, the bile canaliculi were dilated and the microvilli were shortened, decreased or lost according to the sites. At 24 hours, the microvilli packing the bile canaliculi were observed. These observations suggest that cyclosporin A-induced cholestasis is associated with the dilation of bile canaliculi, increased microfilaments of the pericanalicular region and decreased or lost microvilli.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.405-412
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to isolate and characterize bacteriocin-producing bacteria against Clostridium perfringens from domestic animals to determine their usefulness as probiotics. The feces of cattle and chicken were used as sources to isolate bacteriocin-producing bacteria using the spot-on-lawn method. In total, 900 bacterial stains were isolated from domestic animal feces, and 19 strains were finally selected after determining the inhibitory activity against the pathogenic indicator C. perfringens KCTC 3269. Eighteen strains of Bacillus subtilis and one strain of Brevibacillus parabrevis were identified by 16s rRNA sequencing. Most of the bacterial strains isolated were resistant to 0.5% bile salts and remained viable after 2 h at pH 3.0. Additionally, some B. subtilis strains showed strong inhibitory activity against Listeria monocytogenes. We isolated and screened B. subtilis strains CB 153 and CB 189 from cattle and B. subtilis MSC 156 and B. parabrevis MSC 164 from chickens using probiotic selection criteria such as inhibition activity against C. perfringens and tolerance to acid and bile salts. The isolated bacteriocin-producing bacteria and/or bacteriocin have the potential to be used as probiotics in the livestock industry.