• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.16
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• pp.331-359
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• 2001

Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (1999) Drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws. The Act allows the use of electronic records and electronic signatures in any transaction, except transactions subject to the Uniform Commercial Code. The fundamental purpose of this act is to remove perceived barriers to electronic commerce. The Act's a procedural statute. It does not mandate either electronic signatures or records, but provides a means to effectuate transactions when they are used. The primary objective is to establish the legal equivalence of electronic records and signatures with paper writings and manually-signed signatures. With regard to the general scope of the Act, the Act's coverage is inherently limited by the definition of "transaction." The Act does not apply to all writings and signatures, but only to electronic records and signatures relating to a transaction, defined as those interactions between people relating to business, commercial and governmental affairs. The exclusion of specific Articles of the Uniform Commercial Code reflects the recognition that, particularly in the case of Articles 5, 8 and revised Article 9, electronic transactions were addressed in the specific contexts of those revision processes. In the context of Articles 2 and 2A the UETA provides the vehicle for assuring that such transactions may be accomplished and effected via an electronic medium. At such time as Articles 2 and 2A are revised the extent of coverage in those Articles(Acts) may make application of this Act as a gap-filling law desirable. Similar considerations apply to the recently promulgated Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act (UCITA). Another fundamental premise of the Act is that it be minimalist and procedural. The general efficacy of existing law, in an electronic context, so long as biases and barriers to the medium are removed, confirms this approach. The Act defers to existing substantive law. Specific areas of deference to other law in this Act include: i) the meaning and effect of "sign" under existing law, ii) the method and manner of displaying, transmitting and formatting information in section 8, iii) rules of attribution in section 9, and iv) the law of mistake in section 10.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

This study investigates the geometric and spatial image quality analysis of KOMPSAT-3A stereo pair. KOMPSAT-3A is, the latest satellite of KOMPSAT family, a Korean earth observation satellite operating in optical bands. A KOMPSAT-3A stereo pair was taken on 23 November, 2015 with 0.55 m ground sampling distance over Terrassa area of Spain. The convergence angle of KOMPSAT-3A stereo pair was estimated as $58.68^{\circ}$. The investigation was assessed through the evaluation of the geopositioning analysis, image quality estimation and the accuracy of automatic Digital Surface Model (DSM) generation and compared with those of KOMPSAT-3 stereo pair with the convergence angle of $44.80^{\circ}$ over the same area. First, geopositioning accuracy was tested with initial rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs) and after compensating the biases of the initial RPCs by manually collected ground control points. Then, regarding image quality, relative edge response was estimated for manually selected points visible from two stereo pairs. Both of the initial and bias-compensated positioning accuracy and the quality assessment result expressed that KOMPSAT-3A images showed higher performance than those of KOMPSAT-3 images. Finally, the accuracy of DSMs generated from KOMPSAT-3A and KOMPSAT-3 stereo pairs were examined with respect to the reference LiDAR-derived DSM. The various DSMs were generated over the whole coverage of individual stereo pairs with different grid spacing and over three types of terrain; flat, mountainous and urban area. Root mean square errors of DSM from KOMPSAT-3A pair were larger than those for KOMPSAT-3. This seems due to larger convergence angle of the KOMPSAT-3A stereo pair.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.533-543
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• 2010

Asking sensitive questions by a direct survey method causes non-response bias and response bias. Non-response bias arises from interviewees refusal to respond and response bias arises from giving incorrect responses. To rectify these biases, Warner (1965) introduced a randomized response model which is an alternative survey method for socially undesirable or incriminating behavior questions. The randomized response model is a procedure for collecting the information on sensitive characteristics without exposing the identity of the respondent. Many survey researchers have proposed diverse variants of the Warner randomized response model and applied their model to collect the information of sensitive questions. Using an optimal allocation, we proposed three-stage stratified randomized response technique which is an extension of the Kim and Elam (2005) two-stage stratified randomized response technique. In this study, we showed that the estimator based on the proposed response model is more efficient than Kim and Elam (2005). But by adding one more survey step to the Kim and Elam (2005), our proposed model may have relatively less privacy protection compared to the Kim and Elam (2005) model.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.55-66
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• 2010

Propensity score adjustment(PSA) has been suggested as approach to adjustment for volunteer internet survey. PSA attempts to decrease the biases arising from noncoverage and nonprobability sampling in volunteer panel internet surveys. Although PSA is an appealing method, its application for internet survey regarding Korea presidential election and its effectiveness is not well investigated. In this study, we compare the Ni Korea internet survey with the telephone survey conducted by MBMR and KBS for 2007 Korean presidential election. The result of study show that the accuracy of internet survey can be improved by using PSA. And it is critical to include covariates that highly related to the voting tendency and the role of nondemographic variables seems important to improving PSA for Korea presidential election prediction.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.62-81
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• 2010

We are easily supposed to think that outdoor EE can help make Eco-Sense, furthermore 'Eco' means nature and natural resource itself. Relatively we are likely to think indoor EE is something theoretical or knowledge-oriented. It comes from our strong beliefs going into nature would be best choice for feeling Eco-mind. But every place in our daily life could be space for finding Eco-feeling(mind), as far as the relation to life in there. No life without ecological relation, so firstly we need to be rethink Eco-feeling could be enough trained in daily life, our EE trends that have distinguished between indoor and outdoor should be rearranged, going there is just for when we unavoidably need to go for outdoor experience. So I focus on two special causes bringing out these biases, 1st Environmental management-thinking, which has been passed over this trend under the name of training environmentally responsible citizen through Awareness, Knowledge, Skill and Attitudes. 2nd important cause is cultural metaphors, which means our thinking is fixed into some patterns, losing cultural thinking diversity, although eco-culture in our daily life has been figured our daily life out as ecological phenomenon hermeneutically. To illustrate this problematic trends, this paper will introduce theories of Bateson G. and Bowers C.A. mainly, who insist fixed pattern-thinking bound for environmental management could be obstacles to make students see and have Ecological intelligence in their mind throughout daily life. This paper will focus on how to feel Eco-mind in our daily life through cultural experience. Representative way for this is to research on rice paddy eco-system and rice culture.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.253-258
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• 1998

To verify the suitability of microwave digestion method for analyzing macro nutrients and metals. K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, and Mn contents in plant and composts were investigated comparing with conventional wet digestion method. Because it takes short time to digest metal samples by using microwave method compared with conventional wet digestion method. Digestion time for metal samples was four to six hours long for wet digestion, while one hour long for microwave digestion. Determinant coefficients of Cu, Mn, Zn, Ca, K, and Mg contents between two analyzing methods were 0.99, 0.99, 0.94. 0.97, 0.98, and 0.91, respectively. In the case of Ca and K, microwave digestion method analyzed their contents relatively low compared with wet digestion method. Meanwhile, microwave digestion method analyzed the contents for Cu, Ma, and Zn relatively high compared with wet digestion method. This study results in that microwave digestion method could be an alternative to replacing conventional wet digestion method.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2017

Precise Point Positioning-Real Time Kinematic (PPP-RTK) refers to a technology that combines PPP with network-RTK in which a user does not directly receive observed data from a reference station but receives State-Space Representation (SSR) messages corrected for error components from a central processing station through Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet Protocol (NTRIP) or Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) for purposes of positioning. SSR messages, which refer to corrections used in PPP-RTK, are generated by a central processing station using real-time observed data collected from reference stations and account for corrections needed due to the ionosphere, troposphere, satellite orbital errors, satellite time offsets, and satellite biases. This study used a type of SSR message provided in South Korea, known as Korea-SSR (K-SSR), to implement a PPP-RTK algorithm based on code-pseudorange measurements and validated its accuracy within the reference station network. In order to validate the accuracy of the implemented algorithm outside of the network, the K-SSR was extrapolated and applied to positioning in reference stations in Changchun, China (CHAN) and Japan (AIRA). This also entailed a quantitative evaluation that measured improvements in accuracy in comparison with point positioning. The results of the study showed that positioning applied with extrapolated K-SSR correction data was more accurate in both AIRA and CHAN than point positioning with improvements of approximately 20~50%.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.171-182
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• 2006

In this study, rainfall-runoff analysis was performed for Yongdam watershed($930km^2$) using KOWACO flood analysis model based on Storage Function Method as lumped hydrologic model and Vflo which was developed for real-time flood prediction by University of Oklahoma. The results shows that, the hydrographs of lumped and distributed model with uncalibrated parameters which estimated from physical or experimental relationship show significant biases from observed hydrographs. However, the hydrograph at Cheoncheon site from the distributed model follows the actual hydrograph to an extent that no more calibration is necessary. It encourages that distributed model can have advantages for application in real-time flood forecasting as physically based distributed hydrologic model which can construct event-independent basin parameter group.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.44 no.8
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• pp.45-51
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• 2007

We designed and fabricated the planar graded-gap injector GaAs Gm diodes with $1.6{\mu}m$ active length for operation at 94 GHz. The fabrication of the Gunn diode is based on MESA etching, Ohmic metalization, and overlay metalization. The measured negative resistance characteristics of the graded-gap injector GaAs Gunn diodes are examined for two different device structures changing the distance between the cathode and the anode electrodes. Also, we discuss the DC results under the forward and the reverse biases concerning the role of the graded-gap injector. It is shown that the structure having the shorter distance between the cathode and the anode electrode has higher peak current, higher breakdown voltage, and lower threshold voltage than those of the larger distance.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.269-275
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• 2013

In this paper, a new modeling method of a magnetic levitation(Maglev) system using extreme learning machine(ELM) is proposed. The linearized methods using Taylor Series expansion has been used for modeling of a Maglev system. However, the numerical method has some drawbacks when dealing with the components with high nonlinearity of a Maglev system. To overcome this problem, we propose a new modeling method of the Maglev system with electro magnetic suspension, which is based on ELM with fast learning time than conventional neural networks. In the proposed method, the initial input weights and hidden biases of the method are usually randomly chosen, and the output weights are analytically determined by using Moore-Penrose generalized inverse. matrix Experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve better performance for modeling of Maglev system than the previous numerical method.