• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.179-194
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• 2009

The spatial distribution of crime incidences in urban neighborhoods is a reflection of their socio-economic environment and spatial inter-relations. Spatial interactions between offenders and victims lead to spatial autocorrelation of the crime incidences. The spatial autocorrelation among the incidences biases the interpretation of the ecological model in OLS framework. This research investigates residential crimes using residential burglaries and robberies occurred in the city of Columbus, Ohio, for 2000. In particular, the spatial distribution of incidence rates of residential crimes are accounted in OLS framework using eigenvectors, which reflect spatial dependence in crime patterns. Result presents that handling spatial autocorrelation enhanced model estimation, and both economic deprivation and crime opportunity are turned out significant in estimating residential crime rates.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2012

This article aimed to describe typical event-related potentials (ERP) components of emotional processing in patients with anxiety disorder and highly anxious individuals. ERP components associated with emotional processing could be broadly divided into three components with short, middle and long, respectively. Many studies show that patients with anxiety disorders are characterized by different emotional bias to specific stimuli and more sensitive to emotional stimuli than normal individuals. In addition, these emotional biases were stronger and quicker in patients with anxiety disorder than normal individuals. Some studies reported that anxious people show abnormality at the initial stage (e.g. P1) of emotional processing. However, other studies reported the abnormality at the late stage (e.g. LPP) or wholeness of emotional processing in anxious individuals. We summarized the updated finding of possible ERP components of emotional processing in patients with anxiety disorder and highly anxious individuals. The significance and clinical implication were discussed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.7-10
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• 2002

The breeding data relating to Hariana herd spread over 18 years (1979-96) were analysed to estimate genetic, phenotypic and environmental changes in characters of economic importance which might have taken place during the several years of selective breeding practiced in the herd. The average genetic changes in a given character were estimated by four methods. The phenotypic trends observed for different economic traits were not significant. On changing the method of estimation, magnitude and direction of genetic trends changed. Comparison of estimates of genetic trends by different methods showed that adjustments for biases due to non-random allotment of dams with respect to their age and merit suggested by Powell and Freeman (1974) were useful for increasing the precision of the estimates. Hence, this method was found to be the best method for estimation of genetic trends. The estimate of genetic trends by this method were 4.03${\pm}$6.21 days, 3.24${\pm}$5.33 kg, 0.15${\pm}$0.43 days, 0.09${\pm}$0.59 days, 0.01${\pm}$0.02 kg and 0.01${\pm}$0.01 kg for age at first calving, first lactation milk yield, first lactation length, first calving interval, first lactation milk yield per day lactation length and first lactation milk yield per day of calving interval, respectively.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.9-14
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• 2004

This paper reports the measurement and analysis of the short channel effects and the punchthrough voltage of SOI-MOSFET with a self-aligned ground plane electrode in the silicon mechanical substrate underneath the buried oxide. When the channel length is reduced below 0.2${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ it is observed that the threshold voltage roll-off and the subthreshold swing with channel length are reduced and DIBL is improved more significantly in GP-SOI devices than FD-SOI devices. It is also observed from the dependence of threshold voltage with substrate biases that the body factor is a higher in GP-SOI devices than FD-SOI devices. From the measurement results of punchthrough voltage, GP-SOI devices show the higher punchthrough voltages than FD-SOI devices

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1053-1059
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• 2013

Heading bias effects in PNS using IMUs attached to shoes are analyzed in this paper. The navigation algorithms of a single foot PNS where one IMU is attached to a foot and dual foot PNSs where two IMUs are attached to each foot are derived. Two navigation algorithms are proposed for the dual foot PNS: 1) the positions from the independent right and left foot PNSs are averaged to provide the final position, 2) the right and left foot PNSs are correlated and it provides positions of each foot. Furthermore, it is proven that two methods are equal. Using the derived navigation algorithms the effect of heading bias caused by a misalignment of the moving direction and IMU is analyzed. The analysis explains the position error of a single foot PNS is diverged while the heading bias is effectively compensated in dual foot PNSs because of the symmetry of heading biases. The experimental results confirm the analysis.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.437-447
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• 2017

Explicit expressions for rapid prediction of inelastic design quantities (considering cracking of concrete) from corresponding elastic quantities, are presented for multi-storey composite frames (with steel columns and steel-concrete composite beams) subjected to service load. These expressions have been developed from weights and biases of the trained neural networks considering concrete stress, relative stiffness of beams and columns including effects of cracking in the floors below and above. Large amount of data sets required for training of neural networks have been generated using an analytical-numerical procedure developed by the authors. The neural networks have been developed for moments and deflections, for first floor, intermediate floors (second floor to ante-penultimate floor), penultimate floor and topmost floor. In the case of moments, expressions have been proposed for exterior end of exterior beam, interior end of exterior beam and both interior ends of interior beams, for each type of floor with a total of twelve expressions. Similarly, in the case of deflections, expressions have been proposed for exterior beam and interior beam of each type of floor with a total of eight expressions. The proposed expressions have been verified by comparison of the results with those obtained from the analytical-numerical procedure. This methodology helps to obtain the inelastic design quantities from the elastic quantities with simple calculations and thus would be very useful in preliminary design.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.399-414
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to review and identify factors relevant to workplace bullying in nursing. Methods: Twenty-three studies that met the criteria were selected from a sample of twenty-six studies. These articles were retrieved from a central literature databases (N=13,241). The total correlational effect size (ESr) for each related factor was calculated from Fisher's Zr. A funnel plot inspection (similar to scatter plot) with a trim-and-fill method was used to assess the publication bias of the meta-analyzed studies. Results: From the systematic review, fifty-one factors were identified as having an influencing effect. Fourteen factors (five individual and nine organizational factors) were eligible for meta-analysis. The individual factors included, self-esteem (ESr=-.31), psychological capital (ESr=-.26), and marital status (ESr=-.06) which were significantly correlated with workplace bullying. Organizational factors included, organizational tolerance (ESr=.48), supervisor incivility (ESr=.47), job stress (ESr=.46), group morale (ESr=-.36), group support (ESr=-.35), supervisor leadership (ESr=-.35), group identity (ESr=-.33), and structural empowerment (ESr=-.27). These factors were significantly correlated with workplace bullying. There were no publication biases except for both individual and organizational factors. Conclusion: Organizational factors have more of an greater impact than individual factors on workplace bullying. The results of this study support the need for intervention at the organizational level.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.159-177
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• 2020

Purpose: This study aimed at identifying factors related to persistent postoperative pain after cardiac surgery and estimating their effect sizes. Methods: The literature search and selection was conducted in four different databases (CINAHL, Cochrane Library, PubMed, and PQDT) using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Statement. A total of 14 studies met the inclusion criteria and were systematically reviewed. For the meta-analysis, R was used to analyze 30 effect sizes of for both individual and operative factors as well as publication biases from a total of nine studies. Results: The meta-analysis revealed that persistent postoperative pain after cardiac surgery was related to one individual factor (gender) and two operative factors (acute postoperative pain and use of the internal mammary artery). Operative factors (OR=5.26) had a larger effect size than individual factors (OR=1.53). Conclusion: Female gender, acute pain after surgery, and use of the internal mammary artery are related factors to persistent postoperative pain. The development of interventions focusing on modifiable related factors, such as acute postoperative pain, may help to minimize or prevent PPP after cardiac surgery.

• Atmosphere
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.91-102
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• 2020

MERRA-2 ozone and atmospheric data are utilized to test the usefulness of reanalysis-based tracer transport analysis for ozone in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). Transport and mixing processes related to the seasonal variation of TTL ozone are examined using the tracer transport equation based on the transformed Eulerian mean, and the results are compared to previously proposed values from model analyses. The analysis shows that the seasonal variability of TTL ozone is mainly determined by two processes: vertical mean transport and horizontal eddy mixing of ozone, with different contributions in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The horizontal eddy mixing process explains the major portion of the seasonal cycle in the northern TTL, while the vertical mean transport dominates in the southern TTL. The Asian summer monsoon likely contributes to this observed difference. The ozone variability and related processes in MERRA-2 reanalysis show qualitatively similar features with satellite- and model-based analyses, and it provides advantages of fine-scale analyses. However, it still shows significant quantitative biases in ozone budget analysis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.205-211
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• 2006

A quantitative analytical method to detect new lines of genetically modified (GM) maize, NK603 and TC1507, has been developed by using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). To detect these GM lines, two specific primer pairs and probes were designed. A plasmid as a reference molecule was constructed from an endogenous DNA sequence of maize, a universal sequence of a cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter used in most GMOs, and each DNA sequence specific to the NK603 and TC1507 lines. For the validation of this method, the test samples of 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0, and 10.0% each of the NK603 and TC1507 GM maize were quantitated. At the 3.0% level, the biases (mean vs. true value) for the NK603 and TC1507 lines were 3.3% and 15.7%, respectively, and their relative standard deviations were 7.2% and 5.5%, respectively. These results indicate that the PCR method developed in this study can be used to quantitatively detect the NK603 and TC1507 lines of GM maize.