• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.394-399
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• 1994

The catalytic mechanism of malonyl-CoA synthetase from Rhizobium trifolii was investigated by the steady state kinetics and intermediate identification. Initial velocity studies and the product inhibition studies with AMP and PPi strongly suggested ordered Bi Uni Uni Bi Ping-Pong Ter Ter system as the most probable steady state kinetic mechanism of malonyl-CoA synthetase. Michaelis constants were $0.17{\pm}0.04 {\mu}M,\;0.24{\pm}0.18 {\mu}M\;and\;0.045{\pm}0.26 {\mu}$M for ATP, malonate and CoA, respectively. The TLC analysis of the $^{32}P-labelled$ products in reaction mixture containing $[{\gamma}-^{32}P]$ ATP in the absence of CoA showed that PPi was produced after the sequential addition of ATP and malonate. Formation of malonyl-AMP, suggested as an intermediate in the kinetically deduced mechanism, was confirmed by the analysis of $^{31}P-NMR$ spectra of AMP product isolated from the $^{18}O$ transfer experiment using $[^{18}O]$malonate. Two resonances were observed, corresponding to AMP labelled with zero and one atom of $^{18}O$, indicating that one atom of $^{18}O$ transferred from $[^{18}O]$malonate to AMP through the formation of malonyl-AMP. Formation of malonyl-AMP was also confirmed through the TLC analysis of reaction mixture containing $[{\alpha}-^{32}P]$ATP. These results strongly support the ordered Bi Uni Uni Bi Ping-Pong Ter Ter mechanism deduced from the initial velocity and product inhibition studies.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.595-646
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• 2000

I. Introduction Bi(痺) means blocking. BiJeung is one kind of symptoms making muscles, bones and jonts feel pain, numbness or edema. For example it can be gout or SLE etc. says that Bi is combination of PungHanSeup. And many doctors said that BiJeung is caused by food, fatigue, sex, stress and change of weather. Therefore we must treat BiJeung by character of patients and characteristic of the disease. Many famous doctors studied medical science by their fathers or teachers. So the history of medical science is long. So I studied ${\ll}Bijeungjujip{\gg}$. II. Final Decision 1. JoGeumTak(趙金鐸) devided BiJeung into Pung, Han, Seup and EumHeo, HeulHeo, YangHeo, GanSinHeo by charcter or reaction of pain. And he use DaeJinGyoTang, GyegiGakYakJiMoTang, SamyoSan, etc. 2. JangPaeGyeu(張沛圭) focused on division of HanYeol(寒熱; coldness and heat) in spite of complexity of BiJeung. He also used insects for treatment. They are very useful for treatment of BiJeung because they can remove EoHyeol(瘀血). 3. SeolMaeng(薛盟) said that the actual cause of BiJeung is Seup. So he thought that BiJeung can be divided into PungSeup, SeupYeol, HanSeup. And he established 6 rules to treat BiJeung and he studied herbs. 4. JangGi(張琪) introduced 10 prescriptions and 10 rules to cure BiJeung. The 1st prescription is for OyeSa, 2nd for internal Yeol, 3rd for old BiJeung, 4th for Soothing muscles, 5th for HanSeup, 6th for regular BiJeung, 7th for functional disorder, 8th for YeolBi, 9th for joint pain and 10th for pain of lower limb. 5. GangSeYoung(江世英) used PungYeongTang(風靈湯) for the treatment of PungBi, OGyeHeukHoTang(烏桂黑虎湯) for HanBi, BangGiMokGwaTang(防己木瓜湯) for SeupBi, YeolBiTang(熱痺湯) for YeolBi, WoDaeRyeokTang(牛大力湯) for GiHei, HyeolPungGeunTang(血楓根湯) for HyeolHeo, ToJiRyongTang(土地龍湯) for the acute stage of SeupBi, OJoRyongTang(五爪龍湯) for the chronic stage of SeupBi, and so on. 6. ShiGeumMook(施今墨) devided BiJeung into four types. They are PungSeupYeol, PungHanSeup, GiHyeolSil(氣血實) and GiHyeolHeo(氣血虛). And he introduced the eight rules of the treatment(SanPun(散風), ChukHan(逐寒), GeoSeuP(, CheongYeol(淸熱), TongRak(通絡), HwalHyeol(活血), HaengGi(行氣), BoHeo(補虛)). 7. WangYiYou(王李儒) explained the acute athritis and said that it can be applicable to HaneBi(行痺). And he used GyeJiJakYakJiMoTang(桂枝芍蘂知母湯) for HanBi and YeolBiJinTongTang(熱痺鎭痛湯) for YeolBi. 8. JangJinYeo(章眞如) said that YeolBi is more common than HanBi. The sympthoms of YeolBi are severe pain, fever, dried tongue, insomnia, etc. And he devided YeolBi into SilYeol and HeoYeol. In case of SilYeol, he used GyeoJiTangHapBaekHoTang(桂枝湯合白虎湯) and in case of HeoYeol he used JaEumYangAekTang(滋陰養液湯). 9. SaHaeJu(謝海洲) introduced three important rules of treatment and four appropriate rules of treatment of BiJeung. 10. YouDoJu(劉渡舟) said that YeolBi is more common than HanBi. He used GaGamMokBanGiTang(加減木防已湯) for YeolBi, GyeJiJakYakJiMoTang or GyeJiBuJaTang(桂枝附子湯) for HanBi and WooHwangHwan(牛黃丸) for the joint pain. 11. GangYiSon(江爾遜) focused on the internal cause. The most important internal cause is JeongGiHeo(正氣虛). So he tried to treat BiJeung by means of balance of Gi and Hyeol. So he ususlly used ODuTang(烏頭湯) and SamHwangTang(三黃湯) for YeolBi, OJeokSan(五積散) for HanBi, SamBiTang(三痺湯) for the chronic BiJeung. 12. HoGeonHwa(胡建華) said that to distinguish YeolBi from Hanbi is very difficult. So he used GyeJiJakYakJiMoTang in case of mixture of HanBi and YeoBi. 13. PiBokGo(畢福高) said that the most common BiJeung is HanBi. He usually used acupuncture with medicine. He followed the theory of EumYongHwa(嚴用和)-he focused on SeonBoHuSa(先補後瀉). 14. ChoiMunBin(崔文彬) used GeoPungHwalHyeolTang(祛風活血湯) for HanBi, SanHanTongRakTang(散寒通絡湯) for TongBi(痛痺), LiSeupHwaRakTang(利濕和絡湯) for ChakBi(着痺), CheongYeolTongGyeolChukBiTang(淸熱通經逐痺湯) for YeolBi(熱痺) and GeoPungHwalHyeolTang(祛風活血湯) for PiBi(皮痺). 15. YouleokSeon(劉赤選) introduced the common principle for the treatment of BiJeung. He used HaePuneDeungTang(海風藤湯) for HaengBi(行痺), SinChakTang(腎着湯), DokHwalGiSaengTang(獨活寄生湯) for TongBi(痛痺), TongPungBang(痛風方) for ChakBi(着痺) and SangGiYiMiTangGaYeongYangGakTang(桑枝苡米湯加羚羊角骨) for YeolBi(熱痺). 16. LimHakHwa(林鶴和) said about TanTan(movement disorders or numbness) and devided TanTan into the acute stage and the chronic stage. He used acupuncture at the meridian spot like YeolGyeol(列缺), HapGok(合谷), etc. And he also used MaHwangBuJaSeSinTang(麻黃附子細辛湯) in case of the acute stage. In the chronic stage he used BangPungTang(防風湯). 17. JinBaekGeun(陳伯勤) liked to use three rules(HwaHyeol(活血), ChiDam(治痰), BoSin(補腎)) to treat BiJeung. He used JinTongSan(鎭痛散) for the purpose of HwalHyeol(活血), SoHwalRakDan(小活絡丹) for ChiDam(治痰) and DokHwalGiSaengTang(獨活寄生湯) for BoSin(補腎). 18. YimGyeHak(任繼學) focused on YangHyeolJoGi(養血調氣) if the stage of BiJeung is chronic. And in the chronic stage he insisted on not using GalHwal(羌活), DokHwal(獨活) and BangPung(防風).

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.97-105
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• 1989

This study deals with micellar effects on hydrolyses of p-nitrophenyl carboxylic esters(p-NPCE) mediated by 2-alkylbenzimidazole(R-BI) and sodium 2-alkylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonate(R-BISO$_3$Na) in aqueous and CTABr solutions. The reactions mediated by R-BI and R-BISO$_3$Na in micellar solutions are obviously slower than those by benzimidazole(BI) and sodium benzimidazole-5-sulfonate(BISO$_3$Na) respectively, and the reaction rates were decreased with increase of lengths of alkyl groups. This prestents a striking contrast to the reactions in aqueous solutions without added CTABr, of which the reaction rates are on approximately same levels. It seems due to steric effect of alkyl groups for R-BI and R-BISO$_3$Na in the Stern layer of micelle, and it is supported by measured activation parameters(${\Delta}H^{\neq},\;{\Delta}G^{\neq}\;and\;{\Delta}S^{\neq}$) of the reactions in aqueous and micellar solutions. In addition to nucleophilic ability of benzimidazole(BI) moiety of R-BISO$_3$Na on the reactions, these compounds with long alkyl groups(nonyl to pentadecyl) which form a micelle of themselves increase the reaction rates due to their micellar catalyses in aqueous solutions, not including CTABr. We measured the isotope effects to elucidate the mechanism of hydrolyses of p-nitrophenyl carboxylic esters, and the relative first order rate constant($k'_{H_2O}/k'_{D_2O}$) are on range of 2.5∼3.2. This range is too high to conclude that the hydrolyses of p-NPA mediated by various R-BISO$_3$Na proceed by nucleophilic mechanism. In other words, the reactions are assumed to proceed in part by general basic one, as compared with the reaction catalyzed by imidazole(IM) in aqueous solution.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.81 no.2
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• pp.379-394
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• 2020

Purpose To design a scoring system to predict malignancy of additional MRI-detected lesions in breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods Eighty-six lesions (64 benign and 22 malignant) detected on preoperative MRI of 68 breast cancer patients were retrospectively included. The clinico-radiologic features were correlated with the histopathologic results using the Student's t-test, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression analysis. The scoring system was designed based on the significant predictive features of malignancy, and its diagnostic performance was compared with that of the Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category. Results Lesion size ≥ 8 mm (p < 0.001), location in the same quadrant as the primary cancer (p = 0.005), delayed plateau kinetics (p = 0.010), T2 isointense (p = 0.034) and hypointense (p = 0.024) signals, and irregular mass shape (p = 0.028) were associated with malignancy. In comparison with the BI-RADS category, the scoring system based on these features with suspicious non-mass internal enhancement increased the diagnostic performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.918 vs. 0.727) and detected three false-negative cases. With this scoring system, 22 second-look ultrasound examinations (22/66, 33.3%) could have been avoided. Conclusion The scoring system based on the lesion size, location relative to the primary cancer, delayed kinetic features, T2 signal intensity, mass shape, and non-mass internal enhancement can provide a more accurate approach to evaluate MRI-detected lesions in breast cancer patients.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.60-60
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• 2010

1-D nanostructured materials have much more attention because of their outstanding properties and wide applicability in device fabrication. Bismuth oxide($Bi_2O_3$) is an important p-type semiconductor with main crystallographic polymorphs denoted by $\alpha-$, $\beta-$, $\gamma-$, and $\delta-Bi_2O_3$[1]. Due to its unique optical and electrical properties, $Bi_2O_3$ has been extensively investigated for various applications in gas sensors, photovoltaic cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors[2-4]. In this study, $Bi_2O_3$ NWs were grown by two step annealing process: in the first step, after annealing at $270^{\circ}C$ for 10h in a vaccum($3{\times}10^{-6}$ torr), we can obtain the bismuth nanowires. In the second step, after annealing at $300^{\circ}C$ for 2h in $O_2$ ambient, we successfully fabicated $Bi_2O_3$nanowires.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.522-531
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• 2003

Samples with the nominal composition, B $i_{1.84}$P $b_{0.34}$S $r_{1.91}$C $a_{2.03}$C $u_{3.06}$ $O_{10+{\delta}}$ high- $T_{c}$ superconductors containing MgO as an additive were fabricated by a solid-state reaction method. Samples with MgO of 5~30 wt% each were sintered at 820~86$0^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. The structural characteristics, critical temperature, grain size and image of mapping with respect to MgO contents were analyzed by XRD(X-Ray Diffraction), SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope) and EDS(Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer) respectively. As MgO contents increased, intensity of MgO Peaks and ratio of Bi-2212 phase in superconductors intensified and the proportion of the phase transition from Bi-2223 to Bi-2212 was increased.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.2935-2940
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• 2014

Monodispersed $Bi_2O_2CO_3$ nanoplates with an average width of 320 nm and thicknesses of 50-90 nm were successfully synthesized by a simple solvothermal method in a mixture solution of polyethylene glycol and $H_2O$. The obtained nanoplates were characterized by means of XRD, FT-IR, SEM and TEM. The effect of surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate on the morphology of $Bi_2O_2CO_3$ product was investigated. Under simulated solar light irradiation, $Bi_2O_2CO_3$ nanoplates exhibited superior photocatalytic activities towards the degradation of RhB as well as high chemical stability upon cycling photocatalytic test. The nanoplates also showed promising photodegradation ability for eliminating refractory pollutant of phenol. The excellent photocatalytic performance of $Bi_2O_2CO_3$ nanoplates as compared with P25-$TiO_2$ endows them as promising high efficiency photocatalysts.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.98-101
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• 2007

Yttrium(Y)-substituted bismuth titanate $(Bi_{4-x},Y_x)Ti_3O_{12}$ [x=0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1](BYT) thin films were deposited using an RF sputtering method on the $Pt/TiO_2/SiO_2/Si$ substrates. The structural properties and electrical properties of yttrium-substituted $(Bi_4-xYx)Ti_3O_{12}$ thin films were analyzed. The remanent polarization of $(Bi_4-xYx)Ti_3O_{12}$ films increased with increasing Y-content. The $(Bi_{3.25}Y_{0.75})Ti_3O_{12}$ films fabricated using a top Au electrode showed saturated polarization-electric field(P-E) switching curves with a remanent polarization(Pr) of $8{\mu}C/cm^2$ and coercive field (Ec) of 53 kV/cm at an applied voltage of 7 V. The $(Bi_{3.25}Y_{0.75})Ti_3O_{12}$ films exhibited fatigue-free behavior up to $4.5{\times}10^{11}$ read/write switching cycles at a frequency of 1MHz.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.577-580
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• 2015

In this paper, in order to develop the composition ceramics with the outstanding piezoelectric properties, $Pb(Mg_{1/2}W_{1/2})_{0.03}(Ni_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})_{0.09}(Zr_{0.5}Ti_{0.5})_{0.88}O_3$ ceramics substituted with $BiFeO_3$ were prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method. The addition of small amount of $Li_2CO_3$ and $CaCO_3$ as sintering aids decreased the sintering temperature of the ceramics. The effects of $BiFeO_3$ substitution on their piezoelectric and dielectric properties were investigated. when 0.015 mol $BiFeO_3$ was substituted, the optimal physical properties of $d_{33}=590pC/N$, $E_c=8.78kV/mm$ were obtained.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

In this investigation, Bi₂MoO₆ deposited graphene nanocomposite (BMG) was synthesized using a simple microwave assisted hydrothermal synthesis method. The synthesized BMG nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and photocurrent analysis. The study revealed that the catalysts prepared have high crystalline nature, enhanced light responsive property, high catalytic activity, and good stability. XRD results of BMG composite exhibit a koechlinite phase of Bi₂MoO₆. The surface property is shown by SEM and TEM, which confirmed a homogenous composition in the bulk particles of Bi₂MoO₆ and nanosheets of graphene. The catalytic behavior was investigated by the decomposition of Rhodamine B as a standard dye. The results exhibit excellent yields of product derivatives at mild conditions under ultrasonic/visible light-medium. Approximately 1.6-times-enhanced sono-photocatalytic activity was observed by introduction of Bi₂MoO₆ on graphene nanosheet compared with control sample P25 during 50 min test.