• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2014

The adhesive material was found for joining pottery fragments from Duurlig Nars, Mongolia estimated in AD 1C. In this study, analysis of natural substance for joining fragments of pottery was performed using gas chromatograph and mass spectrometer. As a result, it was identified triterpenoid substances, such as lupeol and betulin which were known to constituents of birch bark tar. It was suggested that Mongolian used adhesives made by birch bark tar for joining pottery fragments. Therefore if organic materials of ancient objects are systematically researched, it can provide significant evidence related to the way of life of ancient people.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.82-86
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• 2007

Methanol extract obtained from aerial parts of Vitis vinifero L. was successively fractionated with n-hexane, ethylacetate, n-butanol, and water. From ethylacetate fraction, an active compound was isolated through silica gel column chromatography and recrystallization, and was identified as Lup-20(29)-ene-3,28-diol on the basis of EI-MS data. The compound, at 100 mg $mL^{-1}$, inhibited the mycelial growth of Phytophthora capsici and Colletotrichum acutatum by 52.1 % and 40.8%, respectively.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.200-205
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• 2009

The n-hexane and carbon tetrachloride soluble fractions of a methanolic extract of the stem bark of the Couroupita guianensis furnished three compounds, identified as $\beta$-amyrin (1), betulin-$3{\beta}$-caffeate (2) and lupeol-$3{\beta}$-caffeate (3). The structures of the isolated compounds were deduced by extensive spectroscopic analysis as well as by comparison with published values. Compounds 1-3 were subjected to antioxidant screening through free radical scavenging activity by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl), where compound 2 showed moderate antioxidant activity with $IC_{50}$ value $108.0{\mu}g/ml$.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.223-228
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• 2011

Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne (Rosaceae) is a deciduous tree and is distributed in China, Korea and Japan. In previous studies on the fruits of C. sinensis, some triterpenoid compouds such as oleanolic acid, tormentic acid were reported. In an ongoing investigation into biologically active compounds from natural products, the methanol extract of the stems of C. sinensis was investigated. By means of the repeated column chromatography using silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, LiChroprep RP-18, betulin (1), tormentic acid (2), 1-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzene (3), lyoniresinol-2a-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranoside (4) were isolated. The chemical structures of compounds 1-4 were determined by the basis of physico-chemical properties and spectroscopic methods such as 1D and 2D NMR. For the isolated compounds (1-4), the inhibitory activity of IL-6 production in TNF-${\alpha}$ stimulated MG-63 cell was examined. Among the isolates, betulin (1), 1-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranosyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzene (3), lyoniresinol-2a-O-${\alpha}$-L-rhamnopyranoside (4) showed inhibitory effects on IL-6 production in TNF-${\alpha}$ stimulated MG-63 cell.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.311-316
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• 2020

The chemical investigation of the methanolic crude extract of leaves of Diospyros iturensis gave us 15 known secondary metabolites identified as mixture of α-amyrenone (1) and β-amyrenone (2), β-amyrin (3), mixture of β-sitosterol (4) and stigmasterol (5), betulin (6), uvaol (7), betulinic acid (8), ursolic acid (9), corosolic acid (10), actinidic acid (11),11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12), bergenin (13) and mixture of stigmasterol glucoside (14) and β-sitosterol glucoside (15) respectively. The structures of secondary metabolites were elucidated with the help of NMR and mass spectral data and by comparison of their spectral data with literature. Among the fifteen isolated compounds, four compounds were identified for the first time in Diospyros genus. These included uvaol (7), corosolic acid (10), actinidic acid (11) and 11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12). Crude methanolic extract of leaves and four isolated compounds including betulin (6), betulinic acid (8), 11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12) and bergenin (13) were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against two cancer cell lines CAL-27 and NCI-H460 by the MTT assay, antioxidant potential and inhibitory activity against the lipoxygenase and urease enzymes, respectively. The results indicated that the methanolic crude extract of leaves exhibited moderate antioxidant activity and was inactive against the two cancer cell lines. Betulin (6), 11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12) and bergenin (13) exhibited moderate antioxidant and lipoxygenase inhibition with IC50 = 65.8, 85.6, 82.5 μM and IC50 = 58.5, 95.2, 76.2 μM, respectively. Furthermore, 11-O-p-hydroxybenzoylbergenin (12) and bergenin (13) exhibited moderate urease inhibition activity with IC50 values of 45.6 μM and 49.8 μM, respectively.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.246-256
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• 2022

The present study focused on the potential mechanism of betulin (BT), a pentacyclic triterpenoid isolated from the bark of white birch (Betula pubescens), against chronic alcohol-induced lipid accumulation and metaflammation. AML-12 and RAW 264.7 cells were administered ethanol (EtOH), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or BT. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed Lieber-DeCarli liquid diets containing 5% EtOH for 4 weeks, followed by single EtOH gavage on the last day and simultaneous treatment with BT (20 or 50 mg/kg) by oral gavage once per day. In vitro, MTT showed that 0-25 mM EtOH and 0-25 µM BT had no toxic effect on AML-12 cells. BT could regulate sterolregulatory-element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), lipin1/2, P2X7 receptor (P2X7r) and NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domains-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) expressions again EtOH-stimulation. Oil Red O staining also indicated that BT significantly reduced lipid accumulation in EtOH-stimulated AML-12 cells. Lipin1/2 deficiency indicated that BT might mediate lipin1/2 to regulate SREBP1 and P2X7r expression and further alleviate lipid accumulation and inflammation. In vivo, BT significantly alleviated histopathological changes, reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and triglyceride (TG) levels, and regulated lipin1/2, SREBP1, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α/γ (PPARα/γ) and PGC-1α expression compared with the EtOH group. BT reduced the secretion of inflammatory factors and blocked the P2X7r-NLRP3 signaling pathway. Collectively, BT attenuated lipid accumulation and metaflammation by regulating the lipin1/2-mediated P2X7r signaling pathway.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.295-300
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• 2002

To observe the structure-activity relationship of lupane derivatives both on cytotoxic and antiangiogenic activity, twelve lupane derivatives were prepared; their antiangiogenic and cytotoxic activities were evaluated. Among them, four compounds were more cytotoxic than betulinic acid. Carboxylic acid at C28 seemed to be essential for cytotoxic activity. But, a selective cytotoxicity toward SK-MEL-2 was not observed. As for antiangiogenic activity, none of the compounds except lupeol showed antiangiogenic activity at 30 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.183-189
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• 2012

It is well known that inflammation is associated with neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer' disease, Parkinson's disease and ischemia. Nitric oxide (NO), a pro-inflammatory mediator, is produced by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) in microglia as well as macrophages and appears to account for neurodegeneration. In this study, we aimed to isolate NO inhibitors from Pyrus pyrifolia by activity guided purification. As a result, we identified daucosterol and ${\beta}$-sitosterol, which have not been isolated from this plant before. This article also describes NO inhibitory activities of the methanol extract of Pyrus pyrifolia fruit and the isolated compounds from this, which are lupeol, betulin, betulinic acid, ${\beta}$-sitosterol and daucosterol, in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 and BV2 cell lines. Western blot analysis was performed to clarify the underlying mechanism of NO inhibition in the two cell lines.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2015

Akebiae Caulis is a galenical originated from Akebia quinata Decaisne species. It is commonly used in the treatment of oposiuria, inflammation, nociceptive and fever. Here, we investigated the effect of Akebiae Caulis extract (ACE) to protect hepatocyte against the malfunction of mitochondria and apoptosis. Arachidonic acid (AA)+iron promoted excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and exerted a deleterious effect on mitochondria. Treatment with ACE protected hepatocytes from AA+iron-induced cytotoxicity, as shown by alterations in the protein levels related with apoptosis such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, pro-caspase 3, Bcl-XL and Bcl-2. Moreover, AA+iron-induced $H_2O_2$ production, GSH depletion and mitochondrial dysfunction were alleviated by ACE pretreatment. As a potential molecular mechanism for the ACE-mediated cytoprotection, phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key regulator in determining cell survival or death, was increased by ACE. Moreover, ACE treatment enhanced inactive phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-$3{\beta}$ ($GSK3{\beta}$), downstream substrate kinase of AMPK. More importantly, ACE prevented a decrease in the $GSK3{\beta}$ phosphorylation derived by AA+iron, which might contribute to mitohondiral protection and cell survival. To further identify essential compounds in Akebiae Caulis for the protection of AA+iron-mediated cytotoxicity, we found that betulin in combination with hederagenin protected from AA+iron-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Betulin+hederagenin treatment also increased inactive phosphorylation of $GSK3{\beta}$ in common with ACE. These results suggest that ACE protected hepatocytes against oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, which is mediated with inactive $GSK3{\beta}$ phosphorylation downstream of AMPK.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.275-275
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• 2017