• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.60 no.11
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• pp.2021-2027
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• 2011

Recently the power system consists of the more complicated structure, due to increase of power demands. In this circumstance, the congestion and loss capacity in transmission line is also increased. Accordingly, the investment planning of transmission system is required to reduce the congestion and loss of the transmission line. This paper proposes a method to compute the congestion and loss costs which are the key elements in economic assessment of the power system planning. And the benefit of market participants in CBP (Cost Based Pool) is computed. To demonstrate the efficient of the suggested methods, these methods are applied to peak load system of 2016 in the 4th Basic plan of Long-Them Electricity Supply and Demand.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 1994

This study was conducted to compare the of rearing native and cross-bred dairy cows and returns received from them. For this purpose, 144 cows of 132 household from 24 villages were randomly selected. of them, 96 were native cows and 48 were cross-bred cows. The study revealed that among the structure of cost components, labour charge occupied the major share in the total cost of milk production per litre. The total cost of rearing native and cross-bred cows was Tk. 14,155 and Tk. 19,854 per annum, respectively. The average net cost of milk production per litre was Tk. 14.12 for native cows and Tk. 0.52 and for cross-bred cows were Taka 3.40. The benefit-cost ratio of milk per litre was higher (1:1.33) in cross-bred cows than native ones (1:1.04). The study further showed that in comparing with bulk line cost, the price of milk per litre received by the farmers was higher in cross-bred cows than native cows. Therefore, the study recommends dairying with cross-bred cows as encouraging and viable commercial enterprise in Banfladesh.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.505-514
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• 2021

A formulation based on structural reliability and cost effectiveness is proposed to provide recommendations to select the best retrofit strategy for schools with reinforced concrete frames and masonry walls, among three proposed alternatives. The cost calculation includes the retrofit cost and the expected costs of failure consequences. Also, the uncertainty of the seismic hazard is considered for each school site. The formulation identifies the potential failure modes, among shear and bending forces for beams, and flexure-compression forces for columns, for each school, and the seismic damages suffered by the schools after the earthquake of September 17, 2017 are taken into account to calibrate the damaged conditions per school. The school safety level is measured through its global failure probability, instead of only the local failure probability. The proposed retrofit alternatives are appraised in terms of the cost/benefit balance under future earthquakes, for the respective site seismic hazard, as opposed to the current practice of just restoring the structure original resistance. The best retrofit is the one that corresponds to the minimum value of the expected life cycle cost. The study, with further developments, may be used to develop general recommendations to retrofit schools located at seismic zones.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.1584-1589
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• 2003

Simple and effectively developed learning control logic is used to control vibration of U type Tuned Liquid Damper system. The purpose of this paper is design optimal control system to deal with unknown errors from nonlinearity and variation that cost modeling difficulty in complex structure and is followed with the desired behavior. Finally this hybrid control method applied to U type Tuned Liquid Damper structure gives the benefit from better performance of precision and stability of the structure by reducing vibration effect. This research leads to safety design in various structure to robust unspecified foreign disturbances such as earthquake.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.559-564
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• 1995

Feature based design approach is widely studied for the application of mechanical part design and process planning. Mechanical parts are associated with volumetric form features in nature. Therfore, one of the important characteristics that reside in the form feature research until now is that features have been studied in connection with CAPP for material removal. We studied the application of feature based design for ship structure design. Ship structure has interesting nature that tis distinct from mechanical parts. Among these are multiple cell structure, non-volumetric part and production by welding or assembling. An idea of applying feature based design paradigm for design, process planning, cost analysis and engineering calculation was shown. Non-manifold geometric modeler ACIS was adopted to fully benefit from the non-manifold nature of ship structure.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1656-1663
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• 2004

As the structures become larger, higher and more complicated, the demand for safety level has increased. In recent years, TLD(Tuned Liquid Damper) proved to be a successful control tool for reducing structural vibrations. For this reason, the influence of some key parameters of the U-type TLD on the dynamic response is studied. And simple and effectively developed learning control logic is used to control vibration of U type Tuned Liquid Damper system. The purpose of this paper is design optimal control system to deal with unknown errors from non linearity and variation that cost modeling difficulty in complex structure and is followed with the desired behavior. Finally this hybrid control method applied to U type Tuned Liquid Damper structure gives the benefit from better performance of precision and stability of the structure by reducing vibration effect. This research leads to safety design in various structure to robust unspecified foreign disturbances such as windy-load and earthquake.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.17-39
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• 2005

Social solidarity, equity in financing, and efficiency in administration have been core issues in the development of Korean health insurance reformation since 1988. This study is to investigate the trend of administrative cost in Korean National Health Insurance from various aspects. For the analysis of administrative cost, the expenditures of each insurance society and the National Health Insurance Corporation are divided into 4 items of (1) insurance benefit, (2) administrative cost, (3) an agency provision accounts, (4) other expenses, and then they are reorganized. The analyses based on 5 types of the health insurance administrative cost showed that efficiency in administration has been improved generally. We, however, should consider qualitative aspects such as customer's satisfaction with health insurance administration, prompt service, control of unjust expenditure (unjust claims), and provision of medical service including health consultation in assessing efficiency of administration. And, in order to connect the administrative costs of health insurance with efficiency, we need to give a fundamentally new definition, which can contain elaborateness of expenditure in details including the structure and evaluation method of administrative costs. It may be necessary to develop new indicators or analyzing methods hereafter.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.583-607
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• 2016

One of the main applications of seismic risk assessment is that an specific design could be selected for a bridge from different alternatives by considering damage losses alongside primary construction costs. Therefore, in this paper, the focus is on selecting the shape of pylon, which is a changeable component in the design of a cable-stayed bridge, as a double criterion decision-making problem. Different shapes of pylons include H, A, Y, and diamond shape, and the two criterion are construction costs and probable earthquake losses. In this research, decision-making is performed by using developed seismic risk assessment process as a powerful method. Considering the existing uncertainties in seismic risk assessment process, the combined incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) and uniform design (UD) based fragility assessment method is proposed, in which the UD method is utilized to provide the logical capacity models of the structure, and the IDA method is employed to give the probabilistic seismic demand model of structure. Using the aforementioned models and by defining damage states, the fragility curves of the bridge system are obtained for the different pylon shapes usage. Finally, by combining the fragility curves with damage losses and implementing the proposed cost-loss-benefit (CLB) method, the seismic risk assessment process is developed with financial-comparative approach. Thus, the optimal shape of the pylon can be determined using double criterion decision-making. The final results of decision-making study indicate that the optimal pylon shapes for the studied span of cable-stayed bridge are, respectively, H shape, diamond shape, Y shape, and A shape.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.42-55
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• 2010

This paper primarily deals with a decision-making for determining the number of voyages in each ship size under a specific port structure in order to minimize the total transport cost consisting of transport cost at sea, queuing cost in port, and inventory cost in yard. As a result of computer simulation using queuing model characterized by inter-arrival time distribution, we were able to find out some combination of voyage numbers of 3 ship-size(50,000-ton, 100,000-ton, and 200,000-ton), where the total transport cost can be minimized under a specific port structure. The simulation model also allows us to figure out any trade-off relationship among sea transport cost, queuing cost in port, and inventory cost in yard. Put it differently, an attempt to reduce the sea transport cost by increasing the number of voyages of the largest ship size, the transport cost incurred in both port and yard is hypothesized to be increased and vice versa. Consequently, Port managers are required to adjust the number of annual number of voyages allocated in each ship size, put into the sea lines for importing raw materials, in order to optimize the transport costs incurred under the specific port system. We may consider a net present value(NPV) model for performing an economic feasibility analysis on port investment project. If a total discounted net benefit, including cost savings, exceeds the initial investment for an additional berth construction, then we accept the port investment project. Otherwise, we reject the proposed port investment plan.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.335-350
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• 2013

With the efforts to development of renewable energy technologies, and increasing awareness to environmental issues, the usage of wood pallets has been increasing every year since the introduction of wood pallet technology to the domestic market. until 2009, majority usage of pellet boiler was in the residential houses. In an effort to increase the distribution of wood pellet boiler to cultivation facilities with high usage of fuels, The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry has launched a distribution project of wood pellet boiler for fuel usage as a part of the agricultural and fishery energy efficiency projects. Although only small number of farms with a heat-culturing facility have replaced from conventional boiler to pellet boiler. Although part of reason for low usage of pallet boiler is lack of understanding and information of it, the main reasons are high initial cost and uncertainty of its cost efficiency. Also, most people from agricultural industry don't realize it's significance in terms of environmental benefit due to lack of understanding in 'resource circulation' and 'adopting to climate change'. In this study, first, we did a cost-efficiency analysis of the farm which uses a diesel boiler to grow cucumber, tomato, paprika. Then we replaced the diesel boiler to a pallet boiler and measured its cost-efficiency again. By comparing the cost-efficiency of the diesel boiler with the pellet boiler, we analyzed the economic viability of pellet boiler. Then we analyzed viability of pallet boiler usage in terms of 'resource circulation' and 'adopting to climate change'. As a result of our analysis, we have found out that under the current system of government support, the energy usage varies depends of the types crops grown and the higher the energy use, the more cost efficient it is to use the pallet boiler. Also, it is economically viable to use the pallet boiler in terms of 'resource circulation' and 'adopting to climate change'.