• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.5 no.2 s.9
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• pp.101-106
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• 2005

Purpose: This retrospective study assessed the effectiveness of submucosal (SM) midazolam (M), oral chloral hydrate (CH), hydroxyzine (H), and nitrous oxide (N) 99 uncooperative pediatric dental patients over 182 sedation sessions. Methods: Selection criteria included good medical health (ASA I), from 2 to 6 years of age, uncooperative behavior, and the need for restorations and dental surgery. The children who was administerated with CH H, N was Group 1 (48 case). The children who was administerated with CH, H, N, M was Group 2 (51 case). All the patients received oral CH (50-70 mg/Kg), H (1 mg/Kg) and N (less than 50%). Additionally the Group 2 received SM midazolam (0.1-0.2 mg/kg). Behavior response was rated as quiet (Q), crying (C), movement (M), or struggling (S) every 5 minutes through operative procedures. Behavior response rating was assigned to Houpt scale of Overall behavior. Data was analyzed using Chi-Square Test. Results: The Group 2 had more effective (88.2%) than the Group 1 (68.8%)(P = 0.05). Also, vomiting response decreased in the Group 2 (94.4%) than those with oral administration of chloral hydrate alone without SM midazolam (77.1%)(P = 0.05). Conclusions: SM midazolam improved the quality of sedation and vomiting response.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.110-121
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• 2010

1. Objectives: This investigation compares the eating behaviors across normal-weight male groups of different Sasang constitutional types. 2. Methods: We recruited 31 male participants aged 20-35 with BMI 18.5-23. The eating behavior was assessed using Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS), Bulimia Test Revised (BULIT-R), Korean Version of Eating Attitude Test-26 (KEAT-26), and Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ). 3. Results: 1) Assessments made by GSRS, KEAT-26, and BULIT-R were not significantly different across different Sasang constitutional types. (p<0.05) 2) The Soeum group showed significantly lower BMI and body weight compared to the Soyang and Taeeum groups. 3) The Emotional eating subscale of DEBQ differed significantly across different Sasang constitutional types. (p<0.05) 4) The Soeum group showed a significantly lower Emotional eating subscale score of DEBQ compared to the Soyang and Taeeum groups. 4. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that emotional factors could influence eating behaviors differently across different Sasang constitutional types, in which the Soeum type is less affected than the Soyang type by emotional states.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.399-409
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• 2002

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data to develop a future health promotion program through the comparison of health promoting behavior and perceived health status between Koreans and Korean-Americans. Methods: The subjects of this study were 411 adults recruited from religious organizations located in the Yongnam area, Korea, and Chicago, U.S.A. The instruments used in the study were Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP) developed by Walker, Sechrist & Pender (1995), and the Health Self Rating Scale designed by North Illinois University. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, ANCOVA, ANOVA and Duncan test with the SPSS program. Results: 1) The mean HPLP score was 2.26 in Koreans and 2.43 in Korean-Americans, showing a significant difference between the two groups. 2) In subscales of HPLP, both groups showed the highest practices in 'interpersonal relationship' and the lowest practices in 'physical activity'. 3) The mean score of perceived health status was 2.26 in Koreans and 2.43 in Korean-Americans, showing a significant difference between the two groups. 4) Health promoting behavior was significantly different by family income in Koreans, but significantly different by age and family income in Korean-Americans. 5) Perceived health status was significantly different by family income and marital status, but significantly different by age, education, and family income. 6) The HPLP was not correlated with perceived health status in Koreans, but positively correlated with perceived health status in Korean-Americans. Conclusion: The study findings suggest a need to develop a health promotion program, in which physical activity and stress management for Koreans and Korean-Americans are emphasized, and cultural and environmental elements are considered, for better understanding of their health related issues.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.26
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• pp.49-67
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between demographic and psychological variables and clothing behavior with reference to sex difference in adult and elderly groups. The clothing behavior was measured by Clothing importance, Interest, Conformity, Modesty, Psychological dependence, Aesthetics, Management, Fashion, and Clothing satis-faction. Psychological variables in this study were self-esteem and life-satisfaction, and demographic variables were sex, education, family type, health, and clothing expenditure. The hypotheses set up in this study were as follows : First, a causal relationship will exist between demographic and psychological variables and clothing behavior in both adult and elderly groups. Second, in clothing behavior a main effect will exist between male and female groups and between adult and elderly groups. Third, in clothing behavior and interaction effect will exist between sex and age. The subjects of this study were 496 adult males, 459 elderly males, and 446 elderly females residing in Pusan area. The material used in this study to measure the clothing behavior was a 5-point rating scale with 31 items in 9 sub-areas developed by the author. The data were collected by five investigatiors well trained in interview before-hand. The following conclusions were obtained from the relults and discussions of this study : First, sex, education, and clothing expendi-ture has a causal relationship with clothing behavior in adult group. Females, higher-educated group, and the group with more clothing expenditure reveal higher concern for clothing. In adult group life-satisfaction does not have any causal relationship with clothing behavior in general execpt for clothing satis-to Psychological dependence, Aesthetics, Management, and Clothing satisfaction in the group. Second, in elderly group sex, education, and health significantly contribute to clothing behavior. A cencern for clothing is higher in female, higher-educated group, and the group with higher perception in health. Self-esteem has a causal relationship with Clothing importance, Conformity, Management, and Clothing satisfaction, whereas life-satisfaction has a strong causal relationship with clothing behavior in general. Third, in both adult and elderly groups a sig-nificant sex diference exists in clothing behavior. Females show higher concern for Clothing importance, Interest, Psychological dependence, Aesthetics, Management, and Fashion than males. On the other hand, males reveal higher concern for Conformity and Clothing satisfaction than females. Fourth, a significant interaction effect exists between age and sex, while elderly females show lower concern for Clothing importance, Interest, and Psychological dependence than adult females, elderly males show higher concern for the same sub-areas of clothing behavior than adult males. This signifies the increase of the concern for clothing in elderly males with the decrease of social activities. Fifth, adult female group reveals lower Con-formity in clothing compared with the other groups, which signifies the higher individuality in clothing behavior. On the other hand, the elderly groups show significantly higher Conformity than the adult groups. this signifies the importance of the consideration for the variables other than individuality in clothing behavior for the group.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.258-265
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• 2015

Objectives : Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have problems in social interactions. We compared the effect of 10-session social skill training (SST) among two groups, children with pure ADHD, and those with ADHD with comorbidity. Methods : Consecutive 10-session SST was conducted for 34 children from 2006 to 2012. There were 22 children with pure ADHD (male 20, female 2), and 12 children suffering from ADHD with comorbidity (male 11, female 1). All children took medication as prescribed by their doctors before the start of SST. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Korean Personality Inventory for Children (K-PIC), the Conner's Rating Scale, the ADHD Rating Scale, and the Home Situation Questionnaire were completed by mothers before and after the SST. All children completed the Child Depression Inventory, the Stat-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, the Self-Concept Scale and the ADHD Diagnostic System before and after the SST. Results : Only children with pure ADHD showed improvement in anxiety and self-concept in scales rated by children. In the CBCL rated by parents, the pure ADHD group and the ADHD with comorbidity showed improvement in both externalizing and internalizing subscales. In the K-PIC rated by parents, the pure ADHD group showed improvement in most outcomes and ADHD with comorbidity showed positive change in verbal development. Conclusion : These results suggest that SST has significant positive effects on both the pure ADHD and ADHD with comorbidity group. Further research is needed in order to target diverse comorbidity groups with ADHD to improve the effectiveness of the SST.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.207-215
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• 2016

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the differences in the facial emotion recognition and discrimination ability between children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: Fifty-three children aged 7 to 11 years participated in this study. Among them, 43 were diagnosed with ADHD and 10 with ASD. The parents of the participants completed the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist, ADHD Rating Scale and Conner's scale. The participants completed the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-fourth edition and Advanced Test of Attention (ATA), Penn Emotion Recognition Task and Penn Emotion Discrimination Task. The group differences in the facial emotion recognition and discrimination ability were analyzed by using analysis of covariance for the purpose of controlling the visual omission error index of ATA. Results: The children with ADHD showed better recognition of happy and sad faces and less false positive neutral responses than those with ASD. Also, the children with ADHD recognized emotions better than those with ASD on female faces and in extreme facial expressions, but not on male faces or in mild facial expressions. We found no differences in the facial emotion discrimination between the children with ADHD and ASD. Conclusion: Our results suggest that children with ADHD recognize facial emotions better than children with ASD, but they still have deficits. Interventions which consider their different emotion recognition and discrimination abilities are needed.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.53-74
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• 2016

This paper presents an experimental study on constructing a tunable secondary suspension for high-speed trains using magneto-rheological fluid dampers (referred to as MR dampers hereafter), in the interest of improving lateral ride comfort. Two types of MR dampers (type-A and type-B) with different control ranges are designed and fabricated. The developed dampers are incorporated into a secondary suspension of a full-scale high-speed train carriage for rolling-vibration tests. The integrated rail vehicle runs at a series of speeds from 40 to 380 km/h and with different current inputs to the MR dampers. The dynamic performance of the two suspension systems and the ride comfort rating of the rail vehicle are evaluated using the accelerations measured during the tests. In this way, the effectiveness of the developed MR dampers for attenuating vibration is assessed. The type-A MR dampers function like a stiffness component, rather than an energy dissipative device, during the tests with different running speeds. While, the type-B MR dampers exhibit significant damping and high current input to the dampers may adversely affect the ride comfort. As part of an ongoing investigation on devising an effective MR secondary suspension for lateral vibration suppression, this preliminary study provides an insight into dynamic behavior of high-speed train secondary suspensions and unique full-scale experimental data for optimal design of MR dampers suitable for high-speed rail applications.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.150-160
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• 2018

Objectives: This study investigated the effect of social skills training (SST) on facial emotion recognition and discrimination in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods: Twenty-three children aged 7 to 10 years participated in our SST. They included 15 children diagnosed with ADHD and 8 with ASD. The participants' parents completed the Korean version of the Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL), the ADHD Rating Scale, and Conner's Scale at baseline and post-treatment. The participants completed the Korean Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV (K-WISC-IV) and the Advanced Test of Attention at baseline and the Penn Emotion Recognition and Discrimination Task at baseline and post-treatment. Results: No significant changes in facial emotion recognition and discrimination occurred in either group before and after SST. However, when controlling for the processing speed of K-WISC and the social subscale of K-CBCL, the ADHD group showed more improvement in total (p=0.049), female (p=0.039), sad (p=0.002), mild (p=0.015), female extreme (p=0.005), male mild (p=0.038), and Caucasian (p=0.004) facial expressions than did the ASD group. Conclusion: SST improved facial expression recognition for children with ADHD more effectively than it did for children with ASD, in whom additional training to help emotion recognition and discrimination is needed.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.106-112
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• 2022

Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the clinical and psychological factors influencing depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Methods: We administered self-reported questionnaires assessing children's depressive symptoms (Children's Depression Inventory, CDI) and anxiety (Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, RCMAS) to children and adolescents with epilepsy (n=87, age range=6-17 years). We asked their parents to complete questionnaires on epilepsy-related variables, parental stress (Questionnaire on Resources and Stress, QRS), parental anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, STAI), family functioning (Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale, FACES), children's attention problems (Abbreviated Conners Parent Rating Scale Revised, CPRS), and children's behavioral problems (Korean Child Behavior Checklist, K-CBCL). Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to identify predictive variables affecting depressive symptoms. Results: Family adaptability (r=-0.240, p=0.026), family cohesion (r=-0.381, p<0.001), children's attention problems (r=0.290, p=0.006), children's anxiety (r=0.714, p<0.001), children's behavioral problems (r=0.371, p<0.001), parental anxiety (r=0.320, p=0.003), and parental stress (r=0.335, p=0.002) were significantly correlated with children's depressive symptoms. Children's anxiety (β=0.655, p<0.001) and parental stress (β=0.198, p=0.013) were significantly related to their depressive symptoms (adjusted R²=0.539). Conclusion: Clinicians should detect and manage children's anxiety and parental stress, which may affect depressive symptoms in children and adolescents with epilepsy.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.144-152
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to offer necessary data to develop nursing interventions to reduce intravenous injection pain and uneasiness among hospitalized children. Methods: A total of 200 patients aged 1-72 months were selected. Pain during intravenous cannulation was assessed using the Procedural Behavior Checklist (PBCL) and the Faces Pain Rating Scale (FPRS). Data were analyzed by t-test and ANOVA using the SPSS/WIN 12.0. Results: Younger patients showed higher pain response than older patients (F=33.87, p<.001). Children with respiratory diseases showed higher responses in FPRS and PBCL than children without respiratory disease (F=4.17, p=.017; F=25.31, p<.001, respectively). Children of preschool age showed higher pain response during IV cannulation than the comparison group (t=2.04, p=.045). Children who had previous experiences with hospitalization and injections showed higher response to pain than those without these experiences (t=2.05, p=.045). In regards to FPRS, patients who were recannulated showed more painful restarts compared with patients injected just once (t=-3.60, p<.001). In regards to PBCL, infants and toddlers (t=-4.88, p<.001) and preschoolers (t=-3.86, p<.001) showed high pain scores during recannulation. Conclusion: A sick child's response to pain may be worse as they feel more pain over time. These characteristics should be considered for development of nursing interventions.