• 가정∙방문간호학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.5-24
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to develop a parenting intervention program and determine the efficacy of the program with low-birth weight infants and their mothers. Nine dyads for the experimental group and twelve dyads for the control group discharged from the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of a University Hospital in Seoul were recruited for the study. For the intervention group, programmed education and support which focused on the maternal sensitivity of the infant's behavior. rearing environment. motherinfant interaction and infant care were given to each subject. Individual counseling and home visits were provided at discharge, one week after discharge. and one and three months of corrected age in every infant. Structured questionaires were administered and feeding interactions were videotaped and coded by a blinded certified observer. A Quasi-experimental design was conducted for this study. Postpartum depression, maternal self esteem. infant care burden, HOME. mother-infant interaction, and infant development were measured. Results were in favor of the intervention versus the control group. On the Beck depression inventory, intervention mothers showed decreasing trends in depressive symptom vs control mothers although, there were statistically no significant differences between the two groups at each time. The mean score of experimental group was 11.55(mild depression state) at discharge and became 8,6(normal state) at 1 month of corrected age. On the other hand, the mean score of the control group was 13.92(mild depression state) at discharge and became 14.0. Maternal self esteem in both groups improved over time. Infant care burden in both groups was also shown to increase over time. There was a significant difference between the two groups in HOME(p=.0340) at 3 months of corrected age. HOME scores of the experimental group and the control's were 31.10 and 25.58, respectively. Mothers' emotional and language responses were significantly high in the intervention group compared with the control group(p=.0155). Intervention group (53.33) showed a significantly high quality of motherinfant interaction compared with the in control group (42.80)(p =.0340). Intervention group mothers appeared have a better quality of mother-infant interaction behaviors. On the other hand, there was no statistical difference in the infant part between groups. Intervention group infants had higher trends in a general developmental quotient: although, there was no statistical difference between groups. The general developmental quotient of intervention infants was 102.56 and control's was 91.28. However, the developmental quotient of the domain of 'individuality-sociality' was higher in the intervention group infants compared with the control's(p=.0155). The concerns identified by parents revealed two domains of an infants' health management -knowledge and skills in caregiving of lowbirthweight-infants, characteristics of lowbirthweight infants, identifying a developmental milestone, coping with emergency situations and relaxation strategies of mothers from the infant care burden. Interview data with the mothers of low-birth weight infants can be used to develop intervention program contents. Limited intervention time and frequency due to time and cost limitations of this study should be modified. The intervention should be continuously implemented when low-birth weight infants become three years old. An NNNS demonstration appeared to be a very effective intervention for the mothers to improve the quality of mother-infant interactions. Therefore intervening in the mothers of low-birth weight infants as early after delivery as possible is desirable. This study has shown that home visit interventions are worthwhile for mothers only beyond the approach as an essential factor in ability of facilitating a growth fostering environment. In conclusion. the intervention program of this study was very effective in enhancing the parenting for the mothers of low-birth weight infants, resulting in health promotion of low-birth weight infants. The home-visit outreach intervention program of this study will contribute to the health delivery system in this country where there is a lack of continuous follow-up programs for low-birth weight infants after discharge from NICU, if it is activated as part of the home visit programs in community health systems.

• 지능정보연구
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2010

기존의 인터넷 광고비 모델에는 CPM (Cost Per Mile), CPC (Cost Per Click), CPS (Cost Per Sales) 등이 존재하며, 특히 CPC 모델은 광고주와 미디어에게 모두 합리적이라는 평가를 받으며, 인터넷 광고 시장에서 높은 비중을 차지하고 있다. 그러나 CPC 모델 또한, 경쟁 사업자에 의한 과도한 광고비 부과나 부정한 광고 수익 등을 목적으로 하는 부정 행위가 발생할 수 있고, 사용자의 전환 의도 없는 광고물 클릭으로 인해 광고주에게 부당한 광고비가 부과될 수 있는 것이 사실이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 새로운 광고비 모델인 'CPCD' (Cost Per Coupon Download) 모델을 제안한다. CPCD 모델은 사용자가 단순히 광고물을 클릭하는 행동을 넘어 광고주가 제공하는 쿠폰을 다운로드 받았을 때 광고비가 부과되는 모델로서, CPC 모델과 CPS 모델의 중간 개념이라고 할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 CPCD 모델의 설계 및 분석을 위하여 발생 가능한 시나리오를 제시하고, 프로세스 분석 및 관련 이슈에 대한 검토를 수행한다. 그리고 CPCD 모델에 참여하는 각 사업 참여자들에 대한 분석을 수행하고, 비용 시뮬레이션을 통해 CPC 모델과 CPCD 모델을 비교함으로써, CPCD 모델에 참여하는 광고주의 사업 참여 조건을 밝히며, 마지막으로 유비쿼터스 환경에서 CPCD 모델의 적용 가능성에 대하여 고찰한다.

• 한국자기학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.89-93
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• 2009

저온 증착법으로 성장시킨 비정질 $Ge_{1-x}Mn_x$ 박막을 열처리하여 전기적, 자기적 특성을 연구하였다. 비정질 박막의 두께는 $1,000{\sim}5,000\;{\AA}$이고 비정질 $Ge_{1-x}Mn_x$ 박막을 고 진공 분위기 하에서 각각 $300^{\circ}C$, $400^{\circ}C$, $500^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$, $700^{\circ}C$ 온도에서 3분 동안 열처리 하였다. 원 시료의 $Ge_{1-x}Mn_x$ 박막을 X-선 회절로 분석해보면 비정질 구조를 보였지만 열처리를 함으로써 결정화되었다. 비정질 $Ge_{1-x}Mn_x$ 박막에서 결정화가 이루어진 온도는 Mn 농도에 따라 변화하였다. 비정질 $Ge_{1-x}Mn_x$ 박막은 p형 캐리어를 가지고 있고 열처리 동안에도 캐리어 형태는 변하지 않았다. 하지만, 전기 비저항은 열처리 온도가 증가함에 따라 증가하였다. 자기적 특성에서 원 시료의 비정질 $Ge_{1-x}Mn_x$ 박막은 강자성특성을 보이면서 큐리온도는 약 130 K 정도이다. 열처리한 $Ge_{1-x}Mn_x$ 박막의 큐리온도와 포화 자화값은 열처리 온도에 따라 증가한다. 자화거동과 X-선 분석을 통해 열처리한 $Ge_{1-x}Mn_x$ 박막에 전기적, 자기적 특성의 변화는 강자성 $Ge_3Mn_5$ 상이 형성되었음을 나타낸다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제61권6호
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• pp.554-561
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• 2006

배 경: AIDS환자에게서 기회감염은 가장 치명적인 합병증으로 대부분은 폐 감염의 형태로 발현된다. 본 연구는 타 국가에 비해 아직까지는 유병률이 낮아서 상대적으로 자료가 부족한 국내의 현황에서, HIV 감염자 및 AIDS 환자의 임상양상을 살펴보고 특히 AIDS 환자들이 주로 어떤 호흡기 질환으로 발현하며, 호흡기 질환이 발현된 AIDS 환자와 기타 폐외 질환으로 발현하거나, HIV 단순감염자와의 임상상에 어떤 차이가 있는지를 중점적으로 살펴보고자 하였다. 방 법: 2001년부터 2006년 2월까지 중앙대학교 병원에 내원한 HIV 감염자 총28명을 대상으로, 이들 환자의 의무기록을 후향적으로 조사하여 분석하였다. 결 과: 총 28명의 HIV 감염자 중 27명이 남자이었고 평균연령은 40.6세로 30대가 40%로 가장 많은 분포를 보였다. 이 중에서 폐질환을 동반한 경우가 11명이었고, 폐외질환 환자가 16명이었다. 폐질환을 동반환 환자군과 폐외질환자에서 내원시 CD4+림프구수와 HIV RNA 수는 평균 79.5/mm3, 48,903 IU/ml, $400/mm^3$, 60,256 IU/ml을 보여(P value: 0.001, 0.695) 폐감염이 동반된 경우에 더 심한 면역억제 상태가 심하였다. 폐감염의 종류로는 폐결핵, 주폐포자충 폐렴이 가장 많은 빈도를 차지하였으며, 이들의 평균 CD4+림프구 수를 보면, 폐결핵이 $56/mm^3$, 주폐포자충폐렴이 $42/mm^3$이었다. 결 론: HIV에 관련된 폐질환이 동반된 경우 그렇지 않은 경우에 비해 월등히 면역억제가 심하였다. 이 중에서 폐결핵과 주폐포포자충 폐렴이 가장 흔한 형태의 폐감염이었다. 본 연구는 일개 대학병원에서 경험한 HIV 감염자와 특히 폐질환이 발현된 AIDS 환자의 임상상의 특징을 확인할 수 있었고 빠른 조기진단과 치료의 필요성을 다시 한번 확인하였다.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 1996

본 연구는 농촌 지역의 공공 서비스 입지에 관한 시사를 얻으려는 취지에서, 局勢錄을 활용하여 전국 군 우체국의 이용 수준(1986-1992년)을 살피고, 경기도 김포군, 충청남도 홍성군, 전라북도 무주군의 사례 연구를 통하여 주민들의 우체국 이용 행동의 특성을 밝히려 시도하였다. 그 결과 읍과 시에 가까운 면에서 상위 중심지로의 지향성이 강하여 공공 서비스의 면단위 관할구역이 큰 의미를 지니지 못하며, 젊은 연령층에서도 이러한 경향이 뚜렷하여 주민들의 활동공간에 世代差가 나는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 연구 결과는 중심지 체계로 본 위계와 상위 중심지 인접 여부를 현행 농촌지역의 우체국 설치 기준에 덧붙여 쓸수 있음을 시사하였다.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.101-116
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• 2008

본 연구는 2006년 11월중에 전북지역 남녀 고등학생 685명을 대상으로 설문지법에 의해 의복쇼핑성향과 인터넷에서 의류제품의 구매유형을 파악하고 이들 변인들의 영향력을 파악함으로써 청소년기 의생활 연구의 기초 자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 측정도구의 요인분석 결과 의복쇼핑성향은 유행지향, 쾌락적 쇼핑지향, 상표과시지향, 시간편의지향, 경제성지향, 심미성지향 6개 요인이, 인터넷 의류제품 구매유형은 편의 추구형, 적극적 충동 구매형, 경제 추구형 3개 요인이 선택되었다. SPSS 11.5 for Windows Program을 이용하여 요인분석, Cronbach's $\alpha$, $x^2$ 검증, t 검증, 일원변량분석(One-way ANOVA), Duncan의 다중비교검증, Pearson의 적률상관관계를 실시하였다. 본 연구 결과, 첫째, 고등학생들은 인터넷 사용 년수는 전체적으로 4년 이상으로, 남학생이 많았으며, 하루 평균 인터넷 이용시간과 인터넷 의류관련 사이트 평균 접속 횟수, 의류 관련 사이트 주당 평균 이용시간은 여학생이 남학생보다 많았다. 인터넷 이용은 하루 평균 1시간에서 2시간미만, 일주일 평균 1-2번 정도 인터넷 의류관련 사이트 접속하였으며, 일주일에 평균 1시간 정도 이용하였다. 인터넷 의류제품 구매에 대하여 여학생이 남학생보다 만족하지 못하는 것으로 나타났고 앞으로 인터넷에서 의류제품 구매의사 또한 여학생이 남학생보다 적게 나타났다. 둘째, 고등학생의 인구통계학적 변인에 따른 의복쇼핑성향과 인터넷 의류제품 구매유형의 차이를 알아본 결과, 의복쇼핑성향은 여학생이 유행지향, 쾌락적 쇼핑지향, 상표과시지향 성향이 높았고, 남학생은 경제성 지향 성향이 높게 나타났다. 또한 여학생이 남학생 보다 인터넷에서 의류제품을 구매시 편리를 추구하고 적극적으로 충동구매 하는 것으로 나타났다. 의복쇼핑성향은 아버지의 학력보다 어머니의 학력에 따라 더 세분된 차이를 나타냈으며, 인터넷에서 의류제품 구매유형 또한 모든 변인에서 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 학업성적에 따른 고등학생들의 의복쇼핑성향은 학업성적이 높은 학생들이 낮은 집단에 비해 유행지향, 쾌락적 쇼핑지향, 시간편의지향, 경제성 지향, 심미성 지향 등 청소년의 쇼핑성향 특성이 모두 높았고 인터넷에서 의류제품 구매유형 특성 또한 모두 다 높았다. 따라서 남녀 고등학생들의 의복쇼핑성향과 인터넷에서 의류제품 구매 유형은 성별, 부모의 학력과 학업성적에 따라 차이가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, Pearson의 적률상관관계를 사용하여 의복쇼핑성향과 인터넷에서 의류제품 구매유형과의 관련성을 분석한 결과, 의복쇼핑성향 변인 중 쾌락적 쇼핑지향과 경제성지향을 제외한 모든 변인과 인터넷에서 의류제품 구매유형 모든 변인간에 정적관계를 나타내었다. 결론적으로 고등학생의 의복쇼핑성향과 인터넷에서 의류제품 구매유형과는 밀접한 관련이 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.109-125
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data for establishing school education environment protection measures, on the basis of comparing and analyzing the realities and students' recognition degree of the environment and hygiene around the middle and high schools located in the rural areas. These study data were investigated by the self-administered questionnaires, taking as subject the 805 students in the middle and high schools located rural areas. And the results were as follows: First, as the result of having investigated the distribution degree of harmful environment within the purification zone around schools, it was found out that students responded: within the purification zone around the middle school, there were cartoon rooms (46.2％), electronic game rooms (45.9％), and singing rooms (45.0％). within the purification zone around the high school, there were electronic game rooms (46.3％), singing rooms (42.3％), billiard halls (41.4％), PC rooms (40.1 ％), and Soju-room (35.2％). Secondly, as having analyzed student's recognition degree of the harmful environment around the school, it was found out that middle school students responded that sexual utensils-treating shops (3.74 points) were most harmful, and next corrupted bathhouses (3.52 points), and Soju-room (3.47 points), and high school students also responded relating to harmfulness in a similar sequence. Thirdly, in case of students' recognition degree of the harmful environment around the school according to general characteristics, 1) girl students had a higher ratio of recognition that the environment around the school was harmful than boy students (p〈0.001). 2) groups of students whose living standard was high had a higher ratio of recognition that the environment around the school was harmful than groups of students whose living standard was low (p〈0.05). 3) groups of students whose school was located near the park or the residential street had a higher degree of recognition that the environment around the school was harmful than groups of students whose school was located near the factory or the shopping area (p〈0.01). 4) groups of students whose school was located near the park or the residential street had a higher degree of recognition that the environment around the school was harmful than groups of students whose school was located near the amusement area or the shopping area (p〈0.05). Fourthly, 1) relating to the harmful shops where they experienced most highly the behavior of drinking and smoking, middle school students responded that they did so in the electronic game room (22.5％) and high school students did so in the singing room (31.4％), and high school students had a very high experience ratio of drinking and smoking, compared with middle school students (p〈0.001). 2) relating to the harmful shops where they could get in contact with lewd articles, both of middle school students (5.3％) and high school students (8.3％) responded that they could do so in the video room. 3) relating to the harmful shops where they experienced unsound opposite sex acquaintance, both of middle school students (5.8％) and high school students (16.6％) responded that they did so most highly in hotels, and high school students had a remarkably high experience ratio of unsound opposite sex acquaintance, compared with middle school students (p〈0.05). 4) relating to the harmful shops where they experienced violence, middle school students responded that they did so in the electronic game room (14.0％) and then in the singing room (3.7％), and high school students responded that they did so in the electronic game room (9.3％), the nightclub (4.6％), Soju-room (4.1 ％), and high school students had a remarkably high experience ratio of violence, compared with middle school students (p〈0.05). 5) relating to the harmful places where they experienced drugs both of middle school students (0.8％) and high school students (2.4％) responded that they did so in the hotels. Fifthly, when going to the harmful shops, students had the experience of being guided and regulated roughly 1 time - 2 times, and middle school students (16.4％) and high school students (16.7％) had almost similar experience ratios of being guided and regulated. Conclusively, there was a limit in controlling the environment and purification zone only by legal regulations and institutional controls, the self-control purification effort for the school and the surrounding environment was required greatly, in order to protect students from harmful environment. In addition, the constant study to establish the educational environment purification measures must be carried out.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.604-615
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 폐기되는 조류 바이오매스를 재활용하여 퇴비화 과정을 통해 새로운 형태의 조류토양개량제(algae soil conditioner, ASC)로 제조하고 영양성분에 대한 특성을 평가하였다. ASCs는 응집부상공법을 통해 수집된 조류 바이오매스를 주원료로 하였으며 추가적으로 다양한 보조 원료(톱밥, 펄라이트, 깻묵 등)를 첨가하여 제조하였다. ASCs는 투입된 조류 바이오매스 질량 비율에 따라 각각 blank 0%, ASC1 11.7%, ASC2 21.6%, ASC3 37.6%, ASC4 59.5%로 구분하여 총 127일간 부숙하였다. ASCs는 호기성 미생물 반응에 의해 온도 증감이 뚜렷하게 나타났으며 6~7회의 크고 작은 온도 피크가 관찰되었다. 이화학 분석결과 유기물이 무기화(mineralization) 되면서 macronutrients (TN, P₂O₅, K₂O) 뿐만 아니라 secondary macronutrients (CaO, MgO)에서도 두드러진 증가를 보였다. 미생물 군집변화는 ASCs의 부숙과정에 따라 1단계(세균, 사상균)→2단계(방선균, 세균)→3단계(고초균)로 나타났으며 온도변화와 영양성분의 거동과 밀접한 관련이 있다고 판단되었다. 부숙 완성도에 따라 토양개량제의 품질이 결정될 수 있으며 본 연구결과에서는 조류 바이오매스를 59.5% 이내로 조절한다면 효과적인 미생물 활성을 유도할 수 있을 것으로 판단되었다. 결론적으로 조류 바이오매스를 재활용한 토양개량제의 제조 및 활용 가능성을 확인하였으며 추가적인 기술적 발전이 이루어진다면 향후 효과적인 토양개량제로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국펄프종이공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국펄프종이공학회 2000년도 제26회 펄프종이기술 국제세미나
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• pp.16-23
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• 2000

The increasing functional needs of top-quality printing papers and packaging paperboards, and especially the rapid developments in electronic printing processes and various computer printers during past few years, set new targets and requirements for modern paper quality. Most of these paper grades of today have relatively high filler content, are moderately or heavily calendered , and have many coating layers for the best appearance and performance. In practice, this means that many of the traditional quality assurance methods, mostly designed to measure papers made of pure. native pulp only, can not reliably (or at all) be used to analyze or rank the quality of modern papers. Hence, introduction of new measurement techniques is necessary to assure and further develop the paper quality today and in the future. Paper formation , i.e. small scale (millimeter scale) variation of basis weight, is the most important quality parameter of paper-making due to its influence on practically all the other quality properties of paper. The ideal paper would be completely uniform so that the basis weight of each small point (area) measured would be the same. In practice, of course, this is not possible because there always exists relatively large local variations in paper. However, these small scale basis weight variations are the major reason for many other quality problems, including calender blacking uneven coating result, uneven printing result, etc. The traditionally used visual inspection or optical measurement of the paper does not give us a reliable understanding of the material variations in the paper because in modern paper making process the optical behavior of paper is strongly affected by using e.g. fillers, dye or coating colors. Futhermore, the opacity (optical density) of the paper is changed at different process stages like wet pressing and calendering. The greatest advantage of using beta transmission method to measure paper formation is that it can be very reliably calibrated to measure true basis weight variation of all kinds of paper and board, independently on sample basis weight or paper grade. This gives us the possibility to measure, compare and judge papers made of different raw materials, different color, or even to measure heavily calendered, coated or printed papers. Scientific research of paper physics has shown that the orientation of the top layer (paper surface) fibers of the sheet paly the key role in paper curling and cockling , causing the typical practical problems (paper jam) with modern fax and copy machines, electronic printing , etc. On the other hand, the fiber orientation at the surface and middle layer of the sheet controls the bending stiffness of paperboard . Therefore, a reliable measurement of paper surface fiber orientation gives us a magnificent tool to investigate and predict paper curling and coclking tendency, and provides the necessary information to finetune, the manufacturing process for optimum quality. many papers, especially heavily calendered and coated grades, do resist liquid and gas penetration very much, bing beyond the measurement range of the traditional instruments or resulting invonveniently long measuring time per sample . The increased surface hardness and use of filler minerals and mechanical pulp make a reliable, nonleaking sample contact to the measurement head a challenge of its own. Paper surface coating causes, as expected, a layer which has completely different permeability characteristics compared to the other layer of the sheet. The latest developments in sensor technologies have made it possible to reliably measure gas flow in well controlled conditions, allowing us to investigate the gas penetration of open structures, such as cigarette paper, tissue or sack paper, and in the low permeability range analyze even fully greaseproof papers, silicon papers, heavily coated papers and boards or even detect defects in barrier coatings ! Even nitrogen or helium may be used as the gas, giving us completely new possibilities to rank the products or to find correlation to critical process or converting parameters. All the modern paper machines include many on-line measuring instruments which are used to give the necessary information for automatic process control systems. hence, the reliability of this information obtained from different sensors is vital for good optimizing and process stability. If any of these on-line sensors do not operate perfectly ass planned (having even small measurement error or malfunction ), the process control will set the machine to operate away from the optimum , resulting loss of profit or eventual problems in quality or runnability. To assure optimum operation of the paper machines, a novel quality assurance policy for the on-line measurements has been developed, including control procedures utilizing traceable, accredited standards for the best reliability and performance.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.228-240
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary and other factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) in older Korean women. A total of 340 women aged 65 to 74 were recruited from the Kugoksoondam area (Kurye, Goksung, Soonchang and Damyang counties), known as the longevity-belt region in Jeonla province, Korea. They were categorized into two groups according to bone status by T-score : a nonosteoporotic group and an osteoporotic group. Demographic characteristics were collected, as well as information on physical measurements, blood tests for biochemical indicators, health status health-related life style, dietary behavior, favorite food groups, nutrient intake and mini nutrition assessment (MNA). The results are as follows: The mean age of 185 nonosteoporotic women was 69.6 years and that of 155 osteoporotic women was 70.9 years (p<0.001). The mean T-score of the nonosteoporotic group was $-1.5mg/cm^3$ and that of theosteoporotic group was $-3.2mg/cm^3$ (p<0.001). Height and body weight in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference in BMI, although the BMI in the nonosteoporotic group was slightly higher. Waist and hip circumferences in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.01, respectively), and the mid upper arm and calf circumferences were also significantly higher than in the osteoporotic group (p<0.001, p<0.01, respectively). The 5 m walking ability was significantly superior compared to the osteoporotic group. Serum levels did not show any significant differences between the groups and were within normal range. The serum total protein, albumin and Insulin-like growth factor (IGFs) levels of the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher than those of the osteoporotic group (p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.001, respectively). IGF was 104.7 ng/mL for the nonosteoporotic group and 88.1 ng/mL for the osteoporotic group. Physical activity and appetite in the nonosteoporotic group were significantly higher (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively). The favorite food groups of the nonosteoporotic group comprised more meats and fish than those of the osteoporotic group (p<0.05, respectively). Nutrient intake was not significantly different, with the exception of niacin intake (p<0.05), but the nutrient intake of the nonosteoporotic group was slightly higher than that of the osteoporotic group. The niacin intake of the nonosteoporotic group and the osteoporotic group were 11.4 mgNE and 10.0 mgNE, corresponding to 103.6% and 90.9% of the Korean EAR, respectively. The MNA score of the nonosteoporotic group was significantly more favorable than for the osteoporotic group. In conclusion, it is necessary to maintain adequate body weight and muscle mass. Habitual physical activity may have a beneficial effect on BMD for older women. Dietary factors, such as meat and fish, higher intake of niacin rich foods and nutrient status for older women also appear to have favorable effects on bone mineral density.