• Applied Microscopy
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2010

This study has examined experimentally the Beer's law which is a precondition for quantitative electron tomography. We used carbon support film and latex spheres, which have similar absorption coefficients with biological samples, as the test samples to take a tilt-series of images for electron tomography. First, the 3D information of carbon film and latex spheres was obtained by electron tomography. Then, the regression analysis on the relationship between the intensities of the incident and the transmitted beams in a tilt series was carried out to examine the Beer's law. The regression results with RMS error of 0.976 show the linear intensity variations of the transmitted beam as the tilt angles were increased. In addition, the relative absorption coefficients of carbon support film and latex spheres calculated experimentally through the Beer's law were 1.71 (5) and 2.67 (6)/${\mu}m$, respectively. The absorption coefficients remained constant within a full tilt range. Therefore, it is expected that quantitative electron tomography could be performed for biological samples by applying Beer's law provided the exact intensity of incident beam can be obtained under the thoroughly controlled experimental conditions.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.67-72
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• 2010

In this study, we developed a comprehensive correlation for better prediction of the activated sludge concentration in the relationship between measurement of optical density by the Beer's law and sludge properties. Effects of activated sludge properties, which are sludge types and anaerobic storage time, show that absorbance deviation for sludge properties decreased on wavelength of light source near to 950 nm. We also developed a method to measure limitation with non-linear correlation on the measurement of high concentration by the Beer's law using a double layer probe cell and empirical equations.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.78-81
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• 1999

Light penetration depth in high-density Chlorella cultures can be successfully estimated by Beer-Lambert's law. The efficiency of light energy absorption algal cultures was so high that algal cells near the illuminating surface shade the cells deep in the culture. To exploit the potential of high-density algal cultures, this mutual shading should be eliminated or minimized. However, providing more light energy will not ease the situation and it will simply drop the overall light utilization efficiency.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.285-291
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• 2008

We have evaluated the effects of experimental factors on transmitted electron beam intensities for quantitative analysis in electron tomography. For the correct application of Beer's law in electron tomography, the transmitted beam intensity should reflect the net effect of mass properties on beam path. So, the any other effects of the objective aperture and the specimen holder on beam path should be removed. The cut-off effects of objective aperture were examined using Quanti-foil holey carbon film and a transmission electron microscope operated at 120 kV. The transmitted beam intensities with $30{\mu}m$ objective aperture dropped about 16.7% compared to electron beam intensities without the objective aperture. Also, the additional losses of about 14.2% at high tilt angles were occurred by cut-off effects of the objective apertures. For the precise quantitative analysis in electron tomography, the effect of the objective aperture on transmitted electron beam intensities should be considered. It is desirable that 2-D tilt series images are obtained without the objective aperture for correct application of Bee's law.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.857-863
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• 1998

A simple and new experimental method for determination of lysozyme-M. lysodeikticus cell lysis reaction and lysozyme activity was suggested using Beer's law. The UV transmittance of the solution changed with the concentration of M. lysodeikticus and the relationship between the UV transmittance and M. lysodeikticus cell concentration followed Beer's Law. In addition, it was experimentally proven that the UV transmittance of the solution was not influenced by the lysozyme concentration and product of the lysis reaction. During the lysozyme-M. lysodeikticus cell lysis reaction, thus, M. lysodeikticus cell concentration in the solution could be measured in-situ by UV-spectrophotometer. By using these experimental data, kinetic Parameters of the Michaelis-Menten equation for the lysozyme-M. lysodeikticus cell 1ysis reaction was simply determined The maximum reaction rate constant ($k_3$) and Michaelis-Menten constants were $0.1734sec^{-1}$ and $9.83{\times}10^{-6}M$ respectively. The activity of the lysozyme could also be obtained with this experiment because the lysis reaction rate of the 1ysozyme depended on its activity.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2004

Trace amount of uranyl (II) has been determined spectrophotometrically by measuring the optical density of the light blue yellowish coloured solutions formed by reaction between the metal ion and nicotinohydroxamic acid (NHx) in presence of different secondary ligands in strong isoamyl alcohol alkaline medium. The absorption maxima for both aqueous and extracted systems measured at their respective optimum pH were found to be 360 and 559 nm (DETA), 375 and 358 nm (EDA), 369 and 362 nm (piperidine), 354 and 341 nm (pyridine) and 363 and 336 nm (3 piperidine), 354 and 341 nm (pyridine) and 363 and 336 nm (3 - picoline), respectively at which Beer's law was obeyed. Effect of pH, reagent concentration, order of addition of reagent, time, temperature and solvent media on the absorption spectra have also been studied. Among the different systems studied, the shortest concentration range of uranyl(II) adhering to Beer's Law was 2.4 - 10.5 ppm observed for $UO_2(II)$ - NHx - DETA system in aqueous medium and also for iso amyl alcohol(IAA) extracted $UO_2$ - NHx - pyridine system was 2.4 - 7.8.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2004

In this paper, we propose an improved reproduction algorithm for a realistic image of the real scene based on the spectral distribution of lights and objects. The proposed method for the realistic image is focused on a more accurate reproduction of an image incident on the sight of the viewer. At first, to reproduce an image accurately incident on a sight of viewer, we used the backward ray tracing method based on spectral distribution of object and illuminant representing its physical characteristic used in real. Next, we propose utilizing the improved shading model of the reproduction algorithm of realistic image by applying Bouguer-Beer's law to consider an optical absorptive property of transparent objects. We also define a new ambient light term which is considered the diffuse reflection of neighboring objects instead of constant ambient light. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can reproduce the visually similar image with a scene incident on a sight of viewer.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.836-845
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• 2017

Gravimetric method is usually used to evaluate air-dry density, which is governing physical or mechanical properties of wood. Although it had high evaluation accuracy, the method is time consuming process. Thus, this study was conducted to estimate air-dry density of wood with high accuracy by using polychromatic X-ray and digital detector as alternative of gravimetric method. To quantify polychromatic X-ray projection for evaluating air-dry density, Lambert-Beer's law with the integral value of probability function was used. The integral value was used as weighting factor in the law, and it was determined by conducting simple test at various penetration depths and tube voltage. Mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of wood also calculated by investigating polychromatic X-ray projection according to species, penetration depth and tube voltage. The species had not an effect on change of MAC. Finally, an air-dry density of wood was estimated by applying the integral value, MAC and Lambert-Beer's law to polychromatic X-ray projection. As an example, the relation of the integral value (${\alpha}$) according to penetration depth (t, cm) at tube voltage of 35 kV was ${\alpha}=-0.00091t{\times}0.0184$ while the regression of the MAC (${\mu}$, $cm^2/g$) was ${\mu}=0.5414{\exp}(-0.0734t)$. When calculation of root mean squared error (RMSE) was performed to check the estimation accuracy, RMSE at 35, 45 and 55 kV was 0.010, 0.013 and $0.009g/cm^3$, respectively. However, partial RMSE in relation to air-dry density was varied according to tube voltage. The partial RMSE below air-dry density of $0.41g/cm^3$ was $0.008g/cm^3$ when tube voltage of 35 kV was used. Meanwhile, the partial RMSE above air-dry density of $0.41g/cm^3$ decreased as tube voltage increased. It was conclude that the accuracy of estimation with polychromatic X-ray and digital detector was quite high if the integral value and MAC of wood were determined precisely or a condition of examination was chosen properly. It was seemed that the estimation of air-dry density by using polychromatic X-ray system can supplant the gravimetric method.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2013.05a
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• pp.901-902
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• 2013

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-44
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• 1965

The properties of Fe(II)-7-nitrose-8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate have been studied spectrophotometrically at 700$m{\mu}$, $26^{\circ}C$. The absorbance of the complex shows a maximum at pH 6.0 and good thermal stability. Excess of the ligand and the reducing agent do not interfere the formation of the complex. The composition of the complex is found to be 3:1 ligand to metal species by molar ratio and continues variation methods. Calibration curve follow Beer's law over the range of concentratiion studied.