• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.408-417
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• 2007

Recently, an artificial beach has been constructed compensating for loss of the natural one caused by the development of coastal area, as well as serving as a location for recreational activities such as sea bathing. It is well known that some structure should be constructed to protect an artificial beach from the outflow due to wave action of the reclaimed sand. In general, dike is utilized as the structure to protect an artificial beach. And, one of the factors which may need to be taken into consideration for stability of dike on seabed foundation is the ground water behavior behind dike. However, the interrelated phenomena of nonlinear wave and ground water response have relatively little attention although these interactions are important for stability of structure and sand suction to the artificial beach. In this paper, the numerical wave tank was developed to clarify nonlinear wave, dike and ground water dynamic interaction, which can simulate the difference of ground water and mean water level. Using the developed numerical wave tank, the present study investigates how variation of ground water level influences hydrodynamic characteristics in seabed around dike and numerically simulates the wave fields, pore flow patterns, pore water pressures and vorticities according to variation of ground water level. Numerical results explain well how hydrodynamic characteristics in seabed around dike is affected by the variation of ground water level.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.29-44
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• 1999

This study was carried out to obtain basic data required to plan and develop Rehabilitation Day Care Program for the stroke Survivors at home in Korea. The subjects comprised of 118 stroke survivors who discharged from 4 hospitals in Seoul during the past 2 years. The data were collected from August 3, 1998 to September 18, 1998, through interviews with questionnaires about general characteristics, activities of dally living, depression and service need of rehabilitation day care program at the outpatient clinics by trained nursing graduates. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis, Pearson's correlation analysis, and Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS/WIN program. The results obtained are as follows ; 1. The mean score of the general need of rehabilitation day care program of stroke survivors was 2.78(range 1-4). The highest need among the service categories of the rehabilitation day care program was self-care and restorative activities category, and health services referral category, recreation category, psychosocial activities category in order. The needs of each category are as follows ; 1) In the health services referral category, the need for speech therapy was highest, followed by the need for physical therapy and occupational therapy. 2) In the psychosocial activities category, the need for self-help group was highest. 3) In the self-care and restorative activities category, the need for bathing was highest, followed by bowel training, and ambulation training. 4) The need for the recreation category was 2.62. 2. Among the need for the effect related to the utilization of day care program, the need for survivors' physical and psychological well-being was highest and was followed by the need for caregiver's physical and psychological wellbeing. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed following results ; 1. The need for rehabilitation day care program service displayed a correlation with the level of education, ADL, and the level of depression, and a reverse correlation with age. 2. The need for the effect related to the utilization of rehabilitation day program displayed a correlation with the level of education, ADL, and the level of depression. The stepwise multiple linear regression analysis revealed following results : 1. For the need for rehabilitation day care program service, 28.4% of the variance was initially explained by one variable, level of depression. The level of depression plus two variables, survivors' age and ADL, explained 34.2% of the variance in the need for rehabilitation day care program service. 2. For the need for the effect related to the utilization of rehabilitation day care program, 12.4% of the variance was initially explained by one variable, level of depression. The level of depression plus one variable, level of education, explained 20.4% of the variance in the need for the effect related to the utilization of rehabilitation day care program. In conclusion, above characteristics should be considered when we are planning to develop stroke survivors' rehabilitation day care program.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.437-444
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• 2009

Purpose: Transgender is a disorder of gender identity, who have appropriate chromosomal, hormonal and anatomical characteristics corresponding to their sexual phenotype but feel strongly with respect to their sexual identity, that they belong to the opposite sex. There is a persistence discomfort and sense of inappropriateness about one's assigned sex in a person who has reached puberty. Transgender is a psychiatric problem, but surgical method provides more satisfactory adjustment for patients. In gender reassignment surgery for female to male transgender, mastectomy, nipple reduction, hysterectomy, oophorectomy and phalloplasty are included. And as the final operation, recommended for scrotoplasty and artificial testes insertion. So we investigated the necessity and method of scrotoplasty in the final operation of female to male transgender. Method: The authors have long term follow-up of 75 cases female to male transgender during January, 1991 to February, 2008. Among them, 13 cases were evaluated in this study. During phalloplasty, the labium major skin preserved. And this labium majoral skin flap was made for the neoscrotum. At least six months later, artificial testes were inserted in neoscrotum with local anesthesia. Middle sized (3 cm diameter) artificial testes(silicon gel or carving soft silicone implant) were used because of the limitation of the neoscrotum. We evaluated the questionnaire and interview about the postoperative satisfaction in configuration of reconstructed scrotum, and the necessity of operation, the postoperative psychosocioeconomic improvement and limitation of body exposure activities such as swimming, public bathing. Results: Based on this study, satisfaction of reconstructed scrotum after scrotoplasty was improved(92%). The necessity of scrotoplasty was in 92.3% and the postoperative psychosocioeconomic well - being improvement was 77% in answers. Less limitation of activities requiring body exposure was 54% in answers. Most of the patients were satisfied with the results of surgical operation inspite of the operative procedure had some postoperative complications. Conclusion: This study was reported that the scrotoplasty in female to male transgender is not only a conversion of external genitalia but also an improvement of psychosocial state. Most patients sincerely hope to this operation, so we improve our surgical method for more good results.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.89-89
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• 1995

Surface epithelial cells isolated from hamster tracheas and grown on a thick collagen gel become a highly enriched population of mucus-secreting cells. Epithelial cells from tracheas of hamsters were collected using enzymatic procedures and cultured under various conditions. The medium used consisted of a 1:1 mixture of medium 199 and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's (DME) medium which was conditioned before use. Insulin, transferrin, hydrocortisone, epidermal growth factor, and extract from bovine hypothalamus were used as supplement. Due to relatively low basal rates of min secretion from in vitro cultures, cultures are generally radiolabeled using $^3$H-glucosamine as a metabolic precursor. The radiolabeled mucinsreleased are quantitated by precipitation with TCA/PTA. Using this cell culture system, we investigated mucin release of goblet cells by altering the media bathing the apical surface of hamster tracheal surface epithelial(HTSE) cells. Acidic media added sulfuric acid caused sigcificant increases in mucin relesse (155${\pm}$20% at pH 4 and 146${\pm}$16% at, pH 5). Ammonium hydroxide also increased mucin release at pH 9.0(156${\pm}$17%) and pH 10(295${\pm}$9%) respectively. This additional mucin release seems to be associated with cell membrane damage as indicated by release of cellular LDH. SP stimulates secretion of mucin in cultured HTSE cells(154${\pm}$16% at 1${\times}$10$\^$-6/M and 165${\pm}$25% at 1${\times}$10$\^$-5/M. PAF at 5${\times}$10$\^$-6/M and 5${\times}$10$\^$-5/M enhanced by HTSE cells in vitro 168${\pm}$34% and 259${\pm}$30% of mucin secretion, respectively. The increase in mucin release by PAF and SP was not secondary to cell damage or necrosis. SP and PAF may be in mediating mucous secretion induced by inflammation irritantion and infection.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.69-77
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to obtain some basic data necessary for more effective health education by questionnaire survey on the knowledge, attitude and preventive health behavior. The questionnaire forms were delivered to 500 university students in seoul during periods from 24 to 28, september, from 7 to 19, October, 1991. The result of this study can be summarized as follows: 1) Washing hands after using toilet has relationship to sex (fece: $X^2=51.55$, urine: $X^2=36.25$, p<0.05). Index of female was higher than that of male. 2) Tooth brushing has relationship to sex ($X^2=13.28$, p<0.05). The tendency of practice of male and female was similar. 3) Changing of underwear 1~3 days were the highest and it has relationship to sex ($X^2=162.846$, p<0.05), birth place ($X^2=97.18$, p<0.05). Index of female was higher than that of male. 4) Bathing has relationship to sex ($X^2=80.92$, p<0.05). birth place ($X^2=54.18$, p<0.05, pocket money ($X^2=33.04$, p<0.05). 5) The attitude on occurrence of epidemic disease has relationship to sex ($X^2=70.33$, p<0.05). A female was more senstive than male. 6) In case of slight disease, a cold, illness from fatigue, the utilization of drug store was higher. The utilization of medical center according to disease has relationship to sex ($X^2=69.84$, p<0.05). 7) Medical behaviorism has relationship to school year ($X^2=35.18$, p<0.05), sex ($X^2=42.18$, p<0.05). 8) The utilization of school health center has relationship to sex ($X^2=10.73$, p<0.05), the school year ($X^2=72.09$, p<0.05), the pocket money ($X^2=38.80$, p<0.05). 9) The experience of health education has relationship to school year ($X^2=10.96$, p<0.05). No experence is 95.4%. 10) The subject for health-medical knowledge is necessary. The need for subject has relationship to sex ($X^2=10.86$, p<0.05).

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.2
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• pp.35-51
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• 1995

This study was done to define nursing diagnose and to test the validity of the characteristics for patients with cerebrovascular accidents being seen at home by home health care nurses. This study was a descriptive study. The sample consisted of 10 experts(professors and home health care nurses) who had had a variety of experience using nursing diagnoses in clinical practice, and 336 nurse progress notes for 18 patients with cerebrovascular accidents. First, 32 nursing diagnoses were defined by the analysis of 336 nurse progress notes, and ten nursing diagnoses were selected according to a criteria of frequency and four nursing diagnoses from home health care clinical practice. Second, content validity was examined by an expert group which considered the sign / symtoms of the fourteen nursing diagnoses. The instrument used for this was a checklist for sign / symtoms based on the nurse progress notes and literature : Carpenito(1993), Kim Cho Ja et al (1994), Lee Sun Ok et al.(1994), Kim Mae Ja et al. (1992), Seoul University Hospital (1993) , Kim Mi Ja et al. (1991). The data were collected from March 1995 to April 1995. Data were analyzed using Content Validity Incidence where if 80% or more of the expert group agreed, characteristics were defined as a major sign/symtoms, if between 50% and 79% of the expert group agreed with the characteristic it was defined as a minor sign / symtoms. The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Thirty-two nursing diagnoses related to patients with cerebrovascular accidents were defined. There was a high frequency for the following : 'Potential for disuse syndrome (61%)', 'Impaired physical mobility(50%)', 'Impaired skin integrity (44.4%)', Potential for aspiration(33.3%)', 'Potential for infection: respiration(33.3%)', 'Self-care deficit : bathing /hygine(27.8%)', 'Ineffective family coping(22.2%)', 'Potential for trauma(22.2%)', 'Alteration in nutrition: less than body requirements(22.2%)'. The following diagnoses were also used in home health care clinical practice : 'Anxiety in family (50%)', 'Caregiver fatigue(27.8%)', 'Ineffective treatment behavior (22.2%)', 'Ineffective Levin tube management and Levin tube feeding(22.2%)'. Fourteen nursing diagnoses were selected. 2. Ten of the nursing diagnoses for patients with cerebrovascular accident were listed as nursing diagnoses by NANDA but four nursing diagnoses were new nursing diagnoses used in home health care clinical practice. 3. Characteristics of the ten Nursing Diagnoses from NANDA were developed from the sign /symtoms in the literature and in the nurse progress notes. These characteristics was verified as major or minor sign / symtoms by the expert group. 4. Characteristics of the four nursing diagnoses used in home health care were not defined by the literature but only by the nurse progress notes and verified as major or minor signs /symtoms by the expert group. On the basis of the findings of this study, the following recommendations are made : 1. Continual study is necessary to identify other signs /symtoms not verified in this study. 2. It is necessary to use verified signs /symtoms in home health care clinical practice. 3. It is necessary to define related factors which define each diagnoses in this study. 4. It is necessary to develop of standardized nursing are plans which include defined signs and symtoms. 5. It is necessary to study the outcomes of the standardized nursing care plans.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 1998

Responses of tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum cv. Xanthi) leaves of different age to diphenyl ether herbicide oxyfluorfen were evaluated with respect to cellular leakage, chlorophyll loss, and membrane lipid peroxidation. When tobacco leaves of different age were incubated under light condition at $25^{\circ}C$ following 12hr dark incubation. Significant electrolyte leakage from the treated tissues into the bathing medium occurred. The change of electrolyte leakage was proportional to the oxytluorfen concentration and the duration of light exposure to the tissues. Electrolyte leakage from the tissues treated with oxyfluorfen was highly dependent on the leaf age. From the tissues of younger age, more electrolyte leakage occurred and lag period was greatly reduced. Chlorophyll loss and membrane lipid peroxidation, as measured by malondialdehyde production, caused by oxyfluorfen treatment were also dependent an the age of treated leaf tissues. In conclusion, physiological responses of tobacco leaves to oxyfluorfen greatly varied with the age of treated tissues, and thus tobacco plants could be used as appropriate materials for studying the mechanisms of tolerance to diphenyl ether herbicides.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.11 no.1_2
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• pp.19-29
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• 1996

Human exposure to volatile compounds in tap water can occur from inhalation and dermal absorption as well as direct ingestion. The relative contribution to total human exposure from these pathways has been considered to be important especially for VOC's (volatile organic compounds). In an attempt to reduce the uncertainty of the risk assessment, it has been suggested that the exposure assessment process could be significantly improved by adopting Monte-Carlo simulation. However, there is no actual data in Korea for each exposure parameter to determine the level of exposure, and the distributional pattern. Therefore, we surveyed water use patterns and behavior related to multi-route exposure to VOC's in household tap water in Korea, and compared these values to the those in western countries. In the first survey, we calculated daily water intake using data from a sample of 1322 persons of several cities in Korea. In the second survey, we obtained questionnaire data on exposure time for showering, bathing and household activities, and tap water intake from 851households in Korea. In the last survey, we measured the exposure parameters (exposure time, water use rate etc.) related to showers, baths, toilets, dish washing, washing and cooking, and tap water intake was surveyed. Also, the subjects were measured their body weight, height and tidal volume, etc. A diary, a flow meter and a measuring cup were used to measure these values as precisely as possible. Average daily water intake was ranged 0.79-1.71 L/day for adults in three surveys. Tap water intake measured by log-sheet during one week in third survey was 1.26 (average), 1.98 L/day (90 percentlie), respectively. These results were comparable with results from EPA (1.4, 2L/day). The average amount of water used by housewives in the third survey was 515.0 $\pm$ 564.6L/day. In usual activity, the amount of water used in the bathroom, the laundry and the kitchen was 140.0 $\pm$ 538.9, 148.0 $\pm$ 174.5, 229.3 $\pm$ 205.4 L/day, respectively. Exposure parameters such as water intake rate, exposure duration, body weight, inhalation rates in surveyed data of Korean people differed from those published from western countries. This could be attributed to variations in lifestyle, dietary habits and physiological characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.20-30
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• 1999

To improve water quality particularly for sea bathers along the Fylde coastal zone near Blackpool, North West England, waste water from a sewage outfall is studied using a mathematical model. The explicit second order accurate central scheme and the third order accurate QUICKEST scheme are used to represent the diffusion terms and the advection terms of the advective-diffusion equation, respectively. Hydrodynamic model is run for a coarse and fine grid, of 1km and 200m, respectively, obtaining good agreement with measured data. Water quality model is then used to predict faecal coliform levels in the region for four different scenarios, including discharges from: - (i) Fleetwood outfall, (ii)River Ribble for summer condition, (iii)River Ribble for winter condition, and (iv)combined sewer overflows for the Blackpool and Fleetwood communities. Main findings from the simulations are:- (i) Fleetwood outfall has a negligible impact on the beaches with respect to pathogen levels; (ii) Discharge from River Ribble for both summer and winter conditions is predicted in the range of coliform levels 10 -500 counts/100ml along the beach at Lytham St. Annes; and (iii) The CSO effluent discharges are predicted not to advect out into offshore by stronger tidal currents.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.2
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• pp.17-30
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• 1981

This study is designed to analyze the child's behaviour development and consider parent's expectation toward it. In the research of the aspect of child's behaviour development, first, this study will analyze the change and development a child shows according to his age, sex, and the community where he is brought up, and then, the relationship between child's behaviour development and parent's expectation toward it. (1) Child's Behaviour Development. a) According to Age. At the age of three ; In such behaviours as wiping nose, dressing, brushing teeth, putting on coat alone, going to toilet for B.M., going on errands, and playing contentedly alone, washing hands, greeting his elders, a child at the age of three to four shows a rapid development, and therefore it seems better to train a child in these behaviors age of three. At the age of four ; In such behaviors sharing cakes with friends, riding on a tricycle, a child shows great development, at the age of four to five, and therefore it seems better to train him in them at the age of four. At the age of five ; In such behaviors as combing hair, putting toys away in proper place, telephoning a child shows great development at the age of five to six, and therefore it seems better to train him in them at the age of five. b) According to sex and community. As a whole, there is little difference between sexes and the communities. It can be estimated from this that sex or the community has on the whole no great influence on the basic aspects of child's behavior development. (2) Parent's expectation. On the whole parent's expectation falls short of a child's development in behaviors ; especially, bathing himself, dressing, going to toilet for B.M, going to toilet to urinate, telephoning, etc. This tendency is consficuous in the case of three or four year old children. This results from parent's protecting in excess their children and reducing the opportunities to encourage the children's independence by delaying the babyhood. (3) The relationship between child's behaviour development and parent's expectation. a) On the whole, the behaviour of a child is at a higher level than parent's expectation. b) As a child grows from three years to six, his behaviour develops on the whole in accordance with the increase of parent's expectation. But the level of the former is lower than that of the latter. c) According to computing a coefficient of correlation is as follows. 3 years old ; .84 4 years old ; .90 5 years old ; .87 6 years old ; .89 It shows there is a high correlation between child's Behaviour and Parent's Expectation.