• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2002.09a
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• pp.235-238
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• 2002

Microorganisms were isolated from military shooting site. Aerobic batch reactor and resting cell condition experiments were carried out using isolated microorganisms. Experiments were examined at room temperature on shaker and ten-roll mixer. During 10 days of reaction time, TNT was degraded 15.51 ~ 22.47 mg/L from initial concentration(31$\pm$1 mg/L) by aerobic batch reactor. Aerobic resting cell condition experiments were carried out ill phosphate buffer with 58($\pm$1) mg/L TNT at pH of 6.0($\pm$0.2). TNT was degraded 67.8% of initial concentration. The mai or component was found 4-ADNT(4-Aminodinitrotoluene).

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.304-308
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• 1994

A suitable culture method and bioreactor type for itaconic acid production were chosen by comparing the maximal concentration of itaconic acid produced in various systems. In batch culture, the maximal concentration of itaconic acid produced in a bubble column reactor was about 5% greater than that produced in stirred-tank or external-loop airlift reactor. These results were thought to be due to lower shear force and higher mass transfer efficiency in a bubble column reactor in comparison with other reactors. Moreover, the fed-batch mode in a bubble column was found to be a suitable one, producing about 25% higher concentration of itaconic acid compared to batch mode.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.638-643
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• 1998

An investigation was made to develop new biofilm medium which could be applied to the Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor(SBBR) system for enhanced nutrient removal. 21 kinds of polyurethane media were tested fro adhesion ability for nitrifying bacteria. Nitrification rates were also tested by introducing synthetic wastewater containing ammonium-nitrogen to reactors with biofilm media. It was found that Z96-06 medium had higher selective adhension ability for nitrifying bacteria than the other biofilm media. The nitrification rate was 2.21 mg {{{{ { NH}`_{4 } ^{ +} }}}}-N /L$.$h$.$g MLSS when we operated the SBBR system containing Z96-06. Nitrification rate of the SBBR system increased approximately by 30% compared with that of the Sequencing Batch Reactor(SBR) system which did not contain biological carrier.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• v.1
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• pp.315-320
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• 2006

There have been several problems in treating shipboard sewage due to special environmental conditions of ship, such as limited space, rolling and pitching, change of temperature and so on. It was suggested that Sequence Batch Reactor (SBR) might be suitable process for overcome these problems in terms of small size, high capacity of treating wastewater and full automation. In this study a SBR process was employed for biological treatment of organic wastes in the shipboard sewage. This process was able to remove nitrogen and phosphorus as well as organic matter efficiently. More than 95% of chemical oxygen demand(COD) were removed. In addition, about 97% of total nitrogen (T-N) was reduced. The total phosphorus(T-P) reduction averaged 93%. A disturbance operation caused by the treatment of Methylene Blue Active Substances(MBAS) was not observed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.42-55
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• 1999

A mathematical model for biological nutrient removal in a sequencing batch reactor process, which is based on the IAWQ Activated Sludge Model No. 2 with a few modifications, has been developed. Twenty water quality components and twenty three kinetic equations are incorporated in the model. The model is structured in the matrix form based on the law of mass conservation using stoichiometry and kinetic equations. Stoichiometric coefficients and kinetic parameters included in the model equations are chosen from the literature. A multistep predictor-corrector algorithm of variable step-size is adopted for solving the vector nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The simulation for experimental results is conducted to evaluate the validity of the model and to calibrate coefficients and parameters. The simulation using the model well represents the experimental results from laboratory. The mathematical model developed in this study may be utilized for the design and operation of a sequencing batch reactor process under the steady and unsteady-state at various environmental conditions.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.595-600
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• 1993

The heat of reaction has been estimated from heat balance relationships around the reactor. The heat balance equations were formulated with the assumptions that the reactor temperature is uniformly distributed and the jacket temperatures are axially distributed. We have obtained the temperature distribution of jacket contents by FDM. And then, we have rearranged the heat balance equations so that the heat of reaction can be estimated from the finite number of temperature measurements, i.e., temperatures of the reactor contents, at the jacket inlet and outlet, respectively. The proposed method for reaction heat estimation on were applied to industrial batch reactors ; one is ABS polymerization reactor and the other is SAN polymerization reactor. We have also examined the variation of overall heat transfer coefficients for the reactors during reaction.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.697-709
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• 1997

Sequencing Batch Reactor(SBR) experiments for organics and nutrients removal have been conducted to find an optimum anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic cycling time and evaluate the applicability of oxidation-reduction potential(ORP) as a process control parameter. In this study, a 61 bench-scale plant was used and fed with night-soil wastewater in K city which contained TCODcr : 10, 680 mg/l, TBm : 6, 893 mg/l, $NH_4^+-N$ : 1, 609 mg/l, $PO_4^{3-}-P$ : 602 mg/l on average. The cycling time In SBRs was adjusted at 12 hours and 24 hours, and then certainly included anaerobic, aerobic and inoxic conditions. Also, for each cycling time, we performed 3 series of experiment simultaneously which was set up 10 days, 20 days and 30 days as SRT From the experimental results, the optimum cycling time for biological nutrient removal with nlght-soil wastewater was respctively 3hrs, 5hrs, 3hrs(anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic), Nitrogen removal efficiency was 77.9%, 77.9%, 81.7% for each SRT, respectively. When external carbon source was fed in the anoxic phase, ORP-bending point indicating nitrate break point appeared clearly and nitrogen removal efficiency increased as 96.5%, 97.1%, 98.9%. Phosphate removal efficiency was 59.8%, 64.571, 68.6% for each SRT. Also, we finded the applicability of ORP as a process control parameter in SBRs.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.263-269
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• 2002

This study was conducted to know the removal characteristics of ammonia nitrogen by commercially available cation exchange resins. Eight acidic cation exchange resins were investigated in batch reactors. Among them, the most effective resin for ammonia removal in solution was PK228, which was a strong acidic resin of $Na^{+}$ type. PK228 was compared with activated carbon and natural zeolite. The effects of cation exchange capacity, ammonia concentration, resin amount, temperature and pH on ammonia removal by PK228 were investigated in batch reactor, and the effect of effluent velocity in continuous column reactor. Strong acidic resins of porous type were more effective than week acidic resins or gel type resins for ammonia removal in solution. PK228 was more effective than activated carbon and natural zeolite for ammonia removal in batch reactor. With increasing initial ammonia concentration, the amount of ammonia removed by PK228 increased, but the proportion of removed ammonia to initial ammonia concentration decreased. The effect or temperature on ammonia removal by PK228 was very slight. The ammonia removal to acidic solution was more effective than that at basic solution. With decreasing effluent velocity of solution through column, breakthrough point extended, and ammonia removal capacity increased.d.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.245-250
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• 2004

The SBR(Sequencing Batch Reactor) process is ideally suited to treat high loading wastewater due to its high dilution rate. SBR operates by a cycle of periods consisting of filling, reacting, settling, decanting and idling. The react phases such as aeration or non-aeration, organic oxidation, nitrification, denitrification and other bio-logical reactions can be achieved in a reactor. Although the whole reactions can be achieved in a SBR with time distributing, it is hard to manage the SBR as a normal condition without recognizing a present state. The present state can be observed with nutrient sensors such as ${NH_{4}}^{+}-N$, ${NO_{2}}^{-}-N$, ${NO_{3}}^{-}-N} and ${PO_{4}}^{ 3-}-P.$ However, there is still a disadvantage to use the nutrient sensors because of their high expense and inconvenience to manage. Therefore, it is very useful to use common on-line sensors such as DO, ORP and pH, which are less expensive and more convient. Moreover, the present states and unexpected changes of SBR might be predicted by using of them. This study was conducted to get basic materials for making an inference of SBR process from ORP(oxidation reduction potential) of synthetic wastewater. The profiles of ORP, DO, and pH were under normal nitrification and denitrification were obtained to compare abnormal condition. And also, nitrite and nitrate accumulation were investigated during reaction of SBR. The bending point on ORP profile was not entirely in the low COD/NOx ratio condition. In this case, NOx was not entirely removed, and minimum ORP value was presented over -300mV. Under suitable COD/NOx ratio which complete denitrification was achieved, ORP bending point was observed and minimum ORP value was under -300m V. Under high COD/NOx ratio, ORP bending point was not detected at the first subcycle because of the fast denitrification and minimum ORP value was under -300mV at the time.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1337-1345
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• 2011

The removal performances of divalent heavy metal ions ($Pb^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$, $Cd^{2+}$, $Sr^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$) were studied using the Na-P1 zeolite synthesized from Jeju scoria in the batch and continuous fixed column reactor. The uptakes of heavy metal ions by synthetic Na-P1 zeolite decreased in the order of $Pb^{2+}$ > $Cu2^{2+}$ > $Cd^{2+}$ > $Sr^{2+}$ > $Mn^{2+}$ based on the selectivity of each ion to ionic exchange site of Na-P1 zeolite for single and mixed solutions in batch or continuous fixed column reactor. For mixed solution, each heavy metal ion uptake was lower than that in single solution, and especially the uptake for $Mn^{2+}$ decreased greatly. In batch reactor, the uptakes of heavy metal ions by synthetic Na-P1 zeolite were described by Freundlich or Langmuir equation, but they followed the former better than the latter. In continuous fixed column reactor, the maximum ion exchange capacity obtained for each of heavy metal ions, was about 90----- of that in batch reactor. The uptakes of heavy metal ions by synthetic Na-P1 zeolite increased with the increase of initial heavy metal concentration and solution pH, and the decrease of the amount and particle size of synthetic zeolite.