• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.91-104
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• 1996

The viability loss or death of weed seeds buried in soil can be induced by infrared irradiation which has good penetration in moist soil. By using this principle of pre-emergence soil-treatment, the study was carried out to obtain basic information needed to develop the effective weed control method for the production of less polluted agricultural products. An apparatus for irradiating infrared was constructed by using ceramic material with high emissivity. The LPG was used as fuel for producing infrared by heating ceramic material. The soil heated in this study was loam with four levels of moisture contents (0.6, 5.7, 10.7, 15.1 % wb). The temperature distribution was measured at various soil depths when soil with different moisture content was irradiated with infrared for three different times (30, 60, 90 sec). The soil depths with duration time of minimum 3 minutes over $80^{\circ}C$, temperature inducing viability loss of weed seeds, were investigated. When the moisture content of soil was 0.6 and 5.7 % wb, the soil depths which can induce viability loss of weed seeds was greatly increased with increasing irradiation time. However, any depths of soil tested in this study was not reached to the temperature of $80^{\circ}C$ when 30 seconds of irradiation time was applied on soil with moisture content of 10.7 or 15.1 % wb. Generally, the soil depth needed for viability loss of weed seeds was decreased with increasing moisture content of soil. Also, longer irradiation time was required to induce viability loss of weed seeds with increasing moisture content of soil.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.10-21
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• 1976

The traditional application of night soil to vegetable gardens and rice paddies results in a most wide spread condition of parasitism, with a variety of helminths found in Korea. In addition to the above fact, the peculiar habit of the consumption of raw vegetables, fish, crustaceans and mammals provides a means of infestations of helminths. During the last sixty years numerous reports were found on the prevalence of helminths amongst the Korean population in different parts of the country, and it was generally recognized that ascariasis, hookworm disease, filariasis, clonorchiasis and paragonimiasis constitute the important helminthic disease in Korea. In practical measures of parasite control activities the main measures are summarized as mass-treatment, night-soil disposal and transmission control. Among the three, the mass-treatment has been commonly applied, however, no reduction of transmission has been obtained by treatment of a population. Therefore, the ultimate eradication of parasites will depend upon the application of comprehensive environmental sanitation measures. The basic environmental measures will be concerned with (a) the safe disposal of human excreta, (b) the provision of adequate and safe water supplies in such a way as to promote a higher standard of personal hygiene in the population, and (c) the prevention of food contamination by faecal material. Additional environmental measures will deal with the improvement of housing and housing hygiene and with general community development. Community development means social and cultural as well as economic development. The control measures on the parasitic endemic diseases, such as clonorchiasis and paragonimiasis are the good examples for community health development in Korea. The control of Clonorchis and Paragonimus infections are theoretically very simple, as the infection can only invade the human body by way of encysted metacercaria which are taken into the body when eating passive intermediate hosts(fishes, crabs and crayfishes). Although prophylactic measures in the case of the infections deal with above merely consist the fishes in cooking or submerging in hot water before eating them, it is exceedingly difficult to carry out such simple measures in face of century old traditions, to which the relatively primitive population clings with great tenacity. There is no one universally applicable method of control. The choice of methods must be dictated by the nature of the environment. the habit and custom of the people. the pattern of transmission and the resources of the country. There must exist a well organized public health infrastructure. Since a control programme is of necessity on a longterm basis and continuity in its implementation is essential. An investigation should be made on the prevalence of the diseases and its relationships to irrigation engineering, freshwater ecology, agricultural methods, hydro-electric schemes, and the development of communities in affected areas. In conclusion, however. the control of clonorchiasis and paragonimiasis in Korea is not an impossible task. A combination of efforts with major emphasis on health education and mass chemotherapy coupled with governmental aid in enforcing legislative public health measures could reduce the diseases. Health education in particular attempts following four things: (a) It supplies a person with enough general knowledge about a disease to make the preventive measures. (b) It makes a person feel sufficiently about the importance of his own health to make him alter his behavior and adopt these preventive measure. (c) It makes him concerned for the health others. (d) It tries to make him feel so strongly about the first three that be supports and even initiates preventive action by the community. Educational efforts should be directed primarily toward school children because it is during the early years that most persons become infected, and also because children are less entrenched in their food habits so that, the educational process should be involved at various levels in successive changes of knowledge, attitude, beha viour, habit and custom of their lives. The most parasitic endemic diseases are related to community diseases. In caring for a sick community. the first stage is to gather epidemiological data, the next is to make inferences from it-to make the community diagnosis. The third is to prescribe community treatment or community health action part of a community health action programme. The community health action is the sum of the steps decided upon to remedy the critical features revealed by the community diagnosis. Action takes various forms; health education is the most important.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.10-17
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• 2014

This study was conducted to elucidate the relationship between light and coloring and to obtain basic results for promoting redness expression in 'Kalle' (Pyrus communis L.) pear skin. It was investigated in location of anthocyanin layer by microscopic observation and differences in skin color expression of 'Kalle' bagged with paper bag which has different light transmittance rate and inside temperature. However, there was no anthocyanin layer in the brown skin and golden yellow color, anthocyanin layer was distributed in epidermins or hyperdermis of red skin pear and apple. Dark red colored 'Kalle' had more anthocyanin content, $29.8mg{\cdot}100g^{-1}$ FW than light red colored apple 'Hongro'. Light transmittance rate of physical characteristics used paper bags was the highest in white paper bag, 42.2% and it also had more light quantity, $8.9{\mu}mol$ than any other tested paper bags in specific wave length 650-655 nm. The maximum temperature of inner bag was higher about $3^{\circ}C$ in yellow paper bag. The red coloration and anthocyanin contents in no bagged fruits were higher than in any other bagged fruit. However, red color expression among the bagged fruits was higher in white paper bag than in double layered black paper bag and yellow paper bag. Also, chromaticity value seemd to be a good index to explain variation of fruit skin color, because anthocyanin content and chromaticity value were higher. Based on these results, it is desirable to cultivate 'Kalle' without bag for stable redness expression but bagging is essential for decreasing damage by insect in Korea. Further examination to find suitable time of removing paperbag for redness expression and decreasing insect damage. In addition, it is required to develop paperbag whose transmittance rate is high in specific light wavelength or temperature of inner bags is low. Additional key words: anthocyanin, bagging, chromaticity value, light transmittance, Pyrus communis L.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1983

This study was conducted to obtain basic information on the rice anther culture. Materials used were (Inabawase X YR 2404-14-2-1) $F_1$ hybrid. Callus growth rate on various media, induction frequency of callus in spikelet and panicle, and the effect of treatment on anther and callus were evaluated. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; The growth rate of callus on N-6, M-S, P.E.agar media was 19.8, 13.1, 4.1 times respectively after 30 days inoculated, and on liquid media was 3.8, 5.1, 1.4 times, respectively. Organ differentiation on N-6, M-S, P.E.agar media was 37.5%, 12.5%, 17.5% respectively. The difference of induction frequency of callus per panicle was 0.14%-6.25% and per spikelet was 0-19.05%. Almost callus was induced 30-35 days after inoculation. Organ differentiation of induced callus was decreased by culture. Callus cultured for 13 days after induction did not make shoot. Anthers cold shocked at $8^{\circ}C$ for 5 days obtained 3.32% efficiencys of callus induction per number of anthers plated, and compared with 2.41% of no treated anthers. But anther treated at $8^{\circ}C$ for 7 days decreased 2.24%. Callus induction periods were shortened by cold treatment for about 5 days. Callus cultured on medium containing 2 mg/l of 2, 4-D showed 5% on root formation but medium containing 5 mg/l of 2, 4-D showed 30% of root formation after transfered on the medium without 2, 4-D. Callus cold shocked at $15-18^{\circ}C$ revealed poor efficiency for root formation, but 5 days treatment was good for shoot formation.

• Korean Journal of Hospice Care
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.46-69
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• 2001

Hospice Care is the best way to care for terminally ill patients and their family members. However most of them can not receive the appropriate hospice service because the Korean health delivery system is mainly be focussed on acutly ill patients. This study was carried out to clarify the situation of hospice in Korea and to develop a hospice care delivery system model which is appropriate in the Korean context. The theoretical framework of this study that hospice care delivery system is composed of hospice resources with personnel, facilities, etc., government and non-government hospice organization, hospice finances, hospice management and hospice delivery, was taken from the Health Delivery System of WHO(1984). Data was obtained through data analysis of litreature, interview, questionairs, visiting and Delphi Technique, from October 1998 to April 1999 involving 56 hospices, 1 hospice research center, 3 non-government hospice organizations, 20 experts who have had hospice experience for more than 3 years(mean is 9 years and 5 months) and officials or members of 3 non-government hospice organizations. There are 61 hospices in Korea. Even though hospice personnel have tried to study and to provide qualified hospice serices, there is nor any formal hospice linkage or network in Korea. This is the result of this survey made to clarify the situation of Korean hospice. Results of the study by Delphi Technique were as follows: 1.Hospice Resources: Key hospice personnel were found to be hospice coordinator, doctor, nurse, clergy, social worker, volunteers. Necessary qualifications for all personnel was that they conditions were resulted as have good health, receive hospice education and have communication skills. Education for hospice personnel is divided into (i)basic training and (ii)special education, e.g. palliative medicine course for hospice specialist or palliative care course in master degree for hospice nurse specialist. Hospice facilities could be developed by adding a living room, a space for family members, a prayer room, a church, an interview room, a kitchen, a dining room, a bath facility, a hall for music, art or work therapy, volunteers' room, garden, etc. to hospital facilities. 2.Hospice Organization: Whilst there are three non-government hospice organizations active at present, in the near future an hospice officer in the Health&Welfare Ministry plus a government Hospice body are necessary. However a non-government council to further integrate hospice development is also strongly recommended. 3.Hospice Finances: A New insurance standards, I.e. the charge for hospice care services, public information and tax reduction for donations were found suggested as methods to rise the hospice budget. 4.Hospice Management: Two divisions of hospice management/care were considered to be necessary in future. The role of the hospice officer in the Health & Welfare Ministry would be quality control of hospice teams and facilities involved/associated with hospice insurance standards. New non-government integrating councils role supporting the development of hospice care, not insurance covered. 5.Hospice delivery: Linkage&networking between hospice facilities and first, second, third level medical institutions are needed in order to provide varied and continous hospice care. Hospice Acts need to be established within the limits of medical law with regards to standards for professional staff members, educational programs, etc. The results of this study could be utilizes towards the development to two hospice care delivery system models, A and B. Model A is based on the hospital, especially the hospice unit, because in this setting is more easily available the new medical insurance for hospice care. Therefore a hospice team is organized in the hospital and may operate in the hospice unit and in the home hospice care service. After Model A is set up and operating, Model B will be the next stage, in which medical insurance cover will be extended to home hospice care service. This model(B) is also based on the hospital, but the focus of the hospital hospice unit will be moved to home hospice care which is connected by local physicians, national public health centers, community parties as like churches or volunteer groups. Model B will contribute to the care of terminally ill patients and their family members and also assist hospital administrators in cost-effectiveness.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.90-98
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• 2014

This study was carried out to provide basic data. his research conducted the survey using face to face survey and board survey during about 2 months from Oct. to Nov. in 2009 for users of Bongje Mt., a small-sized mountain at downtown, and Acha Mt., a big-sized mountain at outskirt so as to compare the differences of using behavior by forms and size of urban forest in living area of Seoul. Characteristics of urban forest users, using behavior, demands and satisfaction of facilities and management and pass pattern were set as research items. The thing in common for using behavior is that both genders of main users were in more than 40s~60s. They showed the highest using rate from 7 a.m. to 12 p.m. and high rate for using nearly everyday or visiting two or three times per a week. In addition, it's judged that the accessibility from dwelling area to entrance of urban forest in living area is good and satisfaction for the standard of facilities and their management in forest way was relatively low. For the complement and essential facilities, 'sanitary facilities' showed the highest rate. For the differences of using behavior, most of Bongje Mt. users were residents living within a 2km radius (under the standard of walking) and they moved by average 1.3km. And, they preferred short-time activities of about 24 minutes. On the other hand, main users of Acha Mt. were residents living within a 4km radius (under the standard of walking) and people of other regions. and 60% of them preferred the passage route taking 3hours half over 6km. Through the survey on using behavior of urban forest in living area of Seoul, with different using form and forest size, introduction of using program for main users or managing method of differentiations for introduced facility's management should be properly applied. Especially, urban forest should be systematically managed like park green as expected that residents's using of urban forest will be increased with the increase of leisure time.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.3 no.1 s.4
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• pp.85-96
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• 2004

The study begin with a basic concept, if the occupancy length of vehicle detector is directly proportional to the delay of vehicle. That is, it analogize vehicle's delay of a occupancy time. The results of a study was far superior in the estimation of a queue length. It is a very good points the operator is not necessary to optimize s1, s2, Thdoc. Thdoc(critical congestion degree) replaced 0.7 with 0.2 - 0.3. But, if vehicles have been experience in delay was not occupy vehicle detector, the study is in existence some problems. In conclusion, it is necessary that stretch queue detector or install paired queue detector. Also I want to be made steady progress a following study relation to this study, because it is required traffic signal control on congestion.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.417-427
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• 2010

Objectives: This study was conducted to develop a Korean version of the Participatory Action Oriented Training (PAOT) program and training materials for improvement of agricultural working environments. Methods: The PAOT manual and checklist were developed on the basis of the original English version of the training materials, a questionnaire survey of agricultural health and safety professionals, and a brainstorming conference. Good example pictures were collected through visits to agricultural workers' houses, and an easily understandable picture was drawn by an animation specialist. A PAOT action manual and five types of action checklists were developed for use in different agricultural environments. Each action checklist contained six categories and 38 items of agricultural health and safety principles; the six categories were material storage and handling, work stations and tools, machine safety, physical environment, working schedule and organization, and basic health and safety management. Incorporating these training materials, a one-day Korean PAOT program was developed. Results: Among 307 candidate agricultural workers from four rural Korean villages, 94 workers (59 males, 35 females) participated in a PAOT from July 2007 to Oct 2008. The PAOT program was successful and the mean self-estimated satisfaction score of the participants was greater than 90%. Conclusions: A Korean PAOT program and training materials were successfully developed and applied to Korean agricultural workers. Although more studies are needed, it is expected that PAOT will greatly contribute to the improvement of agricultural working conditions and health and safety through the use of agricultural workers' self initiatives.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.124-130
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• 1986

To find out the optimum split application ratios of fertilizer nitrogen and potassium in the newly opened pasture at spring, a field experiment was conducted. Two levels of nitrogen and potassium application and three split application ratios of both fertilizer were treated by split design with 4 replications. The experiment was carried out from March, 1984 to October, 1985 on the experimental field of the Livestock Experiment Station in Suweon. The results obtained are summarized as follow: 1. Total DM yield was not showed signigicant difference among split application ratios of nitrogen and potassium. 2. DM yield of grasses was 4,854 kg/ha in heavy basal application of N and $K_2$O (160 kgN: 140 kg $K_2$O/ha), it was significantly increased by 16% than of conventional dressing (80 kg N: 70 kg $K_2$O/ha). But there was almost no difference in dry matter among N and $K_2$O split application ratios. 3. Dry matter yield of legume in heavy basal dressing was decreased by 23% than that of conventional dressing. In the methods of NK application, dry matter yield of legume was tended to decrease by 3% with equal application and 9% with heavy dressing in autumn, when compared with that of heavy dressing in spring. 4. There was no significant difference in dry matter yield of native species between different basic fertilization levels, but dry matter yield of native species was decreased by 6% with equal application and more increased by 11% with heavy dressing in autumn, when compared with the yield of heavy dressing in spring. 5. In aspect of the botanical composition, the percentage distribution of grasses was increased and the ratio of legume was greatly decreased by heavy dressing at basal fertilization. Also for good maintenance of botanical composition, it is suggested that the equal split application of N and $K_2$O was desirable.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.39
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• pp.217-237
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• 1998

The present research is to study the make-up culture of Korea and its neighboring countries such as China and Japan during the period from the prehistoric age to the 19th cen-tury. The research was made by documents analysis. The results are summerised as follows : (1) A man has a basic instinct to beautify himself. There was not a significant difference between the make-up behavior of men and women in its primal stage. It was by the start of farming and the division of labor that made the make-up behavior as a feminine culture. The difference of sexual role caused the con-ceptual difference between manly beauty and womanly beauty. It was very natural for women to regard the make-up as the best way for showing their feminine beauty. In Korea, China and Japan, there were vari-ous kinds of primal actions such as tattooing, body-painting, and tooth make-up which were used in the purpose of body protection, incantation, ornament, and so on. Ass their ornamental purpose was becoming more important, these primal actions became the basis of the feminine make-up culture. Nowadays make-up, having mental and emo-tional function, is helpful to increasing self-satisfaction, promoting good personal relation-ship, and attracting attention from the other sex. It also has other functions of showing social status, wealth, age, sex, courage, power, and so on. (2) The representative make-up product used widely in the three countries was Boon (powder) which decides the overall color of face. The key point in the production of Boon was to increase its power of adsorption. The invention of Yunboon (power mixed with lead) solved this major problem of Boon. Yeonji which decides the color of cheek was the mixture of Boon and the powder of Honghwa (a kind of red-colored flower or tree). Mimook (eyebrow pencil) was developed to match up with the various and changing currencies of penciling eyebrows in each nation and times, Yeonji and Joosa (red sand) were used as Jinji (lip stick). The predominant color of Jinji was red. As miscellaneous methods of partial make-up, there were Kon-ji used in a wedding cer-emony in korea, Aek-hwang, Hwa-jeon, Sa-hong, and Myun-yup in China, and Chi-heuk, a peculial method of partial make-up in japan. (3) There were various factors which decided the characteristics of make-up culture usually reflects international atmosphere, the form of government, economic situation, re-ligious and social ideology, aesthetic sense, symbolizing meanings of colors, and so on. The up and down of an influentian country was one of the major factors which decided the characteristics of the make-up culture of its neighboring countries. When a country took a liberal form of government, it had diverse and splendid tendencies in its make-up culture. The better a nation's economic situation is, the more abandant and various its make-up culture is, and sometimes, the more eccentric and decadents it was. In the field of make-up production, the three countries had their own characteristics. But, as a whole, China was the leading nation who spread the culture and products of make-up to Korea and Japan. Though the Chinese make-up culture and products were usually spread to Japan through Korean, there was some evidence of direct exchanges between China and Japan through its dispatches of Kyun-Tang-Sa(Japanese delegation to the Tang Dynasty). While religion had a positive influence on the development of make-up culture by introducing new methods of make-up, Confucianism exercised strict control over the make-up cul-ture. The currencies in arts and changes of esthetic sense introduced new methods and booms to the make-up culture. Literature made people pay increasing attentions to the countenances of women and changed the standards of esthetic sense. We can find out that the social status of woman was also reflected in the make-up culture. As the social status of women became higher, the feminine make-up culture also developed more then ever. As mentioned above, the make-up cultures of the three countries reflected their social values, esthetic senses, and emotional feelings. Through their cultural exchanges, the three countries could develop various make-up products and methods.