• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.68-77
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• 2023

Basic medical education is important for developing the competencies of medical doctors, and it includes basic biomedical sciences, preventive medicine, medical ethics, and clinical science. This study aimed to reveal the current status of the Korean Medical Licensing Examination (KMLE) regarding its evaluation of competencies in basic biomedical sciences. The basic medicine-related questions were screened and selected from the test forms of the KMLE (2016-2018) by personnel conducting basic biomedical science education, and the selected questions were analyzed by three independent groups of undergraduate students at Chonnam National University Medical School in terms of the learning outcomes of basic medical education. The study scope includes the proportion of basic medicine-related questions, which consist of basic medicine questions and basic medicine-related clinical medicine questions, its annual change, discipline distribution, and associated learning outcomes. The average proportions of basic biomedical sciences, preventive medicine and medical law, and clinical sciences were 2.3%, 5.8%, and 91.9% of all questions, respectively. The proportion of basic medicine-related questions, except those on preventive medicine and medical law, was 22.0% of the total, and questions on pharmacology and microbiology accounted for 83.0% of the basic medicine-related questions. The proportion of sub-enabling learning outcomes linked with basic medicine-related questions comprised 14.0% of the total outcomes for basic biomedical sciences and 30.4% for preventive medicine and medical law. It is concluded that the KMLE questions may not sufficiently cover the essential competencies of basic medical education for medical doctors, and the KMLE may need to be improved with regard to competencies in basic biomedical sciences.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.98-124
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• 2020

Objectives: This study was aimed to present a summary and analysis of a survey on the educational status of basic Korean medicine and basic medical science in colleges of Korean medicine nationwide. Methods: The data on the curriculum and weekly education plans were acquired in the first half of 2020. Data showing the educational status and contents of basic Korean medicine and basic medical science were extracted. Results: Most of the colleges were providing a subject-based education. All subjects of basic Korean medicine were included in the required courses for majors, and most of them appeared to have developed and been using common main textbooks and standardized educational contents. However, there were some subjects in which the education period was dispersed until the 3rd and 4th grades, or in which discussions to develop and use common textbooks and standardized educational content were required. Most of the subjects of basic medical science were also educated as required courses for majors, but there were some subjects with a low curriculum establishment rate, and these could be considered as areas to be reinforced first when reorganizing the curriculum. Conclusions: It is expected that the findings of this study would be a basis for exploring the ways to concrete changes that are desirable and also realistically feasible when reorganizing the curriculum of colleges of Korean medicine in the near future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.174-174
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• 2005

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics Conference
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.249-249
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• 2009

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics Conference
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.216-216
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• 2009

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.908-914
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• 2012

To investigate the difference and change of ingredient and efficacy of Galgeun-tang (GGT) according to extraction solvent, water and 70% EtOH, the quantities of index components and the several in vitro activities of two kinds of GGT extract were compared. The contents of extracts were analyzed with HPLC. The biological activities such as anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity effects were measured through cell line-based in vitro assay. The cytotoxicity was measured by CCK-8 assay in RAW 264.7 cell, BEAS-2B cell, HaCaT cell and 3T3-L1 cell. We compared effects of two kinds of extract by measuring NO, PGE2, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ in RAW264.7 cell, RANTES in BEAS-2B cell, MDC and RANTES in HaCaT cell and GPDH activity and leptin level in differentiated 3T3-L1. 70% EtOH extract of GGT contained more compositions than water extract. The inhibitory effect of water extract of GGT on NO in RAW 264.7 cell and GPDH activity in 3T3-L1 was stronger than that of 70% EtOH. 70% EtOH has a stronger inhibitory effect on PGE2 in RAW264.7 cell, RANTES in BEAS-2B cell, MDC, RANTES in HaCaT cell, leptin in 3T3-L1 cell than water extraction. These results suggest that the ingredient and efficacy from 70% EtOH extract of GGT are more effective than water extract.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.418-428
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• 2012

Objectives : Ojeok-san, a traditional herbal formula, has been used for the treatment of cold illness and its related symptoms such as headache, nausea and indigestion. This study was performed to compare effects of water (OJSW) and 70% ethanol extracts (OJSE) of Ojeok-san on inflammation and its related diseases atopy, asthma and obesity in vitro. Methods : We performed HPLC to investigate contents of index components of OJSW and OJSE. We investigated the effects of OJSW and OJSE with an in vitro model, using 5 cell lines, specifically RAW 264. 7, HaCaT, MC/9, BEAS-2B and 3T3-L1. Results : HPLC analysis displayed that the contents of index components were higher in OJSE than OJSW. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages, OJSE significantly inhibited productions of interleukin (IL)-6, nitrite and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PEG_2$). In TNF-${\alpha}$/IFN-${\gamma}$-treated HaCaT keratinocytes, OJSE significantly lowered levels of macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) as well as regulated and normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). OJSE also had a protective effect on inflammatory response by decreasing RANTES secretion in TNF-${\alpha}$-stimulated BEAS-2B cells. Conclusions : We conclude that OJSE could be more appropriate to enhance the biological activities against inflammation and its related diseases, and could be applied as a bioactive material for developing the potent anti-inflammatory agents.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.328-337
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• 2012

In order to investigate anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-obesity activities of Samchulkunbi-tang (SCT; Shen zhu jian pi-tang) water and 70% ethanol (EtOH) extracts, in vitro inhibitory activities against nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ $PGE_2$), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$ production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, and macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) and regulated on activation of normal T-cell-expressed and -secreted (RANTES/CCL5) production in TNF-${\alpha}$/interferon-${\gamma}$-stimulated HaCaT and BEAS-2B cells as well as glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) activity and leptin production in 3T3-L1 cells were determined. A HPLC was used for quantification of the seven marker components (albiflorin, paeoniflorin, liquiritin, naringin, hesperidin, poncirin and glycyrrhizin) of SCT water and 70% EtOH extracts. SCT showed inhibitory effects against MDC and RANTES production in HaCaT cells, as well as RANTES production in BEAS-2B cells. In addition, SCT reduced not only NO, $PGE_2$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ production in RAW 264.7 cells, but also GPDH activity and leptin production in 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, the biological activities and the contents of six compounds (except paeoniflorin) were higher in 70% EtOH extract than water extract. These results suggest that SCT has anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic and anti-obesity activities. These efficacies of 70% EtOH extract are relatively higher than that of water extract.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.115-122
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• 2012

Objectives : This study evaluated activities and ingredient contents concerning extracts according to extraction solvents of Insampaedok-san (IS, Renshen bai du-san). Methods : The herbal constituents of IS were extracted with water and 70% ethanol at $100^{\circ}C$ for 2 hr. Using the HPLC system, the six ingredient contents of different solvent extracts of IS were analyzed. The nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production and proinflammatory cytokines were measured in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) and regulated on activation normal T-cell expression and secreted (RANTES/CCL5) production were measured in HaCaT and BEAS-2B cells stimulated tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interferon-${\gamma}$ (IFN-${\gamma}$). The activities of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) and leptin level were measured in 3T3-L1 cells. Results : The calibration curves showed good linearity ($r^2$=1.0000) for different concentration ranges. The contents of liquiritin, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperirin and glycyrrizin in 70% ethanol extracts of IS were relatively higher than that of water extract, however the content of ferulic acid in 70% ethanol and water extract of IS were similar. The extraction solvents of water and 70% ethanol were evaluated inhibitory effect on the production of NO, $PGE_2$, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells. Their extractions were inhibitory effect on production of MDC/CCL22 and RANTES/CCL5 in HaCaT cell and BEAS-2B cell, respectively. In addition, evaluated reduced on GPDH activity and leptin level in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cell. Conclusions : Our results suggest that IS extracts were inhibitory effects of disease such as inflammation, allergies and obesity.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.194-199
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• 2012

Autophagy has been suggested as a possible mechanism for non-apoptotic death despite evidence from many species that autophagy represents a survival strategy of cells under stress. From our previous findings that supranutritional doses of sodium selenite induced apoptosis in human leukemia cells, now we show autophagic cell death occurred after selenite exposure in HL60, suggested an alternative mechanism for the potential therapeutic properties of selenite. Additionally, Death-associated Protein Kinase (DAPK) performed a significantly increased expression during this process, concomitantly with gradually decreased phosphorylation at $Ser^{308}$. We further reveal that the up-regulation of DAPK which depends on selenite-activated ERK had no effect on autophagy. However, activation of DAPK via PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation at $Ser^{308}$ serves as a new strategy for autophagy induction. In conclusion, these results indicate that PP2A-mediated activated DAPK sensitizes HL60 cells to selenite, ultimately triggers autophagic cell death pathway to commit cell demise.