• Mycobiology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.147-149
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• 2005

The investigation was undertaken to enhance the decomposition process by pre-treatment of rice stubble, having higher concentration of lignin. Air-dried rice stubble was treated with 1.8 liter of 1% NaOH and autoclaved. Six cellulolytic fungi, Trichoderma harzianum, Penicillium citrinum, Curvularia lunata, Aspergillus flavus and Alternaria alternata were grown in basal synthetic medium along with delignified rice-residue as carbon source for production of soluble crude protein. Though the loss of cellulose has been observed by all of them but having a considerable status in the presence of T. harzianum and T. harzianum yielded highest percentage of crude protein (27.99%) with biomass of 375 mg, whereas the lowest protein value (17.91%) was recorded in case of A. niger with biomass of 422 mg. Among the imperfect fungi, T. harzianum was the most potent. Effects of incubation period and nitrogen sources on soluble crude protein production by T. harzianum were also undertaken in this study. Fifth day of incubation period and potassium nitrate as nitrogen source among other nitrogen sources was found most appropriate for soluble crude protein production by the mentioned organism.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2005

The morphogenesis of the marine ciliate, Pelagostrobilidium simile Song and Bradbury, 1998, was investigated using pyridine silver carbonate impregnation. The morphogenesis of P. simile is of hypoapokinetal mode. The oral primordium of P. simile commences slightly below the external membranelles (EM) with the proliferation of an anarchic field. Somatic ciliature in proter and opisthe of P. simile are derived from the old structure with the proliferation of the basal bodies during the dividing process. Parental oral apparatus of P. simile is inherited by the proter, and no reorganization of oral apparatus was observed in the parental oral infraciliature.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.180-185
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• 2020

Objective: Tyrosine phosphorylation is an essential process in many biological systems, including the male reproductive system. The presence of tyrosine-phosphorylated (TyrPho) proteins has been well documented in male reproductive organs, but research in fertile females is still limited. Methods: The ovary, oviduct, and uterus of adult female Sprague-Dawley rats in the estrus phase were used to localize TyrPho proteins using an immunohistochemical technique. These proteins were separated and their expression patterns were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blot analysis, respectively. Results: TyrPho proteins were localized in the cytoplasm of the oocyte except the antral fluid; in the granulosa cells, theca cells, and stromal cells of the ovary; at the apical surface of oviductal epithelial cells; and in the basal epithelium and submucosa of the uterine wall. Moreover, we found that 72-, 43-, and 28-kDa TyrPho proteins were localized in the ovary, while 170-, 55-, and 43-kDa proteins were localized in the oviduct. In the uterus, we detected four major bands, corresponding to 61-, 55-, 54-, and 43-kDa TyrPho proteins. Conclusion: Given that these TyrPho proteins were found in major reproductive organs in the estrus phase, these proteins may play important roles in female fertility.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.9-16
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• 1995

Ultrastructure of stemmata(larval eye) of 5th-instar larval in cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae L, was morphologically investigated with light microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope Six stemmata are on each side of the head. Stemmata V and VI have a Y-shaped sulcus on the surface of their corneal lenses, the others have a columnar shaped process and smooth globular surface. The visual type of stemmata is resembled a single ommatidium of compound eye. The dioptric apparatus are a biconvex shaped cornea and crystalline cone. As a photoreceptor, each stemmata consists of 7 retinular cells arranged into 2 tiers. The first ceil tier of 3 distal retinular cells has formed a V-shaped cup rhabdome and the second cell tier of 4 basal retinular cells has formed a H-shaped fused rhabdome. Each retinular cell filled with pigment granules and contained multivesiclular bodies, coated vesicle and common organelles. The peripheral parts of retinular cells are enveloped by neuroglia cells and retinular cells are surrounded by 3 corneagenous cells. The distal portions of the 3 corneagenous cells contact each other, but the Y-shaped stemmata is separated from each other immediately under the cornea. The 7 axons from each stemma congregate into a bundle and each 7-axon group joins to form a stemmatal nerve, consisting of 42 retinular axons.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.51-51
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• 1990

This study was undertaken to observe the effects of $^{60}Co\;{\gamma}-irradiation$ on the cell of spermatogenic epithelium in the testis of the chicken. 16-week-old chicken were provided as an experimental group and compared with control group. The experimental group was divided into a single irradiation (800, 1000, 1200 rads) and into three partial irradiation group (800/3, 1000/3, 1200/3 rads). The morphological changes of epithelial cell of the testis were observed by means of hematoxyline and eosin stain. Microstructure of spermatocyte and sperm was observed by means of semithin section of electron microscopic specimen. The results obstained are summerized as follows. 1. Spermatogonia and sertoli cells were found to be isolated from the basal membrane of seminiferous tubules as dose of $^{60}Co\;{\gamma}-irradiation$ was increased. 2. Spermatocytes of pachytene stage were seperated from the cytotplasmic process of sertoil cell in case of 1000 rads of $^{60}Co\;{\gamma}-irradiation$. 3. Normal arrangement of the cell of spermatogenic epithelium was found in control group and only the partial irradiation group of 800 rads. Vaculation in the seminiferous was pronounced in case of a single irradiation group of 800 rads, but the irradiation group of 1000 rads and 1200 rads were found to be damaged severely in both a single and a partial dose.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2017

Magnesium alloys are of emerging interest in the automotive, aerospace and electronic industries due to their light weight, high specific strength, damping capacity, etc. However, practical applications are limited because magnesium alloys have poor formability at room temperature due to the lack of slip systems and the formation of basal texture, both of which characteristics are attributed to the hcp crystal structure. Fortunately, many magnesium alloys, even commercialized AZ or ZK series alloys, exhibit superplastic behavior and show very large tensile ductility, which means that these materials have potential application to superplastic forming (SPF) of magnesium alloy sheets. The SPF technique offers many advantages such as near net shaping, design flexibility, simple process and low die cost. Superplasticity occurs in materials having very small grain sizes of less than $10{\mu}m$ and these small grains in magnesium alloys can be achieved by thermomechanical treatment in conventional rolling or extrusion processes. Moreover, some coarse-grained magnesium alloys are reported to have superplasticity when grain refinement occurs through recrystallization during deformation in the initial stage. This report reviews the characteristics of superplastic magnesium alloys with high-strain rate and coarse grains. Finally, some examples of SPF application are suggested.

• BMB Reports
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.345-354
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• 2017

Autophagy, a catabolic process necessary for the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis, has recently been the focus of numerous human diseases and conditions, such as aging, cancer, development, immunity, longevity, and neurodegeneration. However, the continued presence of autophagy is essential for cell survival and dysfunctional autophagy is thought to speed up the progression of neurodegeneration. The actual molecular mechanism behind the progression of dysfunctional autophagy is not yet fully understood. Emerging evidence suggests that basal autophagy is necessary for the removal of misfolded, aggregated proteins and damaged cellular organelles through lysosomal mediated degradation. Physiologically, neurodegenerative disorders are related to the accumulation of amyloid ${\beta}$ peptide and ${\alpha}-synuclein$ protein aggregation, as seen in patients with Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, respectively. Even though autophagy could impact several facets of human biology and disease, it generally functions as a clearance for toxic proteins in the brain, which contributes novel insight into the pathophysiological understanding of neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, several studies demonstrate that natural compounds or small molecule autophagy enhancer stimuli are essential in the clearance of amyloid ${\beta}$ and ${\alpha}-synuclein$ deposits. Therefore, this review briefly deliberates on the recent implications of autophagy in neurodegenerative disorder control, and emphasizes the opportunities and potential therapeutic application of applied autophagy.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.139-145
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• 2004

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) technique had been adapted to the Mg alloy (AZ31) for achieving effective grain refinement through severe deformation. The average grain size of $2.5{\mu}m$ could be obtained after 4 passes. The stability of the ECAPed structure at elevated temperatures was examined by annealing the ECAPed materials over a wide range of temperature between 473 and 748 K. The average activation energy, Q, for static grain growth of 1, 2 and 3 passes was 33.7 kJ/mole (=0.25QL, activation for lattice diffusion). The abnormally low Q value in the lower temperature range may indicate that grain growth occurs in the unrecrystallized microstructure where non-equilibrium grain boundaries containing a large number of extrinsic dislocations exist. The yield stresses of the ECAPed alloys decreased whereas the elongations increased after the ECAP process. These results should be related to the modification of texture for easier slip on basal plane.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 1999

The silica-pillared H-kenyaites were prepared by interlarmellar base-catalyzed reaction of tetraethylorthosilicate [TEOS, Si(OC2H5)4] intercalated into the interlayer of H-kenyaite. The intercalation of TEOS was conducted by the octylamine preswelling process, resulting in a dramatic increase in gallery height to 24.7 Å. The interlamellar hydrolysis of octylamine-TEOS/H-kenyaite paste were conducted between 10 min and 40 min in 0.00%, 0.05% and 0.10% NH3-water solution respectively, and resulting in siloxane-pillared H-kenyajte with gallery height of 28.2-31.8 Å. The calcination of samples at 538 ℃ resulted in silica-pillared H-kenyaites with a large surface areas between 411 m2/g and 885 m2/g, depending on the aging time and NH3 concentration. Samples with optimum specific surface areas and well ordered-basal spacing were obtained by reaction between 10 min and 40 min in pure water and 0.05% NH3-water solution. Mesoporous samples with narrow pore size distribution were also prepared by reaction for 10-40 min in 0.05% NH3 solution. Rapid interlamellar reaction of TEOS in pure water showed that intercalated octylamine itself could act as a base catalyst during interlamellar polycondensation of TEOS.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.498-505
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• 2010

Wrought magnesium alloys show a low formability at room temperature, and a remarkable anisotropy of mechanical properties make it difficult to use them in a deformation process in industry. The microstructure and crystallographic texture of metals are developed during thermo-mechanical processes, and they are significant to the understanding of the mechanical properties of metals. This work studies the microstructure, texture development and tensile properties of the extruded AZ31 Mg alloy after rolling at 100 and $300^{\circ}C$. After 40% rolling at $100^{\circ}C$, many deformed twins were observed and a relatively weak texture developed. The basal poles were split and rotated towards the rolling direction about $20^{\circ}$. During 60% rolling at $300^{\circ}C$, the dynamic recrystallization (DRX) took place and developed a strong <0001>II ND fiber texture, which influenced the poor formability at room temperature.