• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.302-307
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• 2018

From 2014 to 2016, approximately 5% of okra fruit were observed displaying gray mold symptoms at the research field of Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Korea. The symptoms observed were water-soaked, brown or gray spots, and abundant mycelial with conidia appearing on the infected fruit. Initial infection commenced from the base of fruit and gradually moved to the pod, where it finally resulted in collapse. Colonies on potato dextrose agar were gray to grayish brown, felted and cottony expanding 65-80 mm after one week. The fungus formed several black sclerotia ranging $1.0-3.5{\times}0.5-3.0mm$ on the Petri dish after two weeks. The conidia were one-celled, ellipsoidal or ovoid, colorless or pale brown, and $6.2-15.4{\times}5.0-10.4{\mu}m$. Conidiophores arose solitary or in groups, straight or flexuous, septate, with an inflated basal cell brown to light brown, and measured $85-450{\times}10.0-40.0{\mu}m$. On the basis of the morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer rDNA, the fungus was identified as Botrytis cinerea Pers. Pathogenicity of a representative isolate was proved by artificial inoculation, fulfilling Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of B. cinerea on okra in Korea.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.64-74
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• 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary multi-strain probiotic (MSP) (Bacillus coagulans Unique IS2 + Bacillus subtillis UBBS14 + Saccharomyces boulardii Unique 28) on performance, gut morphology and expression of nutrient transporter related genes in broiler chickens. Methods: A total of 256 (4×8×8) day-old CARIBRO Vishal commercial broiler chicks of uniform body weight were randomly distributed into four treatments with 8 replicates each and having eight chicks in each replicate. Four dietary treatments were T₁ (negative control-basal diet), T₂ (positive control-antibiotic bacitracin methylene disalicylate at 20 mg/kg diet), T₃ (MSP at 10⁷ colony-forming unit [CFU]/g feed), and T₄ (MSP at 10⁸ CFU/g feed). Results: During 3 to 6 weeks and 0 to 6 weeks, the body weight gain increased significantly (p<0.05) in T₃ and T₄ groups. The feed intake significantly (p<0.05) reduced from T₁ to T₃ during 0 to 3 weeks and the feed conversion ratio also significantly (p<0.05) improved in T₃ and T₄ during 0 to 6 weeks. The humoral and cell mediated immune response and the weight of immune organs were also significantly (p<0.05) improved in T₃ and T₄. However, significant (p<0.05) dietary effects were observed on intestinal histo-morphometry of ileum in T₃ followed by T₄ and T₂. At 14 d post hatch, the relative gene expression of glucose transporter (GLUT5), sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT₁) and peptide transporter (PepT₁) showed a significant (p<0.05) up-regulating pattern in T₂, T₃, and T₄. Whereas, at 21 d post hatch, the gene expression of SGLT₁ and PepT₁ was significantly (p<0.05) downregulated in MSP supplemented treatments T₃ and T₄. Conclusion: The supplementation of MSP at 10⁷ CFU/g diet showed significant effects with improved performance, immune response, gut morphology and expression of nutrient transporter genes. Thus, the MSP could be a suitable alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in chicken diets.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.11
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• pp.1752-1759
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• 2022

Objective: Effects of direct-fed Enterococcus faecium plus bacteriophages (EF-BP) were investigated as potential substitutes for pharmacological ZnO for weanling pigs. Methods: Dietary treatments were supplementations to a basal diet with none (NC), 3,000-ppm ZnO (PC), 1×10¹⁰ colony-forming units of E. faecium plus 1×10⁸ plaque-forming units (PFU) of anti-Salmonella typhimurium bacteriophages (ST) or 1×10⁶ PFU of each of anti-enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 (F4)-, K99 (F5)-, and F18-type bacteriophages (EC) per kg diet. In Exp 1, twenty-eight 21-day-old crossbred weanling pigs were individually fed one of the experimental diets for 14 days and euthanized for histological examination on intestinal mucosal morphology. In Exp 2, 128 crossbred weanling pigs aged 24 days were group-fed the same experimental diets in 16 pens of 8 piglets on a farm with a high incidence of post-weaning diarrhea. Results: None of the diarrheal score or fecal consistency score (FCS), average daily gain (ADG), gain: feed ratio, structural variables of the intestinal villus, and goblet cell density, differed between the EF-BP (ST+EC) and NC groups, between EF-BP and PC, or between ST and EC, with the exception of greater gain: feed for EF-BP than for PC (p<0.05) during days 7 to 14 (Exp 1). In Exp 2, ADG was less for EF-BP vs PC during days 0 to 7 and greater for EF-BP vs NC during days 7 to 14. FCS peaked on day 7 and declined by day 14. Moreover, FCS was less for EF-BP vs NC, did not differ between EF-BP and PC, and tended to be greater for ST vs EC (p = 0.099). Collectively, EF-BP was comparable to or slightly less effective than PC in alleviating diarrhea and growth check of the weanling pigs, with ST almost as effective as PC, when they were group-fed. Conclusion: The E. faecium-bacteriophage recipe, especially E. faecium-anti-S. typhimurium, is promising as a potential substitute for pharmacological ZnO.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

This study examined the growth, fatty acid (FA) content, and carotenoids of a newly isolated freshwater microalga, Mychonastes sp. 246, in various culture media. The appropriate temperature and light intensity for culturing Mychonastes sp. 246 were determined as 18℃-22℃ and 200-250 µmol/m²/s using a high throughput photobioreactor. The microalgal cells were cultivated in 0.5 L bubble column photobioreactors using BG11, Bold's Basal media, and f/2 media. According to the growth results of the microalgae, BG11, among the tested media, showed the highest biomass concentrations (3.5 ± 0.1 g/L in 10 d). To enhance the biomass growth of the microalgae, the N:P ratio in BG11 was manipulated from 45:1 to 7:1 based on the stoichiometric cell composition. The biomass concentrations of Mychonastes sp. 246 grown on the manipulated BG11 (MBG) increased to 38% (4.6 ± 0.3 g/L in d) compared with the original BG11 (3.3 g/L). The FA content of the microalgae grown on the MBG was lower (8.4%) than that of the original BG11 (10.1%) while the FA compositions did not exhibit any significant differences. Furthermore, three kinds of carotenoids were identified in Mychonastes sp. 246, zeaxanthin, lutein, and β-carotene. These results suggest an effective strategy for increasing biomass concentrations, FA content, and carotenoids of microalgae by performing a simple N:P adjustment in the culture media.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.498-505
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to determine the optimal dose of novel iron amino acid complexes (Fe-Lys-Glu) by measuring laying performance, egg quality, egg iron (Fe) concentrations, and blood biochemical parameters in laying hens. Methods: A total of 1,260 18-week-old healthy Beijing White laying hens were randomly divided into 7 groups with 12 replicates of 15 birds each. After a 2-wk acclimation to the basal diet, hens were fed diets supplemented with 0 (negative control, the analyzed innate iron content was 75.06 mg/kg), 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu or 45 mg Fe/kg from FeSO₄ (positive control) for 24 wk. Results: Results showed that compared with the negative and positive control groups, dietary supplementation with 30 to 75 mg Fe/kg from Fe-Lys-Glu significantly (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) increased the laying rate (LR) and average daily egg weight (ADEW); hens administered 45 to 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu showed a remarkable (linear, p<0.05) decrease in feed conversion ratio. There were no significant differences among all groups in egg quality. The iron concentrations in egg yolk and serum were elevated by increasing Fe-Lys-Glu levels, and the highest iron content was found in 75 mg Fe/kg group. In addition, hens fed 45 mg Fe/kg from Fe-Lys-Glu had (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) higher yolk Fe contents than that with the same dosage of FeSO₄ supplementation. The red blood cell (RBC) count and hemoglobin content (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) increased obviously in the groups fed with 30 to 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu in comparison with the control group. Fe-Lys-Glu supplementation also (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) enhanced the activity of copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) in serum, as a result, the serum malonaldehyde content (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) decreased in hens received 60 to 75 mg Fe/kg as Fe-Lys-Glu. Conclusion: Supplementation Fe-Lys-Glu in laying hens could substitute for FeSO₄ and the optimal additive levels of Fe-Lys-Glu are 45 mg Fe/kg in layers diets based on the quadratic regression analysis of LR, ADEW, RBC, and Cu/Zn-SOD.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.84 no.4
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• pp.970-976
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• 2023

This study reports on diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumor (DL-GNT) in a 29- year-old male. DL-GNT is a rare central nervous system (CNS) tumor mostly seen in children and only few cases have been reported in adult patients. Our patient presented with a chronic headache that lasted for five months. MR imaging showed mild hydrocephalus, multiple rim-enhancing nodular lesions in the suprasellar cistern, diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement in the lumbosacral area, and multiple small non-enhancing cyst-appearing lesions not suppressed on fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) images in the bilateral basal ganglia, thalami, and cerebral hemispheres. Under the impression of germ cell tumor with leptomeningeal seeding, the patient underwent trans-sphenoidal tumor removal. DL-GNT was pathologically confirmed and FGFR1 mutation was detected through a next-generation sequencing test. In conclusion, a combination of leptomeningeal enhancement and multiple parenchymal non-enhancing cyst-appearing lesions not suppressed on FLAIR images may be helpful for differential diagnosis despite overlapping imaging features with many other CNS diseases that have leptomeningeal enhancement.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.114-119
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• 2024

Rockwool substrate has superior physicochemical characteristics and is often used in crop cultivation. However, rockwool substrate has the disadvantages of high purchase cost and difficulty in disposal. Reuse of substrate can compensate for these disadvantages. Substrate must be disinfected and rehydrated during reuse, and various physicochemical changes during this process must also be considered. This study was to compare the physical properties of two types of rockwool substrates (reused and unused) and to evaluate the reuse potential of rockwool substrate by analyzing the chemical properties of the reused rockwool substrate during the rehydration process. The experiment on substrate physicochemical properties comparison was conducted from March to August 2023 using used rockwool substrates in tomato cultivation and unused rockwool substrates. Drainage time, drainage volume, and substrate weight were measured using load cells installed at the top and bottom of the irrigation monitoring system. The reused rockwool substrate weight and density were higher than those of the unused rockwool substrate, while the average drainage time after irrigation was 1.5 times longer for the reused rockwool than for the unused rockwool. The salinity concentration in different parts of the reused rockwool substrate was found to be lower in the reused rockwool substrate compared to the unused rockwool substrate. The electrical conductivity of the drainage was at its peak at the beginning of the drainage and decreased exponentially as the drainage volume increased. Change in electrical conductivity of the drainage over the irrigation time showed an exponential decay pattern. Through the experiments, the potential reusability of the rock wool substrate was assessed by conducting a comparative analysis of its physicochemical properties.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 2008

Purpose: To evaluate the long term results(local control, survival, failure, and complications) after radiation therapy for skin cancer in elderly patients. Material and Methods: The study spanned from January 1990 to October 2002. Fifteen elderly patients with skin cancer were treated by radiotherapy at the Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center. The age distribution of the patients surveyed was 72 to 95 years, with a median age of 78.8 years. The pathologic classification of the 15 patients included squamous cell carcinoma(10 patients), basal cell carcinoma(3 patients), verrucous carcinoma(1 patient) and skin adnexal origin carcinoma(1 patient). The most common tumor location was the head(13 patients). The mean tumor diameter was 4.9 cm(range 2 to 9 cm). The radiation dose was delivered via an electron beam of 6 to 15 MeV. The dose range was adjusted to the tumor diameter and depth of tumor invasion. The total radiation dose ranged from $50{\sim}80$ Gy(mean: 66 Gy) with a 2 Gy fractional dose prescribed to the 80% isodose line once a day and 5 times a week. One patient with lymph node metastasis was treated with six MV photon beams boosted with electron beams. The length of the follow-up periods ranged from 10 to 120 months with a median follow-up period of 48 months. Results: The local control rates were 100%(15/15). In addition, the five year disease free survival rate(5YDFS) was 80% and twelve patients(80%) had no recurrence and skin cancer recurrence occurred in 3 patients(20%). Three patients have lived an average of 90 months($68{\sim}120$ months) without recurrence or metastasis. A total of 9 patients who died as a result of other causes had a mean survival time of 55.8 months after radiation therapy. No severe acute or chronic complications were observed after radiation therapy. Only minor complications including radiation dermatitis was treated with supportive care. Conclusion: The results suggest that radiation therapy is an effective and safe treatment method for the treatment of skin cancer in elderly patients who achieved a good survival rate and few minor complications.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 1982

As a primary study for cell growth and alcohol production of a cider yeast, Saccharomyces sp. R-11, cultural and nutritional characteristics of the strain were investigated. The results obtained were as follows: The optimum culture medium for this strain was a synthetic medium, Henneberg B, and sucrose was the best carbon source for yeast growth and alcohol production. Optimum sugar concentrations for yeast growth and alcohol production were 15% and 25%, respectively. Optimum pH and temperature of the basal medium for growth of this strain were 4.5 and $30^{\circ}C$ respectively. The yeast growth was enhanced by the addition of 100 ppm of $Mg^{2+}$, but significantly inhibited by the addition of 100 ppm of $Co^{2+}$. Lower temperature and maintenance of optimum pH for yeast growth increased the final alcohol concentration. Under optimum condition for cell growth at stationary culture, generation time and specific growth rate of the strain were 7.5 hr and 0.092 $hr^{-1}$, respectively. At 8% initial alcohol concentration, yeast growth was inhibited about 50% and this strain could not be grown at more than 12% initial alcohol. The strain could be grown at less than 125ppm $SO_2$without alcohol addition, and at less than 75 ppm $SO_2$ with 8% initial alcohol. The higher sulfur dioxide concentration of a medium, the longer lag phase in yeast growth was observed. This strain could induced alcoholic fermentation at less than 10% initial alcohol concentration with 0 and 25 ppm $SO_2$, at less than 8% initial alcohol with 50 and 75 ppm $SO_2$, and at less than 6% initial alcohol with 100 and 125 ppm $SO_2$.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.179-185
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• 2002

A bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue(BALT) lymphoma of the lung is a rare disorder of patients with Sj$\ddot{o}$gren's syndrome. A 49-year-old woman was admitted for an evaluation of exertional dyspnea and general weakness which had persisted for two years. The patient had suffered from dry mouth and dry eyes for five years. The physical examinations showed a coarse breath sound with inspiratory crackles on the whole lung field, particularly on the both basal lungs. The laboratory data disclosed high titers of anti-nuclear antibodies, and anti-SSA (Ro), and anti-SSB (La) antibodies. Chest radiographs demonstrated the presence of bilateral, diffuse, reticulonodular densities in both lungs. Thin-section CT scans showed diffusely distributed mosaic pattern of an inhomogeneous attenuation extending over the entire lung zone. The histological findings from an open-lung biopsy specimen revealed an accumulation of lymphoid cells around the bronchioles and an extension of malignant lymphoma cells from the bronchiolar epithelium toward the alveolar space. Immunohistochemically, the neoplastic cells reacted positively to the CD 20 antigen and were focally positive for the UCHL 1 antigen. The histological diagnosis was consistent with a low grade marginal zone B-cell lymphoma originating in the BALT. Here, we present a case of a histologically proven BALT lymphoma of the lung in a patient with primary Sj$\ddot{o}$gren's Syndrome.