• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.7-20
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• 2019

Purpose - This study provides appropriate procedures for EFA to help researchers conduct empirical studies by using PLS-SEM. Research design, data, and methodology - This study addresses the absolute and relative sample size criteria, sampling adequacy, factor extraction models, factor rotation methods, the criterion for the number of factors to retain, interpretation of results, and reporting information. Results - The factor analysis procedure for PLS-SEM consists of the following five stages. First, it is important to look at whether both the Bartlett test of sphericity and the KMO MSA meet the qualitative criteria. Second, PAF is a better choice of methodology. Third, an oblique technique is a suitable method for PLS-SEM. Fourth, a combined approach is strongly recommended to factor retention. PA should be used at the onset. Next, it is recommended using the K1 criterion. In addition, it is necessary to extract factors that increase the total variance explanatory power through the PVA-FS. Finally, it is appropriate to select an item with a factor loading into 0.5 or higher and a communality of 0.5. Conclusions - It is expected that the accurate factor analysis processed for PLS-SEM as previously presented will help us extract more precise factors of the structural model.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.905-914
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• 2011

In the field of image processing, the removal noise contamination from the original image is essential. However, due to various reasons, the occurrence of the noise is practically impossible to prevent completely. Thus, the reduction of the noise contained in images remains important. In this study, we estimate the level of noise variance based on the measurement of the relative strength of the noise, and we propose a noise reduction algorithm that uses a sigma filter. As a result, the proposed statistical noise reduction methodology provides significantly improved results over the usual sigma filtering regardless of the level of the noise variance.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.371-379
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to identify factors associated with high satisfaction with foodservices in family restaurant. Accordingly, this study surveyed questionnaire concerning 20 measures of foodservice as well as major subject descriptors. The result of this study were as follows. KMO and Bartlett's test statistics showed that the data fitted factor analysis well. Results of factor analysis, average variance extracted estimates and shared variance showed that the convergent and discriminant validitys of 3 factors are supported, and cronbach's alpha showed that the internal consistency of 3 factors is supported. It was found that expensive groups, except gender groups and frequency of purchase groups, were differentially associated with high levels of overall satisfaction with foodservices. Multivariate analyses showed that satisfaction with service factor was the best predictor of overall satisfaction, followed by facilities factor. Three factors emerged from the logistic regression analysis as predictors of level of overall satisfaction. Overall, approximately 77% of university students could be correctly classified as being satisfied or unsatisfied. Finally, the results of the study provide some insights into the market-oriented types of foodservice marketing strategies or tactics to enable family restaurant to effectively manage and more competitive.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.251-259
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to identify main effect of gender and expenditure, and interaction effect of gender by expenditure on satisfaction with foodservices of western restaurants. Accordingly, this study surveyed questionnaires concerning 20 measures of foodservice as well as major subject descriptors. The result of this study was as follows: KMO and Bartlett's test statistics showed that the data well fitted a factor analysis. Results of the factor analysis, average variance extracted estimates, and shared variance showed that the convergent and discriminant validities of 5 factors were supported, and Cronbach's alpha also showed that the internal consistencies of 5 factors were supported. But there was an interaction effect between independent variables and covariate on service quality factor. This study, therefore, used food decor factor, facility factor, food quality factor, and food value factor as dependent variables in two way 3$\times$2 design factorial ANCOVA. It was found that there were no main effects of gender and expenditure on those four factors. It was however revealed that there was an interaction effect of gender by expenditure on food decor factor.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.784-790
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• 2014

In this study we aimed to evaluate the reduction in dimensionality of 20 linear type traits and more final score in 14,943 Holstein cows in Brazil using factor analysis, and indicate their relationship with longevity and 305 d first lactation milk production. Low partial correlations (-0.19 to 0.38), the medium to high Kaiser sampling mean (0.79) and the significance of the Bartlett sphericity test (p<0.001), indicated correlations between type traits and the suitability of these data for a factor analysis, after the elimination of seven traits. Two factors had autovalues greater than one. The first included width and height of posterior udder, udder texture, udder cleft, loin strength, bone quality and final score. The second included stature, top line, chest width, body depth, fore udder attachment, angularity and final score. The linear regression of the factors on several measures of longevity and 305 d milk production showed that selection considering only the first factor should lead to improvements in longevity and 305 milk production.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.225-235
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• 2012

Noise reduction is an important issue in the field of image processing because image noise worsens the quality of the input image. The basic difficulty is that the noise and the signal are not easy to distinguish. Simple moothing is one of the most basic and important procedures to remove the noise, however, it does not consider the level of noise. This method effectively reduces the noise but the feature area is simultaneously blurred. This paper considers the block approach to detect noise and image features of the input image so that noise reduction could be adaptively applied. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm improves the overall quality of the image by removing the noise according to the noise level.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1991

It is of great interest to consider the homogeniety of covariance matrices in MANOVA of discriminant analysis. If we lock at the problem of testing hypothesis, H : $\Sigma_1 = \Sigma_2$ from an invariance point of view where $\Sigma_i$ are the covariance matrix of two independent p-variate distribution, the testing problem is invariant under the group of nonsingular transformations and the hypothesis becomes H : $\delta_1 = \delta_2 = \cdots = \delta_p = 1$ where $\delta = (\delta_1, \delta_2, \cdots, \delta_p)$ is a vector of latent roots of $\Sigma$. Bias-corrected estimators of eigenvalues and sampling distribution of the test statistics proposed are obtained. Pooled-bootstrap method also considered for Bartlett's modified likelihood ratio statistics.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.65-76
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• 2024

Purpose: The study aims to recognize the relationship between big data analytics capabilities, big data analytics process, and perceived business performance from supply chain management to total customer satisfaction. Research design, data and methodology: The study followed a quantitative approach with a descriptive design. The data was collected from leading e-commerce companies in India using a structured questionnaire, and the data was coded and decoded using MS Excel, SPSS, and R language. It was further tested using Cronbach's alpha, KMO, and Bartlett's test for reliability and internal consistency. Results: The results showed that the big data analytics process acts as a robust mediator between big data analytics capabilities and perceived business performance. The 'direct, indirect and total effect of the model' and 'PLS-SEM model' showed that the big data analytics process directly impacts business performance. Conclusions: A complete indirect relationship exists between big data analytics capabilities and perceived business performance through the big data analytics process. The research contributesto e-commerce companies' understanding of the importance of big data analytics capabilities and processes.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2016

Background: The assessment tool developed in other countries should be translated into Korean language using rigorous methodological approaches in order to be used in Korea. Because these procedures are insufficient for establishing the cross-cultural and linguistic equivalence, the need for statistical methods is raised. The Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale was translated into Korean and the content validity was verified through the back translation method, but the reliability and validity have not yet been proven by statistical methods. Objects: The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Fullerton Advanced Balance Scale (KFAB) by statistical methods in elderly people. Methods: A total of 97 elderly adults (39 males and 58 females) participated in this study. Internal consistency of the KFAB was measured using Cronbach's alpha and an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess test-retest reliability between the two measurement sessions. Concurrent validity was measured by comparing the KFAB responses with the Korean version of the Berg Balance Scale (KBBS) using the Spearman correlation coefficient. Construct validity of the KFAB was measured using the exploratory factor analysis to evaluate the unidimensionality of the questionnaire. The significance level was set at ${\alpha}=.05$. Results: The internal consistency of the KFAB was found be adequate with Cronbach's alpha (.96), and test-retest reliability was excellent as evidenced by the high ICC (r=.996). Concurrent validity showed high correlation between the KFAB and KBBS (r=.89, p<.001). Construct validity was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis. The result from Bartlett test of sphericity was statistically significant (p<.001), and the value of Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was .93. Exploratory factor analysis revealed the existence of only one dominant factor that explained 76.43% of the variance. Conclusion: The KFAB is a reliable, valid and appropriate tool for measuring the balance functions in elderly people.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.47-62
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• 1997

본 연구는 한국 보건전문가들의 보건행동을 조사하고, 보건행동간의 상호 관련 요인과 보건행동에 영향을 미치는 인구학적 요인을 분석하는데 그 목적이 있다. 본 연구 대상으로는 한국보건협회 산하의 8개의 보건 관련 학회 중에서 보건교육과 가장 관련이 있는 한국보건교육학회(212명)와 한국보건 간호학회 (124명) 회원 336명이 선정되었다. 본 연구의 도구는 미국에서 이미 실시된 여러 보건행동 연구를 기초로 하여 focus group discussion, back-translation, 전문가들의 panel discussion, 그리고 pilot test(사전조사)를 통하여 한국인의 보건행동 연구를 위해 타당하게 개발되었다. 본 연구를 위하여 1995년 약 두달동안(11월, 12월), 3차에 걸친 우편설문조사를 실시하여 64.3%의 응답회수율을 보였고, 응답자들의 보건행동을 분석하기 위해서 factor analysis(요인분석)와 ANOVA (변량분석) 방법을 사용하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 조사응답자의 분포는 남자가 33.8%, 여자가 66.2%였고, 응답자의 80.3%가 석사 이상의 학위를 소유하고 있었다. 응답자들의 전공분야는 다양하였고, 그들 중에서 36.3%가 간호학, 24.4%가 공중보건학을 전공하였다. 응답자 중 과반수 이상이 학교에 근무하였고, 서울에 거주하였으며, 응답자의 평균 직장 근무연수는 14년 이였다. 2. 응답자들의 보건행동에 대한 요인분석 적용의 적합성을 사전검증하기 위하여 Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity (630.37, p〈.00)를 실시하였다. 응답자들의 보건행동을 요인분석한 결과, 17개의 보건행동으로 구성된 네가지 보건행동요인들이 추출되었다. 응답자들의 네가지 보건행동요인들은 다음과 같다: (1) 규칙적인 식사 및 과일 섭취 (2) 음주 및 흡연 (3) 외식,간식 및 카페인 음료 섭취 (4) 운동 및 휴식 3. 응답자들의 인구학적 요인과 네가지 보건행동요인들과의 관계를 분석한 결과, 성별(F=69.59, df=1,203, p〈.05), 교육정도(F=3.48, df=3,199, p〈.05) 그리고 직장(F=4.04, df=3,201, p〈.05)에 따라 음주 및 흡연 행동에 커다란 차이를 보였다. 또한 응답자의 직장 근무연수(F=2.39, df=5,185, p〈.05)에 따라 운동 및 휴식 행동에 커다란 차이를 보였다.