• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.671-681
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• 2017

Oil palm trunk (OPT) is a potential source of biomass for the production of biopellet. In the present research, biopellet were prepared from the meristem part of 25 years old OPT with various percentages of its bark (0, 10, and 30%). The highest biopellet durability was found for biopellet produced at $130^{\circ}C$ of pelletizing temperature with 30% bark content. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of biopellet showed the weak of particle bonding due to the low pelletizing pressure. The moisture content, unit density, ash content, and caloric value of OPT-based pellets were 3.55-5.35%, $525.56-855.23kg/m^3$, 2.76-3.44%, and 17.89-19.14 MJ/kg, respectively. The combustion profiles obtained by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) seemed to be unaffected by the bark content on. Differential thermal analysis of TGA curve indicated different pyrolysis characteristic of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.71 no.1
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• pp.59-65
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• 1985

In this study, the vegetation of Pinus densiflora S. et Z., Pinus regida Miller, Pinus koraiensis S. et Z., and Larix kaempferi Satgent (major conifers) stands planted in the Chungcheong-province was investigated to obtain the fundamental informations for the improvement of coniferous barks utilization. The results may be summarized as follows; 1) Barks are much richer in quantity of extractives and lignin than the corresponding wood. Alcohol-benzene extractives of Pinus koraiensis barks are the highest among others. Pentosan contents are lower in the bark than in the wood, but pentosan contents of the Larix kaempferi bark is the highest among others. 2) Barks are acid in nature, and PH values of barks varying from 3.5 to 4.1 are lower than that of wood. The ash contents of barks are greater than the corresponding wood. 3) A bark comprises from 13.9 to 19.8 percents of a typical log by volume. The calorific values are higher in the barks than in the wood, and calorific values of Pinus koraiensis barks are the highest among others.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.72-79
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• 2003

Nalita wood (Trema orientalis), one of the fastest growing woods in the world, is characterized anatomical, morphological and chemical properties at annual growth ring level in order to investigate as papermaking raw material. The proportion of fibers and vessel was increased with an increase of growth ring (from pith to bark). The fiber length of Nalita was increased with increasing growth ring, and an average fiber length was about 817 um. The average basic density of Nalita was about 0.38 g/cc. The total lignin & holocellulose in Nalita were increased and ash & alcohol-benzene extract decreased from pith to bark. These values were about 23.5 - 24.4 ％, 78.1 - 80.1 ％, 1.04 - 0.92 ％ and 2.1 - 1.8 ％, respectively. The xylan was the predominant sugar in the hemicellulose of Nalita.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2013.06a
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• pp.69-72
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• 2013

This study investigates the characteristics of biochar by slow pyrolysis at $500^{\circ}C$ for various biomass residues. Six biomass materials were tested: Tree bark, Tree stem, bagasse, cocopeat, paddy straw and palm kernel shell. In the biochar yield, the effect of ash in the raw biomass was significant for paddy straw. Excluding the ash content, the timber bark, bagasse and paddy straw had a similar biochar yield of 26-29 wt.%. Tree stem and bagasse had well developed pores in a wide size range and large surface area over $200m^2/g$. Cocopeat and PKS has significantly higher biochar yield due to the increased content of lignin, but the development of intra-particle pores and microscopic surface area was very poor. The elemental composition, pH and other properties of the biochar samples were also compared.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.395-402
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• 1998

Mori Cortex Radicis, the root bark of mulberry tree, has been used in the treatment of bronchial asthma and other lung diseases in traditional medicine. There was a recent repor t that the water soluble part with molecular weight of above 10,000 has anti-allergic activity. Therefore, we intended to isolate and purify the anti-allergic compound from hot water extract of the Mori Cortex Radicis. Crude extract of Mori Cortex Radicis was prepared by hot-water extraction, and anti-allergic compound was further purified by alcohol precipitation, successive ultrafiltration, anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. This compound had homogeneity which was shown by the sharp single peak in HPLC chromatogram (TSK-GEL G400OPW column, RI detector). The molecular weight of the compound was estimated as 23Kda on the basis of calibration curve plotted against protein standards. This compound was identified as complex of sugar, protein and lignin (19.2: 5.9: 72.7), and proteolysis could not decrease the anti-allergic activity but mild delignification decreased the activity remarkably. Therefore, we concluded that the anti-allergic compound of Mori Cortex Radicis was a lignin-carbohydrate complex.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.372-377
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• 1999

Objective of this research was to draw the basic criteria of the compost maturity evaluation, by assessing the stability of chemical and physical properties of the bark and piggery manure byproduct composts during the composting. Colors of the mature composts were black and dark brown for the bark and piggery manure by-product composts, respectively. Good earthy odor was detected for both by-product composts after approximately 40 days composting, by which odors of the original raw materials were disappeared. pH and EC of the mature bark: compost were stabilized at 6.5 and 1dS/m, respectively. The respective values for the piggery compost were stabilized at 7.2 and 6dS/m. Organic matter contents were decreased with time to be stabilized at about 60% at the end of composting. During composting, total N contents of the bark and piggery composts were maintained at $1.1{\sim}1.5%$, and $1.5{\sim}2.2%$, respectively. For both fertilizers, $NH_4-N$ contents were increased at the initial stage bur. decreased after the middle stages of decomposition, resulting in the increase of $NO_3-N$ contents. Total inorganic N contents were increased with time. C/N ratios of both mature composts were stabilized at $25{\sim}27$. CEC of the bark compost was increased logarithmically with time and that of mature compost was 87cmol(+)/㎏. CEC of the piggery manure compost was hyperbolic function with rime and reached at 70cmol(+)/㎏ at the mature stage. Crude fiber analysis indicated that relative contents of lignin were increased with composting by compensating for the decreases of cellulose and hemicellulose contents.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.475-489
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• 2013

This work was conducted to investigate the effect of the addition of binders, such as rapeseed flour, coffee waste, bark, pine cone and lignin powder, on the fuel characteristics of the pellets fabricated with larch and tulip tree sawdust. Moisture content, bulk density and higher heating value of most pellets fabricated with the binders exceeded the 1st-grade pellet standard designated by Korea Forest Research Institute, but ash content of the pellets fabricated with rapeseed flour or bark of 10 wt% on the dry weight basis of sawdust was satisfied with just the 2nd- or 3rd-grade standard. The durability of tulip tree-pellets was positively influenced by the addition of rapeseed flour, coffee waste or lignin powder and increased with increasing the amount of the binders. For larch-pellets, the increase of binders did not greatly affect the durability, and even the durability reduced with the increase of bark or pine cone. From the microscopic observation, the obvious feature of pellet surfaces was not identified by the type of binder but by the addition amount of the binder. In summary, the addition of binders contributed to the fuel characteristics of wood pellets, and particularly the characteristics of wood pellets fabricated with coffee waste improved greatly. Therefore, if the binders are secured sufficiently with a reasonable cost, it might be possible to commercialize wood/binder pellets, which have better fuel characteristics than conventional wood pellets.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.66-73
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• 2002

The chemical compositions of the root bark of Ulmus species and mucilage were investigated. The methanol extractives were fractionated with n-hexane, ethyl ether, ethyl acetate and water and antibacterial activities of each fraction were investigated. Although differences of chemical compositions of the Ulmus species were not noticeable, nitrogen and lignin contents of xylem were higher than those of phloem. However, ash and extractive contents showed adverse results. The mucilage of root bark was slowly gushing out by water and similar to pectin substance with high acidic sugar content. In fractionation experiment, the yield of methanol extraction was about 7% and the portion of water-soluble materials in methanol extractives was 78%. These water- soluble materials had the most high antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.258-267
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• 2017

In this study, pitch pine (Pinus rigida, PIR) and Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica, QUM) pellets were fabricated with bark or/and drying waste liquor (DWL) of larch (Larix kaempferi, LAK) as an additive. Based on the results of fuel characteristics of the pellets, optimal conditions for producing the high-quality pellets were provided. In the analysis of chemical composition, bark contained holocelluose and lignin of 90% and over. DWL had 0.1% solid assumed to sugars which are generated from the oven-drying of LAK logs. QUM showed high ash content (2.2%) by containing of bark in the sawdust. Bark and DWL of LAK had high ash content of 4% and over. Calorific values of all specimens and additives were higher than that of the $1^{st}$-grade standard of wood pellets designated by NIFOS (18.0 MJ/kg). PIR and QUM pellets were fabricated with additive of 2 wt% based on the solid weight of oven-dried sawdust using a piston-type flat-die pelletizer, and thus ash content and calorific value of the pellets did not affect by the use of additive. Durability of the pellets increased with the use of additive. Durabilties of pellets, which were fabricated with bark as an additive and DWL as a controller of moisture content for sawdust, did not differ from those of pellets without additives and were lower than those of pellets either with bark or DWL. However, use of both bark and DWL for the production of wood pellets might be favorable because it can make a profit from the collection process of DWL. Based on the results of fuel characteristics of the pellets, QUM and PIR pellets were produced by a flat-die pelletizer. Moisture content (MC), bulk density and durability of the pellets improved with the use of additive. Particularly, sawdust MC of 10% and the addition of bark or DWL for PIR as well as sawdust MC of 12% and the addition of bark for QUM might be optimal conditions for the production of high-quality pellets. Except for the ash content of QUM pellets, other properties of PIR and QUM pellets exceeded the $1^{st}$-grade wood pellets standards of NIFOS.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.30-35
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• 2013

To conserve wood resources for papermaking, chemical compositions of the hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) bast fiber cultivated in Korea such as holocellulose, ${\alpha}$-cellulose, lignin, alcohol-benzene extractives, hot and cold water extractives, and ash contents were investigated to manufacture the specialty packaging paper effectively. Significantly very low klason lignin content of 3.3% was accomplished by removing of the outer shell of bark. Laboratory soda pulping method which is very useful for the nonwood fiber was adapted, and it was found that there was no significant difference in both kappa number and H-factor between 25% and 30% NaOH charge. Hemp pulp cooked with the laboratory digester in 25% NaOH at $170^{\circ}C$ were mixed together with the wood pulp(NBKP:LBKP=1:1) in order to find the optimum mixture ratio which exhibited acceptable paper strength properties such as tensile index, burst index, and tear strength. When 10% of hemp soda pulps was mixed with 90% of wood pulps comprised of SwBKP and HwBKP (1:1), all physical strength increased significantly. The physical strength decreased as the amount of hemp pulp increased because the cell wall of bast fiber is very thick which causes low conformability and low fiber-fiber bonding. These results showed that paper made of hemp-wood pulp can be used for the specialty packaging paper which requires both the characteristic surface properties and the high physical strength of hemp fiber.