• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.98-107
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• 2000

Three linear strain gauges (KFR-02N-120-C1-23, Kyowa, Japan) were placed around the abutment of implant future and the maximum axial loads on the mandibular implants supporting over dentures were registered in experimental model when the overdenture was removed. The overdenture attachments used in this study were Round bar Hader bar, Dolder bar with and with out spacer. The retention of bar attachment was measured using universal testing machine while being con-trolled by Activating set and Deactivator except in case of the Hader bar. Simultaneously strains were recorded with the strain smart program in strain P-6000 series (Measurement group, Raleigh, USA). The maximum axial load was calculated and compared with each other. The results were as follows: 1. The amount and the timing of the maximum axial loads were different between the right and left implant in all attachment systems. 2. The retention of bar attachment except Hader bar could be adjusted but the controllability was different among the attachment systems. 3. The more the axial load, the higher the retention with Hader bar and Dolder bar without spacer. but the tendency of increase was not shown with round bar and Dolder bar with spacer.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.40.1-40.1
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• 2014

We have classified barred galaxies for 418 RC3 sample galaxies within z < 0.01 from SDSS DR7 using the visual inspection, ellipse fitting method and Fourier analysis. We found the bar fraction to be ~60%, 43% and 70% for each method and that the ellipse fitting method tends to miss the bar when a large bulge hides the transition from bar to disk in early spirals. We also confirmed that the Fourier analysis cannot distinguish between a bar and spiral arm structure. These systematic difficulties may have produced the long-time controversy about bar fraction dependence on Hubble sequence, mass and color. We designed a new method to fine bars by analyzing the ratio map of bar strength in polar coordinates, which yields the bar fraction of ~27% and ~32% for SAB and SB, respectively. The consistency with visual inspection reaches around 70%, and roughly 90% of visual strong bar are classified as SAB and SB in our classification. Although our method also has a weakness that a large bulge lowers the value of bar strength, the missing bar fraction in early spirals is reduced to the level of ~1/4 compared to the ellipse fitting method. Our method can make up for the demerits of the previous automatic classifications and provide a quantitative bar classification that agrees with visual classification.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.47-66
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• 2007

$Lokap{\bar{a}}las$ are understood as the deities of four directions in Buddhism: $Dhrtar{\bar{a}}stra$ in the East, $Vir{\bar{u}}dhaka$ in the South, $Vir{\bar{u}}p{\bar{a}}ksa$ in the West and $Vai{\acute{s}}ravana$ in the North respectively. Their common name is, therefore, called as the "Four Guardian Kings", whose function is to prevent demonic forces from entering into its sacred world. Although the position of $Lokap{\bar{a}}las$ is to the lowest level in the hierarchy of the minor deities in Buddhism, the cult of $Lokap{\bar{a}}las$ was widely spread and prominent in the countries of Northern Buddhism. It played a significant role in terms of the state-protecting Buddhism, on behalf of it's esoteric and magic power. More than 20 Gateways of the $Lokap{\bar{a}}las$ and $Lokap{\bar{a}}la$ statues were still well preserved in Korea, and they were believed to be constructed after the Japanese attack in 1592. After war, monks had concentrated on restoring ruined temples and building many new Gateways of the Four Guardian Kings over the Korean peninsular. Under such circumstances, even though the $Lokap{\bar{a}}las$ played a significant role as the subject of cult in Korean Buddhism. they might have a small chance to be taught traditional Lama iconography exactly. The purpose of this essay is to examine the relation of orientation of the Gate way of $Lokap{\bar{a}}las$ and allocation of each Kings inside the gate.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.18
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• pp.223-255
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• 2009

This paper deals with the tradition and identity of physical expression(${\bar{a}}{\dot{n}}gika$ abhinaya) system in Indian traditional theatre and dance. The ${\bar{a}}{\dot{n}}gika$ abhinaya of Indian dance and theatre has been stylized through long terms and thereby defines their identity and peculiarity by its highly stylized expression techniques while following dramatic way($n{\bar{a}}tya$-dharmi). The ${\bar{a}}{\dot{n}}gika$ abhinaya is said to had been derived from the ritualistic practice of ancient Vedic period(B.C. 15th-B.C. 5th c.), which is most clearly exemplified in hand gesture(hasta mudra). In $N{\bar{a}}tya$ ${\acute{S}}astra$, ${\bar{a}}{\dot{n}}gika$ abhinaya is explained in detail. It is classified broadly into facial expression(mukhaja abhinaya), gesture expression(śārīra abhinaya), movement expression($cest{\bar{a}}krita$ abhinaya). Further, $N{\bar{a}}tya$ ${\acute{S}}astra$ divides their various usages by parts which include head, glance, eyes, nose, eyelid, cheek, lower lip, chin, mouth, hand, chest, waist, belly, hip. thigh, claf, foot. Besides, it explains diverse ways of foot movement($c{\bar{a}}ri$), standing poses(sthana), gait(gati) and their combined movements(mandala). Many forms of Indian traditional theatre and dance basically follows the rule of ${\bar{a}}{\dot{n}}gika$ abhinaya proposed in $N{\bar{a}}tya$ ${\acute{S}}astra$, which identifies their unique characteristics.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.145
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• pp.195-215
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• 2018

Plato said that our cosmos was created from the union of nous and $anank{\bar{e}}$ in Timaeus. In addition to this, 'the third kind', namely $ch{\bar{o}}ra$, exists already with genesis before the birth of the cosmos. Plato explains this $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ with several metaphors. That is, 'receptacle', 'mother', 'gold', 'space', 'place' etc. From Aristotle to contemporary scholars, generally three types of interpretations are presented. First, $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ is a kind of a 'void.' Secondly, $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ is Aristotle's $prot{\bar{e}}$ $hyl{\bar{e}}$. Thirdly, $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ has two aspects of space and matter. I will accept the third opinion. Plato's $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ has both a spatial aspect and material aspect. $Ch{\bar{o}}ra$ is a place that accommodates all sensible things in itself. On the other hand, $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ seems to be a mother who nourishes sensible things like a child. In this, Plato lacks a logical consistency. The research of $ch{\bar{o}}ra$ can not deviate from the limits of $eik{\bar{o}}s$ logos.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.159-169
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• 2011

This research aims to discover how the pure land(Sukkavati), which had the greatest impact on ordinary people since the Shilla period, are represented in the Buddhist temples. This study first looked into the seven landscapes of the pure land, which are written on the $Amit{\bar{a}}yurdhy{\bar{a}}na$ $S{\bar{u}}tra$ a reliance on $s{\bar{u}}tras$ of the Pure Land School. Then, their meaning in the modern world were interpreted. Next the research moved on to the next step to see how the spirit and ideas of the pure land are shown in temples of the Pure Land School. Korean temples of the Pure Land School were found to faithfully embody the landscapes of the pure land in the $Amit{\bar{a}}yurdhy{\bar{a}}na$ $S{\bar{u}}tra$. One might say that those landscape traits of the temples surveyed are common among all Korean buddhist temples, but in the temples of the Pure Land School. those traits consistently reflect special concepts, forming their landscape identity. But ponds, on which the $Amit{\bar{a}}yurdhy{\bar{a}}na$ $S{\bar{u}}tra$ and the picture of $Amit{\bar{a}}yurdhy{\bar{a}}na$ $S{\bar{u}}tra$ put huge emphasis and drawn without an exception, were hard to find among the temples surveyed. This means that previous idea that a pond was an indispensible part in the temples of the Pure Land School needs to be corrected.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.91-117
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• 2007

Through a simple study of the medical classics in the '$\bar{A}yurveda$', we have summarized them as follows. 1) Traditional Indian medicine started in the Ganges river area at about 1500 B. C. E. and traces of medical science can be found in the "Rigveda" and "Atharvaveda". 2) The "Charaka" and "$Su\acute{s}hruta$(妙聞集)", ancient texts from India, are not the work of one person, but the result of the work and errors of different doctors and philosophers. Due to the lack of historical records, the time of Charaka or $Su\acute{s}hruta$(妙聞)s' lives are not exactly known. So the completion of the "Charaka" is estimated at 1st${\sim}$2nd century C. E. in northwestern India, and the "$Su\acute{s}hruta$" is estimated to have been completed in 3rd${\sim}$4th century C. E. in central India. Also, the "Charaka" contains details on internal medicine, while the "$Su\acute{s}hruta$" contains more details on surgery by comparison. 3) '$V\bar{a}gbhata$', one of the revered Vriddha Trayi(triad of the ancients, 三醫聖) of the '$\bar{A}yurveda$', lived and worked in about the 7th century and wrote the "$A\d{s}\d{t}\bar{a}nga$ $A\d{s}\d{t}\bar{a}nga$ $h\d{r}daya$ $sa\d{m}hit\bar{a}$ $samhit\bar{a}$(八支集)" and "$A\d{s}\d{t}\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$(八心集)", where he tried to compromise and unify the "Charaka" and "$Su\acute{s}hruta$". The "$A\d{s}\d{t}\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$" was translated into Tibetan and Arabic at about the 8th${\sim}$9th century, and if we generalize the medicinal plants recorded in each the "Charaka", "$Su\acute{s}hruta$" and the "$A\d{s}\d{t}\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$", there are 240, 370, 240 types each. 4) The 'Madhava' focused on one of the subjects of Indian medicine, '$Nid\bar{a}na$' ie meaning "the cause of diseases(病因論)", and in one of the copies found by Bower in 4th century C. E. we can see that it uses prescriptions from the "BuHaLaJi(布哈拉集)", "Charaka", "$Su\acute{s}hruta$". 5) According to the "Charaka", there were 8 branches of ancient medicine in India : treatment of the body(kayacikitsa), special surgery(salakya), removal of alien substances(salyapahartka), treatment of poison or mis-combined medicines(visagaravairodhikaprasamana), the study of ghosts(bhutavidya), pediatrics(kaumarabhrtya), perennial youth and long life(rasayana), and the strengthening of the essence of the body(vajikarana). 6) The '$\bar{A}yurveda$', which originated from ancient experience, was recorded in Sanskrit, which was a theorization of knowledge, and also was written in verses to make memorizing easy, and made medicine the exclusive possession of the Brahmin. The first annotations were 1060 for the "Charaka", 1200 for the "$Su\acute{s}hruta$", 1150 for the "$A\d{s}\d{t}\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$", and 1100 for the "$Nid\bar{a}na$", The use of various mineral medicines in the "Charaka" or the use of mercury as internal medicine in the "$A\d{s}\d{t}\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$", and the palpation of the pulse for diagnosing in the '$\bar{A}yurveda$' and 'XiZhang(西藏)' medicine are similar to TCM's pulse diagnostics. The coexistence with Arabian 'Unani' medicine, compromise with western medicine and the reactionism trend restored the '$\bar{A}yurveda$' today. 7) The "Charaka" is a book inclined to internal medicine that investigates the origin of human disease which used the dualism of the 'Samkhya', the natural philosophy of the 'Vaisesika' and the logic of the 'Nyaya' in medical theories, and its structure has 16 syllables per line, 2 lines per poem and is recorded in poetry and prose. Also, the "Charaka" can be summarized into the introduction, cause, judgement, body, sensory organs, treatment, pharmaceuticals, and end, and can be seen as a work that strongly reflects the moral code of Brahmin and Aryans. 8) In extracting bloody pus, the "Charaka" introduces a 'sharp tool' bloodletting treatment, while the "$Su\scute{s}hruta$" introduces many surgical methods such as the use of gourd dippers, horns, sucking the blood with leeches. Also the "$Su\acute{s}hruta$" has 19 chapters specializing in ophthalmology, and shows 76 types of eye diseases and their treatments. 9) Since anatomy did not develop in Indian medicine, the inner structure of the human body was not well known. The only exception is 'GuXiangXue(骨相學)' which developed from 'Atharvaveda' times and the "$A\d{s}\d{t}\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$". In the "$A\d{s}\d{t}\bar{a}nga$ Sangraha $samhit\bar{a}$"'s 'ShenTiLun(身體論)' there is a thorough listing of the development of a child from pregnancy to birth. The '$\bar{A}yurveda$' is not just an ancient traditional medical system but is being called alternative medicine in the west because of its ability to supplement western medicine and, as its effects are being proved scientifically it is gaining attention worldwide. We would like to say that what we have researched is just a small fragment and a limited view, and would like to correct and supplement any insufficient parts through more research of new records.

• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.19-54
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• 1993

To see both $Sh{\grave{u}}nq{\grave{i}}daot{\acute{a}}nt{\bar{a}}ng$(dissipate phlegm and promote vital energy circulation) and $Hu{\grave{a}}y{\bar{u}}t{\bar{a}}ng$(blood circulation and disperse blood stasis) influencing on thrombosis, contusion-hyperemia, and hyperlipidemia, at first we measured the density of FDP, the quantity of fibrinogen, prothrombin time, and the number of platelet of rat taken thrombosis by endotoxin. Secondly we measured the increase-rate of "paw swelling", the number of platelet, the quantity of fibrinogen, and prothrombin time of rat taken contusion-hyperemia. And then we measured the quantity of total cholesterol in serum and of H.D.L-cholesterol and of triglyceride and of phospholipid and of ${\beta}-lipoprotein$, its weight, and the variation of the quantity of electrolyte of rat taken hyperlipidemia by the oral-injection of choleserol. As a result, we can conclude as follows : 1. Out of the test of thrombosis, we can recognize not only the noticeable increae of the number of platelet and the quantity of fibrinogen, but also the noticeable decrease of prothrombin time and the density of FDP in case of $Sh{\grave{u}}nq{\grave{i}}daot{\acute{a}}nt{\bar{a}}ng$-injected rat and $Hu{\grave{a}}y{\bar{u}}t{\bar{a}}ng$-injected rat. 2. Out of the test of contusion-hyperemia, we can recognize not only the noticeable increase of the number of platelet and the quantity of fibrinogen, but also the noticeable decrease of prothrombin time and "increase-rate of paw swelling" in case of $Sh{\grave{u}}nq{\grave{i}}daot{\acute{a}}nt{\bar{a}}ng$-injected rat and $Hu{\grave{a}}y{\bar{u}}t{\bar{a}}ng$-injected rat. 3. Out of the test of hyperlipidemia, at first we can recognize that test rat's weight increased as close as that of normal rat. And we can recognize the noticeable decrease of the triglyceride and phospholipid and ${\beta}-lipoprotein$." Also, in case of the variation of electrolyte we can recognize the decrease of calcium and potassium in $Sh{\grave{u}}nq{\grave{i}}daot{\acute{a}}nt{\bar{a}}ng$-injected rat, and of sodium and magnesium in $Hu{\grave{a}}y{\bar{u}}t{\bar{a}}ng$-injected rat. Thus, as the above-mentioned, in covering thrombosis, contusion-hypermia, and hyperlipidemia, the effect of $Sh{\grave{u}}nq{\grave{i}}daot{\acute{a}}nt{\bar{a}}ng$ and $Hu{\grave{a}}y{\bar{u}}t{\bar{a}}ng$ can be recognized. Granting that $Hu{\grave{a}}y{\bar{u}}t{\bar{a}}ng$ reveals its effectiveness in thrombosis and contusion-hyperemia, and $Sh{\grave{u}}nq{\grave{i}}daot{\acute{a}}nt{\bar{a}}ng$ in hyperlipidemia, it can be inferred that contusion-hyperemia is like "model of blood stasis form" as thrombosis and hyperlipidemia "phlegm-retention diseases form", and both phlegm-retention and blood stasis have correlation each other.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.566-580
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• 1998

Implant-supported overdenture is known as a useful appliance, instead of using the conventional complete denture, for better retention and stability. In this study 4 types of materials such as, gold bar/plastic clip(group AuP), gold bar/metal clip(group AuM), palladium bar/plastic clip(group PdP), and palladium bar/metal clip (group PdM) were used to evaluate the retention forces according the type of clips and alloys used for bar fabrication, in the Hader bar system. Repeated insertions and removals of overdenture were conducted in each group. and the retention forces were measured and compared the data of each group according to the number of insertion and removal. The obtained results were as follows, 1. In the comparison of retention forces according to type of bar-clip, retention was increased in the order of group AuM, PdM, PdP AuP. and the retention force of group AuM was significantly increased compared with those of others (p<0.05). 2. In the comparison of retention forces according to the number of insertion, only group PdP showed significant decrease in retention(p<0.05). 3. In the comparison of retention forces according to the type of bar and clip. there was no significant difference in the type of bar, but the retention of plastic clip was significantly higher than that of metal clip when Au bar was used(p<0.05). 4. In the observation of the bar surface, group AuM using Au bar and metal clip showed the most scratches among bar groups.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.161-170
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• 2020

The combined ${\bar{X}}-S^2$ chart is a traditional control chart for simultaneously detecting mean and variance. Control limits for the combined ${\bar{X}}-S^2$ chart are determined so that each chart has the same individual false alarm rate while maintaining the required false alarm rate for the combined chart. In this paper, we provide flexibility to allow the two charts to have different individual false alarm rates as well as evaluate the effect of flexibility. The individual false alarm rate of the ${\bar{X}}$ chart is taken to be γ times the individual false alarm rate of the S² chart. To evaluate the effect of selecting the value of γ, we use the out-of-control average run length and relative mean index as the performance measure for the combined ${\bar{X}}-S^2$ chart.