• Title/Summary/Keyword: Ball-on-3-ball test

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Breakage and Surface Oxidation Characteristics of Waste NdFeB Magnet for Recycling (NdFeB 자석 재활용을 위한 파분쇄 및 그에 따른 표면 산화 특성 연구)

  • Kim, Kwanho;Kim, Gahee;Lee, Hoon;Kang, Jungshin
    • Resources Recycling
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.26-34
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    • 2019
  • Due to the increasing demand of rare earth magnet for various application, it is predicted that the amount of waste rare earth magnet will increase sharply. The process of waste rare earth magnet recycling is mainly consisted of leaching and separation of rare earth element contained in the magnet. However, there is no study on the breakage characteristics of the waste rare earth magnet for production of magnet powder. Therefore, in this study, effective crushing/grinding process and breakage characteristics were investigated for waste rare earth magnet. In the case of jaw crusher, the particle size of magnet was effectively reduced without rapid oxidation. In ball mill grinding test, it was found that the grinding process was not performed properly at the early stage of grinding. Moreover, waste rare earth magnet showed very low specific rate of breakage(S) and high fraction of fine particle breakage distribution(B) compared to ordinary minerals. These results can be used as a basic data for developing crushing/grinding circuit of waste rare earth magnet.

A Study of Post Electrode Formation by Microwave Sintering in LTCC Substrate (마이크로파 소결법을 이용한 LTCC 기판 Post 전극 형성에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Yong-Suk;Lee, Taek-Jung;Yoo, Won-Hee;Chang, Byeung-Gyu;Park, Sung-Yeol;Oh, Yong-Soo
    • Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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    • v.14 no.4
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    • pp.43-48
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    • 2007
  • This study is focused on the effect of the surface properties for the post electrode, which is used in pad formation consisted of SMT such as IC, passive component, combined with fired LTCC substrate, We carried out the surface microstructure of sintered electrode and the basic reliability evaluations with sample fired by microwave sintering to solve the problems occurred in post electrode by electric sintering. We evaluated surface densification status of post electrode according to various conditions of microwave sintering. In additions, it is obtained strong effect on blister improvement of post electrode because of over-sintering and the insufficient out gas in bum out process. As a result of adhesion strength, we confirmed $44.3N/mm^2$ in microwave sintering and $34.5N/mm^2$ in electric sintering, respectively. This result will be used for the basic reliability test. Finally, microwave sintering seems to be economic in process time with 30 min compared to electric sintering with 10 hr. In terms of Mass production and efficiency, microwave sintering are excepted to be higher than electric sintering.

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Effect of Si Content on the Phase Formation Behavior and Surface Properties of the Cr-Si-Al-N Coatings (Cr-Si-Al-N 코팅의 상형성 및 표면 물성에 미치는 Si 함량의 영향)

  • Choi, Seon-A;Kim, Hyung-Sun;Kim, Seong-Won;Lee, Sungmin;Kim, Hyung-Tae;Oh, Yoon-Suk
    • Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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    • v.49 no.6
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    • pp.580-586
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    • 2016
  • Cr-Si-Al-N coating with different Si content were deposited by hybrid physical vapor deposition (PVD) method consisting of unbalanced magnetron (UBM) sputtering and arc ion plating (AIP). The deposition temperature was $300^{\circ}C$, and the gas ratio of $Ar/N_2$ were 9:1. The CrSi alloy and aluminum targets used for arc ion plating and sputtering process, respectively. Si content of the CrSi alloy targets were varied with 1 at%, 5 at%, and 10 at%. The phase analysis, composition and microstructural analysis performed using x-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) including energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), respectively. All of the coatings grown with textured CrN phase (200) plane. The thickness of the Cr-Si-Al-N films were measured about $2{\mu}m$. The friction coefficient and removal rate of films were measured by a ball-on-disk test under 20N load. The friction coefficient of all samples were 0.6 ~ 0.8. Among all of the samples, the removal rate of CrSiAlN (10 at% Si) film shows the lowest values, $4.827{\times}10^{-12}mm^3/Nm$. As increasing of Si contents of the CrSiAlN coatings, the hardness and elastic modulus of CrSiAlN coatings were increased. The morphology and composition of wear track of the films was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy, respectively. The surface energy of the films were obtained by measuring of contact angle of water drop. Among all of the samples, the CrSiAlN (10 at% Si) films shows the highest value of the surface energy, 41 N/m.

Design of Vision Based Punching Machine having Serial Communication

  • Lee, Young-Choon;Lee, Seong-Cheol;Kim, Seong-Min
    • 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2005.06a
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    • pp.2430-2434
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    • 2005
  • Automatic FPC punching instrument for the improvement of working condition and cost saving is introduced in this paper. FPC(flexible printed circuit) is used to detect the contact position of K/B and button like a cellular phone. Depending on the quality of the printed ink and position of reference punching point to the FPC, the resistance and current are varied to the malfunctioning values. The size of reference punching point is 2mm and the above. Because the punching operation is done manually, the accuracy of the punching degree is varied with operator's condition. Recently, The punching accuracy has deteriorated severely to the 2mm punching reference hall so that assembly of the K/B has hardly done. To improve this manual punching operation to the FPC, automatic FPC punching system is introduced. Precise mechanical parts like a 5-step stepping motor and ball screw mechanism are designed and tested and low cost PC camera is used for the sake of cost down instead of using high quality vision systems for the FA. 3D Mechanical design tool(Pro/E) is used to manage the exact tolerance circumstances and avoid design failures. Simulation is performed to make the complete vision based punching machine before assembly, and this procedure led to the manufacturing cost saving. As the image processing algorithms, dilation, erosion, and threshold calculation is applied to obtain an exact center position from the FPC print marks. These image processing algorithms made the original images having various noises have clean binary pixels which is easy to calculate the center position of print marks. Moment and Least square method are used to calculate the center position of objects. In this development circumstance, Moment method was superior to the Least square one at the calculation of speed and against noise. Main control panel is programmed by Visual C++ and graphical Active X for the whole management of vision based automatic punching machine. Operating modes like manual, calibration, and automatic mode are added to the main control panel for the compensation of bad FPC print conditions and mechanical tolerance occurring in the case of punch and die reassembly. Test algorithms and programs showed good results to the designed automatic punching system and led to the increase of productivity and huge cost down to law material like FPC by avoiding bad quality.

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Analysis of Patients with Hemoptysis in a Tertiary Referral Hospital

  • Lee, Bo Ram;Yu, Jin Yeong;Ban, Hee Jung;Oh, In Jae;Kim, Kyu Sik;Kwon, Yong Soo;Kim, Yu Il;Kim, Young Chul;Lim, Sung Chul
    • Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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    • v.73 no.2
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    • pp.107-114
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    • 2012
  • Background: This study attempted to investigate the main causes of hemoptysis, the type of examinations used for diagnosis, the treatment modalities and outcomes. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted on the medical records of 221 patients admitted to the Chonnam National University Hospital, between January 2005 and February 2010, with hemoptysis. Results: Bronchiectasis (32.6%), active pulmonary tuberculosis (18.5%), fungus ball (10.8%), and lung cancer (5.9%) accounted for most causes of hemoptysis. Computed tomography scan was the most sensitive diagnostic test when employed alone, with positive yield of 93.2%. There were 161 cases of conservative treatment (72.9%), 42 cases of bronchial artery embolization (BAE) (19.0%), and 18 cases of surgery (8.1%). Regarding the amount of hemoptysis, 70 cases, out of 221 cases, were mild (31.5%), 36 cases moderate (16.2%), and 115 cases massive hemoptysis (52.0%). Most of the patients were treated conservatively, but if there was more bleeding present, BAE or surgery was more commonly performed than the conservative treatment ($p{\leq}0.0001$). In the multivariate model, severe hemoptysis and lung cancer were independently associated with short-term recurrence. BAE was independently associated with long-term recurrence, and lung cancer was associated with in-hospital mortality. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 11.3%. Conclusion: Hemoptysis is a common symptom with a good prognosis in most cases. However, patients exhibiting massive bleeding or those with malignancy had a poorer prognosis. In-hospital mortality was strongly related to the cause, especially in lung cancer.

Problem Solving Strategy for Goldberg Machine Task According to the Cognitive Styles of Elementary Gifted Students Group (초등영재학생의 인지양식 그룹별 골드버그 장치에 대한 문제해결전략)

  • Kwon, Yong-Tae;Kang, Ho-Kam
    • Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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    • v.25 no.1
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    • pp.77-93
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    • 2015
  • The purpose of this study was to explore the problem solving strategy for Goldberg machine tasks of the gifted students in elementary science depending on the cognitive style(tendency to field-dependent and field independent). It was aimed to provide suggestions for the features and differences of the problem solving strategies of the gifted students in elementary science according to their cognitive styles. A total of 16 students, from the gifted class of P elementary school in Hwaseong were sampled for the research, cognitive styles Test was conducted to divide the students in teams, and the teams were classified according to cognitive style tendencies to five groups of field-dependent group, weak field-dependent group, mixed group, weak field-independent group and field-independent group. The Goldberg device task given was to make a Goldberg device within the angle framework of (Figure) 1, for a bead to start from the starting point and to reach the final point the last. The results are as follows: First, regarding the plan for producing the device, the stronger the field-independent tendency, they established more specific strategy-reflected plan; the stronger the field-dependent tendency, they established less specific strategy-reflected plan. Second, all cognitive style groups took a limited period of time into consideration, to fabricate the devices for the ball to arrive the last using a fine adjustment rather than many devices. Third, the field-independent group used a lot of logical reasoning; the field-dependent group used a lot of intuitive thinking. Fourth, the field independent group properly utilized strategies such as cooperation and role allocation; the field-dependent group tried to solve the task personally rather than cooperatively with poor role allocation. Fifth, the intermediate mixed group solved the problem better than the inclined groups such as field-dependent or field-independent groups.

An accuracy analysis of Cyberknife tumor tracking radiotherapy according to unpredictable change of respiration (예측 불가능한 호흡 변화에 따른 사이버나이프 종양 추적 방사선 치료의 정확도 분석)

  • Seo, jung min;Lee, chang yeol;Huh, hyun do;Kim, wan sun
    • The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.157-166
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    • 2015
  • Purpose : Cyber-Knife tumor tracking system, based on the correlation relationship between the position of a tumor which moves in response to the real time respiratory cycle signal and respiration was obtained by the LED marker attached to the outside of the patient, the location of the tumor to predict in advance, the movement of the tumor in synchronization with the therapeutic device to track real-time tumor, is a system for treating. The purpose of this study, in the cyber knife tumor tracking radiation therapy, trying to evaluate the accuracy of tumor tracking radiation therapy system due to the change in the form of unpredictable sudden breathing due to cough and sleep. Materials and Methods : Breathing Log files that were used in the study, based on the Respiratory gating radiotherapy and Cyber-knife tracking radiosurgery breathing Log files of patients who received herein, measured using the Log files in the form of a Sinusoidal pattern and Sudden change pattern. it has been reconstituted as possible. Enter the reconstructed respiratory Log file cyber knife dynamic chest Phantom, so that it is possible to implement a motion due to respiration, add manufacturing the driving apparatus of the existing dynamic chest Phantom, Phantom the form of respiration we have developed a program that can be applied to. Movement of the phantom inside the target (Ball cube target) was driven by the displacement of three sizes of according to the size of the respiratory vertical (Superior-Inferior) direction to the 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm. Insert crosses two EBT3 films in phantom inside the target in response to changes in the target movement, the End-to-End (E2E) test provided in Cyber-Knife manufacturer depending on the form of the breathing five times each. It was determined by carrying. Accuracy of tumor tracking system is indicated by the target error by analyzing the inserted film, additional E2E test is analyzed by measuring the correlation error while being advanced. Results : If the target error is a sine curve breathing form, the size of the target of the movement is in response to the 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm, respectively, of the average $1.14{\pm}0.13mm$, $1.05{\pm}0.20mm$, with $2.37{\pm}0.17mm$, suddenly for it is variations in breathing, respective average $1.87{\pm}0.19mm$, $2.15{\pm}0.21mm$, and analyzed with $2.44{\pm}0.26mm$. If the correlation error can be defined by the length of the displacement vector in the target track is a sinusoidal breathing mode, the size of the target of the movement in response to 5 mm, 10 mm, 20 mm, respective average $0.84{\pm}0.01mm$, $0.70{\pm}0.13mm$, with $1.63{\pm}0.10mm$, if it is a variant of sudden breathing respective average $0.97{\pm}0.06mm$, $1.44{\pm}0.11mm$, and analyzed with $1.98{\pm}0.10mm$. The larger the correlation error values in both the both the respiratory form, the target error value is large. If the motion size of the target of the sine curve breathing form is greater than or equal to 20 mm, was measured at 1.5 mm or more is a recommendation value of both cyber knife manufacturer of both error value. Conclusion : There is a tendency that the correlation error value between about target error value magnitude of the target motion is large is increased, the error value becomes large in variation of rapid respiration than breathing the form of a sine curve. The more the shape of the breathing large movements regular shape of sine curves target accuracy of the tumor tracking system can be judged to be reduced. Using the algorithm of Cyber-Knife tumor tracking system, when there is a change in the sudden unpredictable respiratory due patient coughing during treatment enforcement is to stop the treatment, it is assumed to carry out the internal target validation process again, it is necessary to readjust the form of respiration. Patients under treatment is determined to be able to improve the treatment of accuracy to induce the observed form of regular breathing and put like to see the goggles monitor capable of the respiratory form of the person.

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Development and Evaluation of Kimchi Menus for Elementary School Food Service (초등학교 급식용 김치 메뉴 개발 및 평가)

  • Kim, Sunghye;Kim, Mi Jeong;Kim, Hyun Ju;Song, Yeong-Ok
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.42 no.7
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    • pp.1148-1156
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    • 2013
  • Studies have shown that the preference and average consumption of kimchi among youths have been decreasing partly due to the westernization of the diet. In this study, we examined kimchi consumption status and the annual utilization of 29 kimchi menus registered in the National Education Information System (NEIS) among the students, and then developed seven kimchi menus based on the preference tests and plate waste analysis. Our findings showed that average kimchi consumption by second and fifth graders during lunch time was 19.3% and 17.3%, respectively, of the recommendation (40 g per meal) in the 2010 KDRI. Incidentally, more than 75% of elementary school dieticians answered that ten kimchi menus (31%) registered in the NEIS were never chosen by them in the previous year. The least adopted types of kimchi menu included cooked rice, porridge, stew, pancake, deep-fry and grill. The newly developed kimchi menus included kimchi sauce tofu deopbap, kimchi bacon rice ball, kimchi chicken potato stew, kimchi vegetable fried noodles, kimchi meatballs, kimchi cheese croquette and kimchi potato salad. All these kimchi food items contained 10~20 g of kimchi per serving, and the standardized recipes and nutrient analysis were provided. Kimchi cheese croquette was most liked by fourth graders followed by kimchi sauce tofu deopbap, kimchi meatball and kimchi chicken potato stew in that order. These four menus were again evaluated among second and fifth graders. The kimchi meatballs were most preferred among these groups of students with no leftover but kimchi sauce tofu deopbap was least favorable, producing 17.1% of plate waste. Finally, kimchi cheese croquette and kimchi potato salad were given the highest and lowest scores, respectively, by 87 school dieticians. The findings of this study suggest that efforts on the development of kimchi menu for school food services may help to promote a preference and consumption of kimchi among elementary school students.

A Study on Rail Vibration and Its Reduction Plan in Central Daejeon Area (대전 도심지역의 철도진동의 영향과 대책)

  • Ryu, Myoung-Ik;Suh, Man-Cheol;Lee, Won-Kook
    • Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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    • v.3 no.4
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    • pp.269-280
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    • 2000
  • Rail vibration in city zone is becoming a serious environmental problem. In order to make a reduction plan for rail vibration, the research was conducted in which many experiments to measure actual rail vibration along the railroad through the central Deajeon area. A digital vibration level meter was used to measure rail vibration. Vibration levels of Z-axis were measured at every second for the duration of the train passing. The measuring station was placed at every 5m for the distance of 55m. A total of 353 different sets of vibration level were obtained. The signals were processed to get $L_{10}$ value and analyzed in terms of distance, train velocity, and number of trains. As a result, it has been found that rail vibration exceed the allowable vibraton limit of 60 dB, at the point of 25 m far from the railroad center, which is regulated by the las of vibration and noise. Train velocity was found to affect a little for vibration level within the zone. It was also found that a trench installed along a railroad could reduce vibration level up to approximately 10 percent. A model test was conducted to investigate the influence of the location and size of trench, on the transfer of vibration. A heavy steel ball was used to generate vibrations. On the basis obtained from this study, it could be concluded that the application of distance-attenuation and the installment of a trench along railroad could be applied as a reduction plan for rail vibration. Because limitions might exist to depend on the effect of distance attenuation, trenchs excavated along a railroad might be suggested as the most efficient solution to reduce railroad vibration.

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A comparative study on the correlation between Korean foods and the fractures of PFG and all ceramic crowns for posterior applications (구치용 도재소부금관과 전부도재관에 파절을 일으키는 한국음식에 관한 연구)

  • Kim, Jeong-Ho;Lee, Jai-Bong
    • The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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    • v.47 no.2
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    • pp.156-163
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    • 2009
  • Statement of problem: Recently, there have been increased esthetic needs for posterior dental restorations. The failure of posterior dental ceramic restoration are possible not only by the characters of the component materials but also by the type of food. Purpose: The research aim was to compare the in vitro fracture resistance of simulated first molar crowns fabricated using 4 dental ceramic systems, full-porcelain-occlusal-surfaced PFG, half-porcelain-occlusal-surfaced PFG, Empress 2, Ice Zirkon and selected Korean foods. Material and methods: Eighty axisymmetric crowns of each system were fabricated to fit a preparation with 1.5- to 2.0-mm occlusal reduction. The center of the occlusal surface on each of 15 specimens per ceramic system was axially loaded to fracture in a Instron 4465, and the maximum load(N) was recorded. Afterwards, selected Korean foods specimens(boiled crab, boiled chicken with bone, boiled beef rib, dried squid, dried anchovy, round candy, walnut shell) were prepared. 15 specimens per each food were placed under the Instron and the maximum fracture loads for them were recorded. The 95% confidence intervals of the characteristic failure load were compared between dental ceramic systems and Korean foods. Afterwards, on the basis of previous results, 14Hz cyclic load was applied on the 4 systems of dental ceramic restorations in MTS. The reults were analyzed by analysis of variance and Post Hoc tests. Results: 95% confidence intervals for mean of fracture load 1. full porcelain occlusal surfaced PFG Crown: 2599.3 to 2809.1 N 2. half porcelain occlusal surfaced PFG Crown: 3689.4 to 3819.8 N 3. Ice Zirkon Crown: 1501.2 to 1867.9 N 4. Empress 2 Crown: 803.2 to 1188.5 N 5. boiled crab: 294.1 to 367.9 N 6. boiled chicken with bone: 357.1 to 408.6 N 7. boiled beef rib: 4077.7 to 4356.0 N 8. dried squid: 147.5 to 190.5 N 9. dried anchovy: 35.6 to 46.5 N 10. round candy: 1900.5 to 2615.8 N 11. walnut shell: 85.7 to 373.1 N under cyclic load(14Hz) in MTS, fracture load and masticatory cycles are: 1. full porcelain occlusal surfaced PFG Crown fractured at 95% confidence intervals of 4796.8-9321.2 cycles under 2224.8 N(round candy)load, no fracture under smaller loads. 2. half porcelain occlusal surfaced PFG Crown fractured at 95% confidence intervals of 881705.1-1143565.7 cycles under 2224.8 N(round candy). no fracture under smaller loads. 3. Ice Zirkon Crown fractured at 95% confidence intervlas of 979993.0-1145773.4 cycles under 382.9 N(boiled chicken with bone). no fracture under smaller loads. 4. Empress 2 Crown fractured at 95% confidence intervals of 564.1-954.7 cycles under 382.9 N(boiled chicken with bone). no fracture under smaller loads. Conclusion: There was a significant difference in fracture resistance between experimental groups. Under single load, Korean foods than can cause fracture to the dental ceramic restorations are boiled beef rib and round candy. Even if there is no fracture under single load, cyclic dynamic load can fracture dental posterior ceramic crowns. Experimental data with 14 Hz dynamic cyclic load are obtained as follows. 1. PFG crown(full porcelain occlusion) was failed after mean 0.03 years under fracture load for round candy(2224.8 N). 2. PFG crown(half porcelain occlusion) was failed after mean 4.1 years under fracture load for round candy(2224.8 N). 3. Ice Zirkon crown was failed after mean 4.3 years under fracture load for boiled chicken with bone(382.9 N). 4. Empress 2 crown was failed after mean 0.003 years under fracture load for boiled chicken with bone(382.9 N).