• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.37
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• pp.327-348
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• 2004

In this study, after analyzing several local climate characteristics of South Korea, I validated distribution, invasion, foraging, underground activities, attack season as ecological characteristics and also temperature, relative humidity, and tree species as preference characteristics of Korean termites (Reticulitermes speratus kyushuensis Morimoto). Especially, southern part of the Korean peninsula is a suitable area for inhabitation and motion of termites holding same ecological characteristic like R. speratus kyushuensis. Busan is a neighboring district at field distribution north limiting temperature of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Chuncheon is a passing area through the Korean Peninsula of field distribution north limiting temperature of Reticulitermes speratus Kolbe. The termite attack of wood devices was about 34.5% for 3 years in the forest of Jongmyo. Although the attack rate of termite increased each year, the detection rate decreased and the missing rate was high by degrees. I confirmed a foraging habits which is a part of termite colony was a role of continuous decomposition and another was a role of new food hunt as experimental results. The foraging termites were found under ground at Jongmyo in Seoul from April to November in the 2001 and the most active period was on July and August. The termite invasion rate of bait station increased in every monitoring. Through the increasing attack rate of bait station during 2nd monitoring (November, 2000) and 3rd monitoring(March, 2001), I confirmed that termites moved into the deep underground in winter, and were working continuously to forage. R. speratus kyushuensis inhabiting at the Korean Peninsula is a species which has food consumption rate with higher temperature. The termite revealed the greatest amount of food(filter paper) at $30^{\circ}C$(90% RH), but showed increasing death rate at over $32^{\circ}C$. Also, survival rate of this termite was 97% at 84% RH($30^{\circ}C$), but killed 100% at 52% RH($30^{\circ}C$) and 70% RH($30^{\circ}C$). For wood feeding, this was observed the preference in a pine tree(Pinus densiflora) above all others. Survival of termites was high(87%) at a pine tree, but low(13.5%) at a paulownia tree(Paulownia coreana). In this study, I presented the biological characteristic of termite(R. speratus kyushuensis Morimoto) and confirmed the deterioration degree of termite on wooden cultural heritage in Korea. Depending on climate and soil temperature, each area in the southern part of the Korea Peninsula, has some different active period and different distribution of R. speratus kyushensis. With these results, I expect that this report helps to prepare the integrated pest management(IPM) of the termite on wooden cultural heritage in Korea, and it may help to reduce the economical loss from termite damage in Korea.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.289-296
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• 2008

BPES (Blepharophimosis/Ptosis/Epicanthus inversus Syndrome) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in FOXL2. Affected individuals have premature ovarian failure (POF) in addition to small palpebral fissures, drooping eyelids, and broad nasal bridge. FOXL2 is a member of the forkhead family transcription factors. In FOXL2-deficient ovaries, granulosa cell differentiation dose not progress, leading to arrest of folliculogenesis and oocytes atresia. Using yeast two-hybrid screening of rat ovarian cDNA library with FOXL2 as bait, we found that small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO)-conjugating E2 enzyme UBE2I protein interacted with FOXL2 protein. UBE2I also known as UBC9 is an essential protein for processing SUMO modification. Sumoylation is a form of post-translational modification involved in diverse signaling pathways including the regulation of transcriptional activities of many transcriptional factors. In the present study, we confirmed the protein-protein interaction between FOXL2 and UBE2I in human cells, 293T, by in vivo immunoprecipitation. In addition, we generated truncated FOXL2 mutants and identified the region of FOXL2 required for its association with UBE2I using yeast-two hybrid system. Therefore, the identification of UBE2I as an interacting protein of FOXL2 further suggests a presence of novel regulatory mechanism of FOXL2 by sumoylation.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.19 no.1 s.42
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• pp.57-65
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• 1980

The oriental tobacco budmoth, Heliothis assulta Guenee were reared under various temperatures; $20^{\circ}C,\;25^{\circ}C,\;30^{\circ}C$ and the control effects of Thuricide $HP^{(R)}$ were examined. The results obtained were as fellows: 1. The adult longevity of oriental tobacco budmoth was 11.35 days, and 3.00 days for preovipositional period, 4.75 days for ovipositional Period, and 3.50 days for postovipositional period. 2. The total number of eggs laid by a female were 307 at $20^{\circ}C$, 413 at $25^{\circ}C$ and 189 at $30^{\circ}C$. The number of eggs per female per day were 64.05 in average. 3. The average egg Periods were 7.71 days at $20^{\circ}C$, 4.12 days at $25^{\circ}C$ and 3.58 days at $30^{\circ}C$ and the hatchiabilities were $71.25\%,\;78.49\%\;and\;81.05\%$ at the respective incubation temperatures. 4. The larval developmental periods were 43.51 days at $20^{\circ}C$, 21.79 days at $25^{\circ}C$ and 18.05 days at $25^{\circ}C$ and the mortalities were $80.70\%,\;95.93\%$ and $87.01\%$ at the respective temperatures. 5. The pupal developmental periods were 24.22 days at $20^{\circ}C$, 12.36 days at $25^{\circ}C$ and 11.50 days at $30^{\circ}C$ and the mortalities at the respective temperatures were $18.18\%,\;42.11\%\;and\;40.00\%$. 6. The calculated threshold temperatures for the development were $11.61^{\circ}C$ for the eggs, $11.96^{\circ}C$ for the larvae, and $10.06^{\circ}C$ for the pupae. The estimated total effective temperatures were 60.41 day degrees for e eggs, 319.35 day degrees for the larvae, 222.66 day degrees for the pupae, and overall total effective temperatures, however, would be ranged 640-660 day degrees if the reproductive period of the adult was considered. 7. The relationship between the overall developmental periods and the rearing temperature could be Y=-4.272X+155.39 (r=0.9105), where Y; number of days required to complete the life cycle, X; treated temperatures. 8. The control effects of Thuricide $HP^{(R)}$ were $73.43\%$ for spray and $58.22\%$ for bait applications.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.6-10
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• 1983

A study of infestation patterns for larval trematodes from fresh-water fish and brackish-water fish was carried out during the period from June to October in 1982. They were collected by netting, asking with rod and lino, and using the a bait of crushed oil cake in a transparent plastic bowls at the three localities, Daebon-dong, Kugil-dong, and Hoam-dong in the river Taechong, Kyungpook Province, Korea. Five species of fresh-water fish, the crussian carp, Carassius carassius Linnaeus, the bullhead, Coreobagrus brfvicorpus Mori, the fat minnow, Morose oxycephalus (Bleeker) , the flat bitterling, Paracheilognathus rhombea (Temminck et Schlegel) , and the catfish, Parasilurus asotus (Linnaeus), and two kinds of brackish-water fish, the grey mullet, Mugil cephalus(Linnaeus) and the sweet-fish, Plecoglossus aztivelis (Temminck et Schlegel) were examined. Four species of the metacercariae, Exorchis eviformis, Metacercaria hasegawai, Metorchis orientalis and undetermined larvae were found. Of these, the encysted larvae of the human intestinal fluke, Metagonimus yokegawai, were found from three kinds of fresh-water fish, the crussian carp, the bullhead and the fat minnow and one species of brackish-water fish, the sweets;sh and the infestation rates for the larvae varied appreciably from fish to fish. The intensity of infestation with the Metagonimus larvae in the three species of fresh-water fish was low, and the average number of the larvae per gram of flesh varied from 0.5 to 0.2. By comparison, the brackish-water fish wqs more heavily infested and the mean number of cysts per gram of flesh in Plecoglossus altivelis was 109.2. It was foung that infection with Metagonimus yokogawai os caused by consuming raw fresh-sater fish and brackish-water fish caught in the river Taechong, Kyungpook Province, Korea.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.426-438
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• 2016

Plant disease resistance occurs as a hypersensitive response (HR) at the site of attempted pathogen invasion. This specific event is initiated in response to recognition of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and subsequent PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Both PTI and ETI mechanisms are tightly connected with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and disease resistance that involves distinct biphasic ROS production as one of its pivotal plant immune responses. This unique oxidative burst is strongly dependent on the resistant cultivars because a monophasic ROS burst is a hallmark of the susceptible cultivars. However, the cause of the differential ROS burst remains unknown. In the study here, we revealed the plausible underlying mechanism of the differential ROS burst through functional understanding of the Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) AVR effector, AVR-Pii. We performed yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening using AVR-Pii as bait and isolated rice NADP-malic enzyme2 (Os-NADP-ME2) as the rice target protein. To our surprise, deletion of the rice Os-NADP-ME2 gene in a resistant rice cultivar disrupted innate immunity against the rice blast fungus. Malic enzyme activity and inhibition studies demonstrated that AVR-Pii proteins specifically inhibit in vitro NADP-ME activity. Overall, we demonstrate that rice blast fungus, M. oryzae attenuates the host ROS burst via AVR-Pii-mediated inhibition of Os-NADP-ME2, which is indispensable in ROS metabolism for the innate immunity of rice. This characterization of the regulation of the host oxidative burst will help to elucidate how the products of AVR genes function associated with virulence of the pathogen.

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.183-188
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• 2012

Participates in actin remodeling through Rac and receptor endocytosis via Rab5. Here, we used yeast two-hybrid system with Eps8 as bait to screen a human brain cDNA library. ITSN2 was identified as the novel binding factor of Eps8. The interaction between ITSN2 and Eps8 was demonstrated by the in vivo co-immunoprecipitation and colocalization assays and the in vitro GST pull-down assays. Furthermore, we mapped the interaction domains to the region between amino acids 260-306 of Eps8 and the coiled-coil domain of ITSN2. In addition, protein stability assays and immunofluorescence analysis showed ITSN2 overexpression induced the degradation of Eps8 proteins, which was markedly alleviated with the lysosome inhibitor NH4Cl treatment. Taken together, our results suggested ITSN2 interacts with Eps8 and stimulates the degradation of Eps8 proteins.

• BMB Reports
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.232-237
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• 2009

Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1c plays a crucial role in the regulation of lipogenic enzymes in the liver. We previously reported that an X-chromosome-linked RNA binding motif (RBMX) regulates the promoter activity of Srebp-1c. However, still unknown was how it regulates the gene expression. To elucidate this mechanism, we screened the cDNA library from mouse liver by yeast two-hybrid assay using RBMX as bait and identified scaffold attachment factor B1 (SAFB1). Immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated binding of SAFB1 to RBMX. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed binding of both SAFB1 and RBMX to the upstream region of Srebp-1c gene. RNA interference of Safb1 reduced the basal and RBMX-induced Srebp-1c promoter activities, resulting in reduced Srebp-1c gene expression. The effect of SAFB1 overexpression on Srebp-1c promoter was found only in the presence of RBMX. These results indicate a major role for SAFB1 in the activation of Srebp-1c through its interaction with RBMX.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.78-84
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• 1984

In order to determine the infestation patterns for metacercaria of digenetic trematodes, several kinds of fresh-water and brackish-water fish were caught in River Hyungsan, Kyungpook Province, Korea and examined from March to October in 1983. They were collected by netting, fishing with rod and line, or using the bait of crushed oil cake in transparent plastic bowls, and were dissected into the flesh, scales and 6ns with tail, and then examined for the presence and infestation density of larval trematodes. Of the 11 kinds of fish examined, the encysted larvae of Exorchis oviformis were found all of them, Metagonimus yokogawai from 9 kinds, Cyathocotyle orientalis, Metacercaria hasegawai and Metorchis orientalis from 6 kinds, alld Clonorchis sinensis from 4 Kinds in the present study. In the intensity of infestation with Clonorchis sinensis, the Korean shiner, Gnathopogon atromaculatus Nichols et Pope, was the most heavily infected species, the average number of metacercariae per grata of fish flesh being 45.5, followed by the striped shiner, Puntungia hirxi Ibersenstein 11.6, and Southern top-Inouthed minnow, Pseudorasbora larva (Temminck et Shlegel) , 9.7. The intensity of infestation with the iwetagonimus larvae in 8 species of fresh-water fish was relatively low, and the average number per gram of flesh varied from 0.23 to 9.1. In comparison, the brackish-water fish were more heavily infected and the mean number of cysts per gram of flesh in the sweetfish, Plecoglossus altiwelis, was 32.9. The results of this study generally indicate that Clonorchis sinensis and Metagcnimus yckogawai infection may occur by consuming raw fresh-water fish caught in the river Hyungpook, Kyungpook Province, Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.181-188
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• 2016

BtPlus is a group of biopesticides that are made of Bacillus thuringiensis and immunosuppressant. A new BtPlus that exhibits high insecticidal activity against mosquito larvae has been investigated in control efficacy in field conditions and its environmental safety against aquatic system. This study assessed the control efficacy of BtPlus against mosquito larvae with two different application methods. In aerial spraying application (100 mL per $3.3m^2$), BtPlus was effective at 50% or above formulation concentrations to control mosquito larvae. For a direct application to aqueous mosquito habitat, a semi-field mimicking paddy rice field was constructed. In this condition, BtPlus showed 80% and 100% control efficacies at 0.1% and 0.2% concentrations, respectively. BtPlus also showed 40% mortality against adults at 0.1% concentration in 10% sugar bait. However, its control efficacies against adults were much less than against larvae. Safety assessment of BtPlus against ecosystem was evaluated using young carp (Cyprinus carpio), a water flea (Daphnia magna), and a honey bee (Apis mellifera). BtPlus did not give any adverse effects on these nontarget organisms. Based on these results, BtPlus can be applied to control mosquitoes by direct aqueous application to paddy rice field.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.47-52
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• 2015

A microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a device that can be obtained electricity from a variety of organic through the catalytic reaction of the microorganism. The MFC can be applied to various fields, and research is required to promote the performance of the microbial fuel cell for commercialization. The lower performance of an MFC is due to oxygen reduction at the cathode and the longer time of microbial degradation at anode. The MFC amount of power is sufficient but, in consideration of many factors, as a renewable energy, now commonly power density as compared to Nafion117 it is an ion exchange membrane used is PP (Poly Propylene) from 80 to about 11 fold higher, while reducing the cost to process wastewater is changed to a microporous non-woven fabric of a low cost, it may be energy-friendly environment to generate electricity. All waste, in that it can act as a bait for microorganisms, sustainability of the microbial fuel cell is limitless. The latest research on the optimization and performance of the operating parameters are surveyed and through the SSaM-GG(Smart, Shared, and Mutual- Green Growth) or GG-SSaM(Green Growth - Smart, Shared, and Mutual) as the concept of sustainable development in MFC, the middle indices are developed in this study.