• 기본간호학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.37-49
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to measure the oral temperature, skin temperature, and subjective discomfort according to the application time of ice bag on thigh, head, and abdomen. This study was also intended to suggest nursing principles about ice bag application by exploring the recovery time of skin temperature after the removal of ice bag. The design of this study was $8{\times}3$ factorial design with one sample repeated measure. Here, the application time of ice bag(criteria, 5min, 10min, 20min, 30min, 40min, 50min, 60min) and the application site of ice bag(thigh, head, abdomen) were independent variables. The subjects were 10 university woman students, and data collection was made from July, 1 to August 30, 1992. Rubber ice bag halfly filled with ice was covered with towel and applied on thigh, head and abdomen in other three days. Before applying the ice bag, oral temperature and skin temperature were checked for criteria. After ice bag was applied, skin temperature, oral temperature and VAS score were checked at first 5 minutes elapsed, and every 10 minutes until 60 minutes. After that, ice bag was removed, and oral temperature and skin temperature were also measured every ten minutes until 60 minutes. In this study, skin temperature and core temperature were measured by thermistor probe, and subjective discomfort was measured by 200mm VAS (Visual Analogue Scale). Some of the findings were as follows : 1. There were significant differences in skin temperature among the three application sites of ice bag as time go by. It was most decreased to $15.87^{\circ}C$ in thigh, and $19.47^{\circ}C$ in abdomen at 50 minutes after the application of ice bag, whereas $26.1^{\circ}C$ at 40 minutes in head. Before the application of ice bag, skin temperature showed significant differences in three sites, so that they were compared after the criteria was covariated. In other words, there was significantly more decrease of skin temperature in thigh and abdomen than head, after ice bag was applied for 20 minutes and more. 2. There was no significant difference in core temperature among the three application sites of ice bag during the time of application 3. There was no significant difference in subjective discomfort (VAS) among the three application sites of ice bag. 4. After the removal of ice bag, the recovery of skin temperature was significantly different in three sites during first 30 minutes. In head, skin temperature came up to criteria at 30 minutes after the removal of ice bag, but it was not recovered In thigh and abdomen even 60 minutes elapsed. 5. After the removal of ice bag, there was no significant difference in oral temperature among the three application sites of ice bag. 6. There was significant correlation between the skin temperature and VAS score only in thigh. In conclusion, it is suggested that head in more suitable site for the application of ice bag if it is used for the relief of fever or pain. When we apply ice bag on thigh or abdomen for the relief of pain, careful attention is required.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.2093-2108
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• 2017

In this paper, we describe a novel method for recognizing human actions from different views via view knowledge transfer. Our approach is characterized by two aspects: 1) We propose a unsupervised topic transfer model (TTM) to model two view-dependent vocabularies, where the original bag of visual words (BoVW) representation can be transferred into a bag of topics (BoT) representation. The higher-level BoT features, which can be shared across views, can connect action models for different views. 2) Our features make it possible to obtain a discriminative model of action under one view and categorize actions in another view. We tested our approach on the IXMAS data set, and the results are promising, given such a simple approach. In addition, we also demonstrate a supervised topic transfer model (STTM), which can combine transfer feature learning and discriminative classifier learning into one framework.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.1614-1632
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• 2017

Bag of visual words is a popular model in human action recognition, but usually suffers from loss of spatial and temporal configuration information of local features, and large quantization error in its feature coding procedure. In this paper, to overcome the two deficiencies, we combine sparse coding with spatio-temporal pyramid for human action recognition, and regard this method as the baseline. More importantly, which is also the focus of this paper, we find that there is a hierarchical structure in feature vector constructed by the baseline method. To exploit the hierarchical structure information for better recognition accuracy, we propose a tree regularized classifier to convey the hierarchical structure information. The main contributions of this paper can be summarized as: first, we introduce a tree regularized classifier to encode the hierarchical structure information in feature vector for human action recognition. Second, we present an optimization algorithm to learn the parameters of the proposed classifier. Third, the performance of the proposed classifier is evaluated on YouTube, Hollywood2, and UCF50 datasets, the experimental results show that the proposed tree regularized classifier obtains better performance than SVM and other popular classifiers, and achieves promising results on the three datasets.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.104-110
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• 2016

Dense local image descriptors like SIFT are fruitful for capturing salient information about image, shown to be successful in various image-related tasks when formed in bag-of-words representation (i.e., histograms). In this paper we consider to utilize these dense local descriptors in the object tracking problem. A notable aspect of our tracker is that instead of adopting a point estimate for the target model, we account for uncertainty in data noise and model incompleteness by maintaining a distribution over plausible candidate models within the Bayesian framework. The target model is also updated adaptively by the principled Bayesian posterior inference, which admits a closed form within our Dirichlet prior modeling. With empirical evaluations on some video datasets, the proposed method is shown to yield more accurate tracking than baseline histogram-based trackers with the same types of features, often being superior to the appearance-based (visual) trackers.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.2590-2606
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• 2017

Generally, research of classical image classification algorithms assume that training data and testing data are derived from the same domain with the same distribution. Unfortunately, in practical applications, this assumption is rarely met. Aiming at the problem, a domain adaption image classification approach based on multi-sparse representation is proposed in this paper. The existences of intermediate domains are hypothesized between the source and target domains. And each intermediate subspace is modeled through online dictionary learning with target data updating. On the one hand, the reconstruction error of the target data is guaranteed, on the other, the transition from the source domain to the target domain is as smooth as possible. An augmented feature representation produced by invariant sparse codes across the source, intermediate and target domain dictionaries is employed for across domain recognition. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

• 한국방송∙미디어공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방송∙미디어공학회 2016년도 하계학술대회
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• pp.35-36
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• 2016

본 논문에서는 기존 Bag-of-Visual words (BoW) 접근법에서 반영하지 못한 이미지의 공간 정보를 활용하기 위해서 Spatial Pyramid Matching (SPM) 기법을 Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) 모델에 결합하여 이미지를 분류하는 모델을 제안한다. BoW 접근법은 이미지 패치를 시각적 단어로 변환하여 시각적 단어의 분포로 이미지를 표현하는 기법이며, 기존의 방식이 이미지 패치의 위치정보를 활용하지 못하는 점을 극복하기 위하여 SPM 기법을 도입하는 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 또한 이미지 패치를 정확하게 표현하기 위해서 벡터 양자화 대신 희소 부호화 기법을 이용하여 이미지 패치를 시각적 단어로 변환하였다. 제안하는 모델은 BoW 접근법을 기반으로 위치정보를 활용하는 SPM 을 LDA 모델에 적용하여 시각적 단어의 토픽을 추론함과 동시에 multi-class SVM 분류기를 이용하여 이미지를 분류한다. UIUC 스포츠 데이터를 이용하여 제안하는 모델의 분류 성능을 검증하였다.

• 한국방송∙미디어공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방송공학회 2015년도 하계학술대회
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• pp.49-50
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• 2015

본 논문에서는 이미지를 시각적 단어로 표현하여 분석하는 기법인 bag-of-visual words (BoW) 모델을 기반으로 latent dirichlet allocation (LDA) 모델을 결합하여 시각적 단어의 구조를 파악하여 이미지를 분류할 수 있는 모델을 제안한다. 우선 이미지를 시각적 단어로 기존의 방법보다 정확하게 표현하기 위해서 희소 부호화(sparse coding) 기법을 적용한다. 기존의 BoW 모델은 하나의 이미지 패치를 하나의 단어로 표현하였지만, 희소 부호화 기법을 통해 하나의 이미지 패치를 여러 개의 단어로 표현할 수 있다. 제안하는 모델을 이용하여 이미지를 분류하기 위해서 분류 성능 측정에 많이 쓰이는 multi-class SVM 기법을 이용한다. UIUC 스포츠 데이터를 이용한 성능 측정을 통해 제안한 기법의 클래스 분류 성능을 검증하였다.

• 한국정보과학회 언어공학연구회:학술대회논문집(한글 및 한국어 정보처리)
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• 한국정보과학회언어공학연구회 2015년도 제27회 한글 및 한국어 정보처리 학술대회
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• pp.104-108
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• 2015

많은 양의 뉴스가 생성됨에 따라 이를 효과적으로 정리하는 기법이 최근 활발히 연구되어왔다. 그 중 뉴스클러스터링은 두 뉴스가 동일사건을 다루는지를 판정하는 분류기의 성능에 의존적인데, 대부분의 경우 BoW(Bag-of-Words)기반 벡터유사도를 사용하고 있다. 본 논문에서는 BoW기반의 벡터유사도 뿐 아니라 두 문서에 포함된 사진들의 유사성 및 주제의 관련성을 측정, 이를 분류기의 자질로 추가하여 두 뉴스가 동일사건을 다루는지 판정하는 분류기의 성능을 개선하는 방법을 제안한다. 사진들의 유사성 및 주제의 관련성은 최근 각광을 받는 딥러닝기반 CNN과 신경망기반 문서임베딩을 통해 측정하였다. 실험결과 기존의 BoW기반 벡터유사도에 의한 분류기의 성능에 비해 제안하는 두 자질을 사용하였을 경우 3.4%의 성능 향상을 보여주었다.

• 정보처리학회논문지B
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• 제18B권6호
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• pp.365-374
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• 2011

최근 인터넷, IPTV/SMART TV, 소셜 네트워크 (social network)와 같은 정보 유통 채널의 다양화로 유해 비디오 분류 및 차단 기술 연구에 대한 요구가 높아가고 있으나, 현재까지는 비디오에 대한 유해성을 판단하는 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 기존 유해 이미지 분류 연구에서는 이미지에서의 피부 영역의 비율이나 Bag of Visual Words (BoVW)와 같은 공간적 특징들 (spatial features)을 이용하고 있다. 그러나, 비디오에서는 공간적 특징 이외에도 모션 반복성 특징이나 시간적 상관성 (temporal correlation)과 같은 시간적 특징들 (temporal features)을 추가적으로 이용하여 유해성을 판단할 수 있다. 기존의 유해 비디오 분류 연구에서는 공간적 특징과 시간적 특징들에서 하나의 특징만을 사용하거나 두 개의 특징들을 단순히 결정 단계에서 데이터 융합하여 사용하고 있다. 일반적으로 결정 단계 데이터 융합 방법은 특징 단계 데이터 융합 방법보다 높은 성능을 가지지 못한다. 본 논문에서는 기존의 유해 비디오 분류 연구에서 사용되고 있는 공간적 특징과 시간적 특징들을 특징 단계 융합 방법을 이용하여 융합하여 유해 비디오를 분류하는 방법을 제안한다. 실험에서는 사용되는 특징이 늘어남에 따른 분류 성능 변화와 데이터 융합 방법의 변화에 따른 분류 성능 변화를 보였다. 공간적 특징만을 이용하였을 때에는 92.25%의 유해 비디오 분류 성능을 보이는데 반해, 모션 반복성 특징을 이용하고 특징 단계 데이터 융합 방법을 이용하게 되면 96%의 향상된 분류 성능을 보였다.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.120-128
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• 2012

The loop closure problem is one of the most challenging issues in the vision-based simultaneous localization and mapping community. It requires the robot to recognize a previously visited place from current camera measurements. While the loop closure often relies on visual bag-of-words based on point features in the previous works, however, in this paper we propose a line-based method to solve the loop closure in the corridor environments. We used both the floor line and the anchored vanishing point as the loop closing feature, and a two-step loop closure algorithm was devised to detect a known place and perform the global pose correction. We propose an anchored vanishing point as a novel loop closure feature, as it includes position information and represents the vanishing points in bi-direction. In our system, the accumulated heading error is reduced using an observation of a previously registered anchored vanishing points firstly, and the observation of known floor lines allows for further pose correction. Experimental results show that our method is very efficient in a structured indoor environment as a suitable loop closure solution.