• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.369-376
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• 2011

The overall goal of this study was to examine the feasibility of predicting firmness of pear fruit by analyzing laser-induced light backscattering images. Thirty-five image analysis characteristics extracted from the laser-induced light backscattering images were used to build partial least squares regression (PLSR) models for predicting firmness of pear fruit. Experiments were conducted with three sets of pear samples which were in same "Shingo" cultivar, harvested in a same season, but produced in different counties. In every experiments with fruit samples produced in a same county, the correlation coefficients of prediction ($r_p$) and root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) of the models were 0.550~0.761 and 4.039~6.154 N, respectively. In an experiment with mixed fruit samples produced in different counties, the $r_p$ and RMSEP of the model were 0.669 and 5.02 N, respectively. The experiment results indicate that the analysis of laser-induced light backscattering images could be a useful tool for predicting firmness of pear fruit nondestructively.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.444-454
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• 2015

한국해양과학기술원과 한양대학교가 2013년 5월 서해 경기만 남부의 연안해역에서 공동으로 수행한 해양음향 실험에서 주파수 6 ~ 14 kHz에 대한 해저면 후방산란강도 측정이 실시되었다. 실험해역의 지질 환경 특성은 다중빔 음향측심기, 스파커, 그랩을 이용하여 조사되었으며, 이로부터 정밀 해저지형 및 해저면 하부지층 구조, 표층 퇴적물 구성성분에 대한 자료를 획득하였다. 본 논문에서는 수평입사각 $28^{\circ}{\sim}69^{\circ}$에 대한 해저면 후방산란강도 결과를 도출하여 람베르트 법칙(Lambert's law) 및 APL-UW 산란 모델과 비교하였다. 또한 실험해역의 해양물리/지형학적 특성을 고려하여 해저면 후방산란 특성에 영향을 미치는 지음향 인자들에 대한 토의를 수행하였다.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제56권5호
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• pp.55-65
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• 2014

Radar remote sensing is appropriate for rice monitoring because the areas where this crop is cultivated are often cloudy and rainy. Especially, Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can acquire remote sensing information with a high temporal resolution in tropical and subtropical regions due to its all-weather capability. This paper analyzes the relationships between backscattering coefficients of rice measured by RADARSAT-2 SAR and growth parameters during a rice growth period. And we applied the relationships to crop monitoring of paddy rice in North Korea. As a result, plant height and Leaf Area Index (LAI) increased until Day Of Year (DOY) 234 and then decreased, while fresh weight and dry weight increased until DOY 253. Correlation coefficients revealed that Horizontal transmit and Horizontal receive polarization (HH)-polarization backscattering coefficients were correlated highly with plant height (r=0.95), fresh weight (r=0.92), vegetation water content (r=0.91), LAI (r=0.90), and dry weight (r=0.89). Based on the observed relationships between backscattering coefficients and variables of cultivation, prediction equations were developed using the HH-polarization backscattering coefficients. Concerning the evaluation for the applicability of the LAI distribution from RADARSAT-2, the LAI statistic was evaluated in comparison with LAI distribution from RapidEye image. And LAI distributions in Pyongyang were presented to show spatial variability for unaccessible areas.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.235-241
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• 2014

A ground-based microwave scatterometer has an advantage for monitoring soil moisture content using multi-polarization, multi-frequencies and various incidence angles. In this paper, ground-based multi-frequency (L-, C-, and X-band) polarimetric scatterometer system capable of making observations every 10 min was used to monitor the soil moisture conditions in a corn field over an entire growth cycle. Measurements of volumetric soil moisture were obtained and their relationships to the backscatter observations were examined. Time series of soil moisture content was not corresponding with backscattering coefficient pattern over the whole growth stage, although it increased until early July (Day Of Year, DOY 160). We examined the relationship between the backscattering coefficients from each band and soil moisture content of the field. Backscattering coefficients for all bands were not correlated with soil moisture content when considered over the entire stage ($r{\leq}0.48$). However, L-band Horizontal transmit and Horizontal receive polarization (HH) had a good correlation with soil moisture ($r=0.85^{**}$) when LAI was lower than 2. Prediction equations for soil moisture were developed using the L-HH data. Relation between L-HH and soil moisture shows linear pattern and related with soil moisture content ($R^2=0.77$). Results from this study show that backscattering coefficients of microwave scatterometer appear to be effective to estimate soil moisture content in the field level.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 기름이 유출된 바다 표면의 레이더 산란에 대한 수치해석적 연구를 보여준다. 우선, 풍속에 따라서 불규칙적인 거칠기를 갖는 바다 표면을 생성한 다음에, 유전율이 높은 거친 바닷물 표면 위에 유전율이 낮은 기름층을 두어 기름이 유출된 바다 표면을 생성한다. 서로 다른 표면 거칠기, 기름층의 두께와 유전율, 주파수, 편파, 입사각의 조합으로 이루어진 다양한 형태의 기름 유출 바다에 대한 레이더 후방산란계수를 모멘트 법(Method of Moments)/ 몬테카를로(Monte-Carlo) 방법을 이용하여 계산한다. 이 수치해석적 방법은 이론적인 산란 모델로 계산 가능한 간단한 구조에 대해서 이론 모델 결과와 비교함으로써 그 정확성을 검증한다. 이 수치해석적 방법으로 기름이 유출된 바다 표면에서의 후방산란계수의 감소를 분석하며, 이 분석 결과는 결과적으로 SAR 영상에서의 기름층의 발견 및 식별에 도움을 줄 것이다.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2007

본 논문은 지표면 현상의 관측에 날씨의 영향을 거의 받지 않는 마이크로파 L-밴드(1.95 GHz)와 C-밴드(5.3 GHz) scatterometer 시스템을 이용하여 농업과학기술원 내의 논에서 자라는 추청벼를 대상으로 2006년 5월 29일부터 10월 9일까지 생육에 따른 군락의 후방산란계수를 관측한 데이터와 작물의 생육과의 관계를 살펴보고 또한, 측정 시스템의 개요, 측정 시스템의 보정 방법들을 기술하고자 한다. Scatterometer 시스템의 송수신기로 HP 8753D 벡터 네트워크 분석기를 사용하며, 타워 위에 안테나를 설치하여 3.4 m의 높이에서 측정하도록 하였다. L-밴드와 C-밴드 scatterometer는 VV-, VH-, HV-, HH-편파를 측정하여 fully polarimetric한 데이터를 얻도록 설계된 레이더시스템으로 입사각을 $30^{\circ}{\sim}60^{\circ}$에서 $10^{\circ}$간격으로 각각 30개의 독립적인 샘플을 측정하여 통계적으로 후방산란계수를 얻었다. 타워에서 발생하는 전파 잡음과 안테나 패턴의 부엽에 의한 지면에서의 수직반사(coherent 성분) 전파를 제거하기 위해 네트워크 분석기의 time gating 기능을 사용하며, 55 cm 크기의 trihedral 전파반사기를 보정용 반사기로 사용하고, STCT(single target calibration technique) 방법을 이용하여 시스템을 보정하였다. 측정 결과를 분석하여 주파수, 입사각도, 편파의 변화에 대한 벼의 후방산란 특성과 벼의 생육상태와의 관계를 살펴보았다. L-밴드와 C-밴드 모두 벼의 생육과 밀접한 결과를 나타내었으나, 입사각이 작을 때는 C-밴드와의 상관이 높게 나타났고 입사각이 커질수록 L-밴드와의 상관이 높게 나타났다. 편파는 L-밴드와 C-밴드 모두 hh 편파가, 입사각은 50도에서 가장 생육의 변이를 잘 설명하는 것으로 나타났다. 생육 데이터 모두를 이용한 경우보다는 유수형성기 또는 출수기 등 벼 생육의 질적인 변화를 보이는 시기에 따라 나누어 분석하는 것이 변화추이를 더 잘 설명하는 것으로 나타났다.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• 제24권4E호
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• pp.132-138
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to measure the acoustic properties of Tofu and Acorn Curd (Dotori Muk), which are possibly used as tissue mimicking materials (TMMs). Due to its availability and low cost, Tofu was suggested as a TMM by several researchers who measured only sound speed and attenuation. The acoustic properties of Tofu and Muk including the backscattering coefficient were measured in this paper. Sound speed was measured by the time shift in a pulse echo setup. Attenuation coefficients and backscattering coefficients were measured by a broadband method using both 5 MHz and 10 MHz transducers in the frequency domain. The measured acoustic properties of both Tofu and Muk are observed to be similar to those of biological tissues such as beef liver or beef heart.

• 한국광학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국광학회 2002년도 하계학술발표회
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• pp.230-231
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• 2002

Recently, analysis of transient Raman backscattering in a plasma reported(2.3) that it is possible to reach 10$\^$17/ W/cm$^2$ for 1 micrometer wavelength laser pulse with a counter-propagating pump pulse. The basic mechanism is like this ： whorl the two counter-propagating waves in a plasma satisfy the condition of Raman backscattering, w$\_$0/ ： w$\_$1/ ＋ w$\_$p/, energy is transferred from the long pulse to the short pulse via three wave interaction(4). (omitted)

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 1999년도 Proceedings of International Symposium on Remote Sensing
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• pp.479-484
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• 1999

Rice crop has relatively short growing season during the summer in Korea and, therefore, it is often difficult to acquire cloud-free imagery on time. This study was attempt to define the temporal characteristics of radar backscattering observed from satellite L-band SAR data on different growing stages of rice crop. Six scenes of multi-temporal JERS SAR data were obtained from the transplanting season to the harvesting month of October. Six layers of multi-temporal SAR data were registered on a common geographic coordinate system. Using topographic maps, field collected data, and Landsat TM data, several sample rice fields were delineated from the imagery and their relative radar backscatters were calculated by using a set of reference targets. The temporal pattern of radar backscattering was very distinctive by the growing stage of rice crop. It was also separable between two types of rice fields having different cultivation practices. Considering the temporal characteristics of radar backscattering observed from the study, it is obvious that a certain date of the growing season can be more effective to delineate the exact area of the cultivated rice crop field.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.183-188
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• 2005

A simple microwave backscattering model for vegetation canopies on earth surfaces is developed in this study. A natural earth surface is modeled as a two-layer structure comprising a vegetation layer and a ground layer. This scattering model includes various scattering mechanisms up to the first-order multiple scattering( double-bounce scattering). Radar backscatter from ground surface has been modeled by the polarimetric semi-empirical model (PSEM), while the backscatter from the vegetation layer modeled by the vector radiative transfer model. The vegetation layer is modeled by random distribution of mixed scattering particles, such as leaves, branches and trunks. The number of input parameters has been minimized to simplify the scattering model. The computation results are compared with the experimental measurements, which were obtained by ground-based scatterometers and NASA/JPL air-borne synthetic aperture radar(SAR) system. It was found that the scattering model agrees well with the experimental data, even though the model used only ten input parameters.