• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.345-352
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• 2015

Background: Goal-oriented communication of risk of hazards is necessary in order to reduce risk of workers' exposure to chemicals. Adequate training of workers and enterprise priority setting are essential elements. Cleaning enterprises have many challenges and the existing paradigms influence the risk levels of these enterprises. Methods: Information on organization and enterprises' prioritization in training programs was gathered from cleaning enterprises. A measure of enterprises' conceptual level of importance of chemical health hazards and a model for working out the risk index (RI) indicating enterprises' conceptual risk level was established and used to categorize the enterprises. Results: In 72.3% of cases, training takes place concurrently with task performances and in 67.4% experienced workers conduct the trainings. There is disparity between employers' opinion on competence level of the workers and reality. Lower conceptual level of importance was observed for cleaning enterprises of different sizes compared with regional safety delegates and occupational hygienists. Risk index values show no difference in risk level between small and large enterprises. Conclusion: Training of cleaning workers lacks the prerequisite for suitability and effectiveness to counter risks of chemical health hazards. There is dereliction of duty by management in the sector resulting in a lack of competence among the cleaning workers. Instituting acceptable easily attainable safety competence level for cleaners will conduce to risk reduction, and enforcement of attainment of the competence level would be a positive step.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.441-446
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• 2018

Background: The emotional labor performed by organization members affects psychological well-being at the individual level, which consequently affects results at the organizational level. Moreover, despite evidence that the customer orientation and service level of nurses greatly affect hospital management, studies that comprehensively analyze emotional labor, work burnout, and work engagement related to customer orientation and service level are lacking. This study investigated relationships and paths by designing a model of the effect of emotional labor performed by nurses on the level of service delivery and customer orientation. Methods: This survey-based study was based on a path analysis designed to verify a hypothesized model involving emotional labor performed by nurses, level of service delivery, customer orientation, work engagement, and burnout. Questionnaires were distributed to 378 nurses in general hospitals with more than 500 beds located in Seoul, Republic of Korea, between March 25 and April 8, 2013. Results: The results showed that deep acting and work engagement had direct and indirect effects on increasing the level of service delivery and customer orientation of nurses. However, surface acting had an indirect effect on reducing the level of service delivery and customer orientation. Conclusion: It would be more effective to develop interventions to enhance deep acting and work engagement than to attempt to reduce surface acting and work burnout in clinical nursing settings.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.125-138
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• 2002

The first purpose of this study is to inquire into the effect of new generation housewives'etiquette awareness on their etiquette implementation. For this purpose, this study will search the levels of new generation housewives'etiquette awareness and etiquette implementation, how the etiquette awareness and etiquette implementation vary according to their background variables, and the effect of new generation housewives'etiquette awareness as well as the background variables on their etiquette implementation. The major findings are as follows . First, the level of etiquette awareness was somewhat higher than that of etiquette implementation. Second, generally, their etiquette awareness didn't show a significant difference by the socio-demographic variables, but showed a significant difference by the psychological variables including communication level and humanism/materialism value orientation. Third, new generation housewives'etiquette implementation showed a significant difference only by monthly income like etiquette awareness. Meanwhile, as the psychological variables, etiquette implementation showed a significant difference by all Psychological variables except sex-role attitude. fourth, according to result of looking into relative influence of socio-demographic variables, psychological variables, and etiquette awareness about etiquette implementation, etiquette awareness was a significant variable which affects etiquette implementation.

• English Language & Literature Teaching
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.253-273
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• 2007

This study explores issues on how students' variables are related to their educational achievement in English subject. The National Assessment of Educational Achievement (NAEA) is conduced every year to measure educational progress and achievement, and to monitor the quality of education at the national level and appropriateness of the national curriculum. It also serves the purpose to collect background information affecting educational achievement. The background information is gathered by using questionnaires for students, teachers and school administrators. Among the student variables in the national level educational achievement assessment is self-regulated learning, which is composed of self-efficacy, self-control and learning strategy. In the NAEA in 2005 it was found that the features of self-regulated learning were significantly correlated to test scores in English. The findings from the analysis of the trends of the relationships between test scores in English and information on students' self-regulated learning provide implications for the national curriculum as well as for learning and teaching.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.111-117
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• 2000

In the KRISO cavitation tunnel, the acoustic characteristics for the measurement of underwater noise are investigated, The background noise is measured and analyzed up to 100kHz at various test conditions. The noise level of the KRISO cavitation tunnel is compared with those of the other cavitation tunnels which have been designed for the noise study[HYKAT(Germany), GTH(France), etc.]. In order to investigate the background noise source. the coherence between structural vibration and noise level is analyzed using the B&K 3550 FFT analyzer. The experimental results show the possibility of the noise study and suggest the improvement plan.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.167-177
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• 1993

The purpose of the present study to investigate relationships among family background factors (i. e. adolescents' sex, mother's educational level and employment status. family's SES, and family types), mother-adolescent communication patterns and ego-identity development of adolescents. The subjects were 169 mother-adolescent dyads living in Seoul. Statistical methods used for the data analysis were frequencies, percentiles, Mean, ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test, Pearson's product-moment correlation, regression analysis, ANCOVA, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$. The results were as follows: (1) Significant differences of the adolescents were between family's SES and open communication patterns, between family types and problematic communication patterns. (2) Significant differences of the mothers were between family's SES and open communication patterns, and among family's SES, mother's educational level and problematic communication patterns. (3) There were significant differences in ego-identity of adolescents according to family's SES. (4) There were significant relationships between mother-adolescent communication patterns and the ego-identity development of adolescents. (5) The most influential variable explaining adolescents' ego-identity development was found to be problematic communication patterns perceived by adolescents. Family background factors and mother's communication patterns were not found to have significant effects.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.114-123
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• 1998

Particulate matters(less than 10 $\mu$m, PM10) at Kanghwa and Yangyang, which are located in the western and the eastern coastal regions in Korea, were measured in using low volume air sampler from December 1995 to November 1996, and their characteristics were investigated from the view point of background level.(and in order to characterize the particulate matters.) The particulate matters were analyzed for major water soluble ionic components(SO$_{4}^{2-}$, NO$_{3}^{-}$, Cl$^{-}$, Na$^{+}$, NH$_{4}^{+}$, K$^{+}$, Mg$^{2+}$ and Ca$^{2+}$) by ion chromatography. Mass concentrations of particulate matters were $48.77 \pm 22.45 \mug/m^{3}$ at Kanghwa and $54.04 \pm 32.98 \mug/m^{3}$ at Yangyang and SO$_{4}^{2-}$, NO$_{3}^{-}$ and NH$_{4}^{+}$ contributed largely to water soluble ionic components. nss(non sea salt)-SO$_{4}^{2-}$, contributed more than 95 percentage to SO$_{4}^{2-}$ and nss-K$^{+}$ and nss-Ca$^{2+}$ also contributed high percentages to K$^{+}$ and Ca$^{2+}$. It was supposed that most SO$_{4}^{2-}$, was originated from anthropogenic sources, and K$^{+}$ and Ca$^{+}$ were mainty originated from soil. The results of factor analysis suggested possibility of interpreting the correlation between air pollutants and regional characteristics.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• spring
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• pp.347-348
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• 2004

Nonlinear scattering of difference frequency acoustic wave in a water-saturated sandy sediment was investigated. Difference frequency acoustic wave was observed to be scattered due to the nonlinearity of water-saturated sandy sediment when the collinear acoustic waves with two different fundamental frequencies are incident on the sediment. The pressure level of the difference frequency acoustic wave was 6 dB higher than the background noise level. It seems very useful to evaluate the nonlinear parameter of water-saturated sandy sediment without disturbing the sediment. Such nonlinear acoustic response of water-saturated sandy sediment can be used as background acoustic data for estimating the gas void fraction in marine gassy sandy sedimen.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• autumn
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• pp.429-432
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• 2004

Nonlinear acoustic responses of water-saturated sediments are very important to understand nonlinear phenomena of gassy ocean sediments. Especially, the second harmonic, the sum and the difference frequency acoustic waves in water-saturated sediments can provide practical criteria to estimate the nonlinear parameter of gassy sediments. In this paper, the difference frequency acoustic wave in water-saturated sandy sediment was observed in a water tank experiment with a pulse transmission technique. Its pressure level was 12 dB higher than the background noise level at a maximum undistorted driving pressure of source acoustic transducer. The experimental results were compared with a theoretical estimation of the parametric acoustic array. The nonlinear parameter of water-saturated sandy sediment was also estimated as 73 with their comparison. This value can be utilized as the background information to estimate gas void fraction in the water-saturated gassy sandy sediment.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.699-707
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• 2015

Although digit character recognition has got a significant improvement in recent years, it is still challenging to achieve satisfied result if the data contains an amount of distracting factors. This paper proposes a novel digit character recognition approach using a multi-layer hierarchical model, Hybrid Restricted Boltzmann Machines (HRBMs), which allows the learning architecture to be robust to background distracting factors. The insight behind the proposed model is that useful high-level features appear more frequently than distracting factors during learning, thus the high-level features can be decompose into hybrid hierarchical structures by using only small label information. In order to extract robust and compact features, a stochastic 0-1 layer is employed, which enables the model's hidden nodes to independently capture the useful character features during training. Experiments on the variations of Mixed National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) dataset show that improvements of the multi-layer hierarchical model can be achieved by the proposed method. Finally, the paper shows the proposed technique which is used in a real-world application, where it is able to identify digit characters under various complex background images.