• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.780-786
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• 2005

The biomass of the brown seaweed, Ecklonia, was used to remove Cr(VI) from wastewater. Previously, Cr(VI) was removed through its reduction to Cr(III) when brought into contact with the biomass. In this study, the effects of ionic strength, background electrolytes, and Cr(III), Ni(II), Zn(II), and Fe(III) on the Cr(VI) reduction were examined. An increased ionic strength inhibited the Cr(VI) reduction. The presence of other heavy metals, such as Cr(III), Ni(II), or Zn(II), only slightly affected the Cr(VI) reduction, while Fe(III) enhanced the reduction. Although the above various parameters could affect the reduction rate of Cr(VI) by Ecklonia biomass, these effects were relatively smaller than those of pH and temperature. In addition, the previously derived rate equation was found to be applicable over a range of ionic strengths and with different background electrolytes. In conclusion, Ecklonia, bioniass may be a good candidate as a biosorbent for the removal of Cr(VI) from wastewaters containing various other impurities, and scale-up to a practical process may be accomplished using the previously derived rate equation.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.129-135
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to assess the applicability of ferrate(VI) in the efficient treatment of aqueous waste contaminated with potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) which is known to be a potent endocrine disrupting chemicals. Simulated batch reactor operations were conducted at a wide range of pH (7.0 to 12.0) and molar ratios of KHP to ferrate(VI). Kinetic studies were performed in the degradation process and overall rate constant was found to be 83.40 L/mol/min at pH 8.0. The stoichiometry of ferrate(VI) and KHP was found to be 1:1. Further, lower pH values and higher KHP concentrations were favoured greatly the degradation of KHP by ferrate(VI). Total organic carbon analysis showed that partial mineralization of KHP was achieved. The presence of several background electrolytes were studied in the degradation of KHP by ferrate(VI).

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.157-166
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• 2001

Oryoungsan which first recorded in Sanghanron, the clinical medical book consists of treating acute febrile disease according to its change, is one of the frequently used oriental medicines. these days, it has been prescribed in symptoms accompanied by edema mostly. therefore it is easy to consider it as a type of diuretics. In Sanghanron it was originally used in the symptoms of perspiration, decreased urine volume, thirsty, flatulence. these symptoms indicate loss of body fluid and the prescription which orders "taking warm water sufficiently" supports this. On this background, it is supposed that Oryoungsan treats dehydration after providing water and electrolytes. To consider that herbal medicines consisted of Oryoungsan make electrolytes go out of the body, The healing mechanism of dehydration doesn't meet this. Because Oryoungsan was used in condition of fever or in similar condition, it is more resonable to understand that restoration of increasing blood flow to the subcutaneous venous plexus regulating body temperature in febrile condition into body circulation, resulting into maintaining main blood volume and into treating decreased urine volume and thirsty is Oryoungsan's function in the dehydration or febrile condition. That is, symptoms are decreased or disappeared through restoring unbalance of internal body fluid. The other target is pain controls, especially chronic headache, facial pain and trigeminal neuralgia. it is suggested that the function of pain control of Oryoungsan is related to 5-HT(5-hydroxytrypamine), nerve transmitter in the endogenous analgesic system. Moreover it is also suggested that Oryoungsan is relate to 5-HT, considering the fact that gastroparesis, a symptom of cyclic vomiting syndrome treated with 5-HT1D receptor agonist is similar to the 'bi', symptoms appeared in the Oryoungsan-related disease.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 알루미늄 산화물을 함유한 재생 분말 폐기물에 의한 Cr(VI)의 제거특성을 조사하였다. 가공하지 않은 폐기물의 유기물을 제거하기 위해 $550^{\circ}C$에서 소성하여 재생 분말 폐기물(RPW)을 준비하였다. 수용액 상에서 Cr(VI)의 흡착 경향에 관한 연구를 위해 회분식 반응장치를 이용하여 pH 변화, 흡착 속도, 등온 흡착 실험을 4가지 다른 이온세기 화학종($NO_3\;^-,\;CO_3\;^{2-},\;SO_4\;^{2-},\;PO_4\;^{3-}$)의 존재 하에서 수행하였다. $SO_4\;^{2-}$와 $PO_4\;^{3-}$가 존재할 때는 전체 pH 범위에서 크롬의 흡착이 크게 감소하였다. 반면 $NO_3\;^-$와 $CO_3\;^{2-}$에 의한 흡착 방해의 영향은 $SO_4\;^{2-}$와 $PO_4\;^{3-}$에 의한 것보다 상대적으로 낮았다. $NO_3\;^-$와 $CO_3\;^{2-}$의 존재 하에 Cr(VI) 흡착은 pH 4.5에서 최대로 나타났다. 이온세기 화학종의 농도가 증가함에 따라 Cr(VI)의 흡착은 감소하였다. 이러한 결과를 토대로 할때 RPW와 Cr(VI) 사이의 흡착은 외부배위권 착물을 통하여 발생되는 것으로 사료된다. RPW에 의한 Cr(VI)의 흡착은 2차 반응으로 잘 표현되었다. Langmuir 등온흡착식을 이용하여 pH 3에서 RPW에 의한 Cr(VI)의 최대 흡착량을 구한결과 $NO_3\;^-,\;CO_3\;^{2-},\;SO_4\;^{2-},\;PO_4\;^{3-}$가 이온세기 화학종으로 있을 때 각각 11.1, 10, 3.33, 5 mg/g으로 얻어졌다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권5호
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• pp.21.1-21.8
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• 2016

Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of feeding trace mineralsfortified mixed microbial culture (TMC) on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, blood electrolyte status, nitrogen balance, and trace mineral balance in sheep. Methods: Mixed microbes [0.6 % (v/w) of Enterobacter sp., Bacillus sp., Lactobacillus sp., and Saccharomyces sp.] were cultured with 99 % feedstuffs and 0.4 % trace minerals including zinc and copper for ensiling. Six sheep (a mean body weight of $46.5{\pm}1.2kg$) were fed two diets: a control diet (concentrate mix and rye straw) and an experimental diet (a control diet + 3.1 % TMC). Results: TMC feeding did not induce negative effects on ruminal fermentation, nutrient digestibility, blood electrolytes, and nitrogen balance in sheep. Feeding with TMC increased the intake of trace minerals (p < 0.05) and did not affect absorption of trace minerals in the whole digestive tract. Feeding with TMC increased fecal excretion and absorbable intake, and retention of zinc and copper (p < 0.05) by 71 % and 77 %, respectively. Conclusion: Feeding with TMC resulted in higher zinc and copper bioavailability and retention without any adverse effects on sheep performance.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.565-588
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• 1998

1. 연구배경 및 목적 태음인(太陰人) 처방(處方) 중 열다한소탕(熱多寒少楊)과 조위속명탕(調胃續命湯)이 고혈압(高血壓)과 신장기능(腎臟機能)에 미치는 효능을 실험적으로 규명하고 이들 질환에 대한 사상의학적(四象醫學的) 접근(接近)을 도모하고자 한다. 2. 방법 정상백서(正常白鼠)와 자연발증(自然發證) 고혈압(高血壓) 백서(白鼠) 두 집단을 같은 환경에 2주 이상 적응시킨 후 각각의 집단에 10첩 분량의 열다한소탕(熱多寒少湯)과 조위속명탕(調胃續命湯) 전탕액(煎湯液)을 투여하였다. 약물 투여 후 일정한 간격을 두고 혈압(血壓)을 측정하고 소사(小使)중 creatinine, electrolytes, osmolarity, renin, atrial natriuretic peptide와 혈액(血液)중 aldosterone, triglyceride, phospholipid, cholesterol을 측정하여 이들 수치들의 유의성있는 변화를 관찰하였다. 3. 결과 열다한소탕(熱多寒少湯)과 조위속명탕(調胃續命湯)은 자연발증(自然發證) 고혈압(高血壓) 백서(白鼠)의 혈압(血壓) 상승(上升)을 억제하였으며, 이 중 열다한소양(熱多寒少楊)은 혈장 atrial natriuretic peptide 농도 증가 및 aldosterone 농도 감소에 의한 것이며, 조위속명탕(調胃續命湯)은 혈장 aldosterone 농도 감소에 의한 것으로 볼 수 있어 열다한소탕(熱多寒少湯)과 조위속명탕(調胃續命湯)의 차이를 관찰할 수 있었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.344-351
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• 2002

부식산(humic acid)은 토양 환경내에서 중금속의 용액내 이온종(chemical speciation) 분포 및 이동성(transport)에 커다란 영향을 미친다. 부식산에 대한 카드뮴과 구리의 경쟁흡착을 파악하기 위하여, 상이한 농도의 배경 전해질 조건에서 피트에서 추출한 부식산의 전하발현 양상을 조사하고, 수소이온흡착모델을 통하여 부식산 표변에서의 양성자결합 상수(proton binding constant) 금속이온 흡착모델의 기본상수로 하여 부식산 표면에 대한 카드뮴, 구리흡착과 두 이온의 경쟁흡착을 해석하고자 하였다. 구리는 카드뮴에 비하여 카르복실기에 더 강한 흡착력이 있음을 보여 주었으며 페놀성 수산기에 대한 흡착력은 카드뮴에 비하여 약함을 보여 주었다. 여러 금속이온이 복합적으로 존재하는 환경에서 이온 간의 경쟁을 고려하였을 때 단일 이온만이 존재할 경우를 대상으로 구한 상수를 직접 적용시켜 경쟁효과를 예측하는 데는 어려움이 있음을 알 수 있었지만, 금속이온 각각을 통해 얻은 상수값은 부식산의 표면에 흡착할 수 있는 금속이온의 양을 제시 할 수 있으므로 금속이온간의 상대적인 흡착능의 비교는 가능하다고 생각된다.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.137-143
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• 2017

Boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode has an extremely wide potential window in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes, very low and stable background current and high resistance to surface fouling due to weak adsorption. These features endow the BDD electrode with potentially wide electrochemical applications, in such areas as wastewater treatment, electrosynthesis and electrochemical sensors. In this study, the characteristics of the BDD electrode were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and evaluated by accelerated life test. The effects of manufacturing conditions on the BDD electrode were determined and remedies for negative effects were noted in order to improve the electrode lifetime in wastewater treatment. The lifetime of the BDD electrode was influenced by manufacturing conditions, such as surface roughness, seeding method and rate of introduction of gases into the reaction chamber. The results of this study showed that BDD electrodes manufactured using sanding media of different sizes resulted in the most effective electrode lifetime when the particle size of alumina used was from $75{\sim}106{\mu}m$ (#150). Ultrasonic treatment was found to be more effective than polishing treatment in the test of seeding processes. In addition to this, BDD electrodes manufactured by introducing gases at different rates resulted in the most effective electrode lifetime when the introduced gas had a composition of hydrogen gas 94.5 vol.% carbon source gas 1.6 vol.% and boron source gas 3.9 vol.%.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.301-307
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• 2018

A boron-doped diamond(BDD) electrode is attractive for many electrochemical applications due to its distinctive properties: an extremely wide potential window in aqueous and non-aqueous electrolytes, a very low and stable background current and a high resistance to surface fouling. An Ar gas mixture of $H_2$, $CH_4$ and trimethylboron (TMB, 0.1 % $C_3H_9B$ in $H_2$) is used in a hot filament chemical vapor deposition(HFCVD) reactor. The effect of argon addition on quality, structure and electrochemical property is investigated by scanning electron microscope(SEM), X-ray diffraction(XRD) and cyclic voltammetry(CV). In this study, BDD electrodes are manufactured using different $Ar/CH_4$ ratios ($Ar/CH_4$ = 0, 1, 2 and 4). The results of this study show that the diamond grain size decreases with increasing $Ar/CH_4$ ratios. On the other hand, the samples with an $Ar/CH_4$ ratio above 5 fail to produce a BDD electrode. In addition, the BDD electrodes manufactured by introducing different $Ar/CH_4$ ratios result in the most inclined to (111) preferential growth when the $Ar/CH_4$ ratio is 2. It is also noted that the electrochemical properties of the BDD electrode improve with the process of adding argon.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.319-323
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• 2008

The polarization resistance of mild steel in 0.5M hydrochloric acid has been evaluated by using impedance (Z) and linear polarization (LPR) techniques and compared to the noise resistance obtained from electrochemical noise data. The degree of localization of this general corrosion has also been discussed by evaluating localization index and power spectral density. Polarization resistance obtained by LPR technique ($28\Omega$) was higher than that obtained by impedance technique ($15\Omega$). Noise resistance ($11\Omega$) was much lower than polarization resistance measured by both of above techniques. Higher polarization resistance obtained by LPR technique is generally caused by passivation effect in the presence of scales or deposits which can introduce an increased resistance as can low conductivity electrolytes. The reason why noise resistance is lower than polarization resistance is the effect of background noise detected by using three platinum electrodes cell in 0.5M hydrochloric acid. Slope($-\beta$) of power spectral density (PSD) obtained from analysis of noise data ($-\beta$ = 3.3) was much higher than 2 which indicates mild steel corroded uniformly. Localization index (LI) calculated from statistical analysis (LI=0.08) is much lower than 1 which indicates that mild steel did not corroded locally. However, LI value is still higher than $1x10^{-3}$ and this indicates that mild steel corroded locally in microscopic point of view.