• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.47-55
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• 2005

본 연구는 GC/MS를 이용하여 수질, 토양 및 저질 시료 중의 benzo(a)pyrene(BaP)을 분석하는 방법을 확립하고자 하였다. BaP은 수질 시료(100mL)에서 n-hexane으로 추출하였으며, 토양 및 저질 시료(l0g) 에서는 먼저 메탄올로 추출한 후 hexane으로 다시 추출하여 농축시켜 분석하였다. 수질 시료 중의 BaP 회수율은 94.8% 이상이었으며 토양에서의 회수율은 약 93％를 보였고 재현성은 10.49% 이하였다. 검정 곡선은 상관계수(R²)값이 수질과 토양 모두에서 0.996 이상의 좋은 직선성을 보여주었다. 토양 시료의 경우 35지역 중 6지역의 토양에서 0.5～223.5㎍/kg의 농도 범위로 BaP가 검출되었으며 수질과 저질 시료에서는 모든 지역에서 검출한계 이하로 나타났다. 이 분석방법은 환경 중에 미량으로 존재하는 BaP의 분석과 모니터링에 유용하게 사용할 수 있는 적합한 방법이라 사료된다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.28-31
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• 2002

Effects of cimetidine, a cytochrome P450 inhibitor, on the benzo[a]pyrene (BaP)-mediated cytochrome P450 induction and lipid peroxidation of liver in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, were investigated. Fish were fed either a cimetidine-supplemented diet or a cimetidine-free control diet once daily to satiation for 3 days. After 6 hrs of last feeding, the fish received intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of BaP (20 mg/kg of body weight) dissolved in sterile corn oil $(100 \mu L)$ or received only a corn oil i.p. injection. At 1, 2, 3, and 7 days after the injection, hepatic cytochrome P450 and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), an indicator of lipid peroxidation, were analyzed. BaP injection resulted in an increase of hepatic cytochrome P450, and the fish fed the cimetidine-supplemented diet before injection of BaP showed delayed increase of hepatic cytochrome P450 compared to the fish fed a cimetidine-free diet and BaP injected. Injection of BaP clearly induced hepatic lipid peroxidation, and consistently higher TBAR values were shown in the fish fed a cimetidine­supplemented diet before injection of BaP than the fish injected with BaP alone.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.559-565
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• 2003

An analytical method the determination of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) and its hydroxylated metabolites, 1-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (1-OHBaP), 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene (3-OHBaP), benzo(a)pyrene-4,5-dihydrodiol (4,5-diolBaP) and benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol (7,8-diolBaP), in rat urine and plasma has been developed by HPLC/FLD and GC/MS. The derivatization with alkyl iodide was employed to improve the resolution and the detection of two mono hydroxylated metabolites, 1-OHBaP and 3-OHBaP, in LC and GC. BaP and its four metabolites in spiked urine were successfully separated by gradient elution on reverse phase ODS $C_{18}$ column (4.6 mm I.D., 100 mm length, particle size 5 ㎛) using a binary mixture of MeOH/H₂O (85/15, v/v) as mobile phase after ethylation at 90 ℃ for 10 min. The extraction recoveries of BaP and its metabolites in spiked samples with liquid-liquid extraction, which was better than solid phase extraction, were in the range of 90.3- 101.6% in n-hexane for urine and 95.7-106.3% in acetone for plasma, respectively. The calibration curves has shown good linearity with the correlation coefficients (R²) varying from 0.992 to 1.000 for urine and from 0.996 to 1.000 for plasma, respectively. The detection limits of all analytes were obtained in the range of 0.01-0.1 ng/mL for urine and 0.1-0.4 ng/mL for plasma, respectively. The metabolites of BaP were excreted as mono hydroxy and dihydrodiol forms after intraperitoneal injection of 20 mg/kg of BaP to rats. The total amounts of BaP and four metabolites excreted in dosed rat urine were 3.79 ng over the 0-96 hr period from adminstration and the excretional recovery was less than 0.065% of the injection amounts of BaP. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of BaP and its hydroxylated metabolites in rat urine and plasma for the pharmacokinetic studies.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.413-420
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• 2004

The objectives of present study were to investigate the effects of benzo[a]pyrene(BaP) on cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in rat hepatocyte primary culture. Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes were incubated for 24 hr, 48 hr or 72 hr in the presence of various concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 50 or 100 $\mu.$ M) of BaP. Cytotoxicity and cell viability were determined by measuring glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase(GOT) activity, lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activity and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide(MIT) value. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) assay. Effects on antioxidant system were determined by measuring glutathione peroxidase(GPx) activity, glutathione reductase(GR) activity and glutathione concentration. Activities of GOT and LDH, MTT value as well as TBARS concentration were not affected by up to 100 $\muM$ of BaP for 24 hr incubation. However, BaP at the concentration of 50 $\muM$ for 48 hr incubation or at the concentration of 30 $\muM$ for 72 hr incubation began to increase LDH activity and TBARS concentration but decrease MTT value, representing that BaP caused cytotoxicity and decreased cell viability in dose- and time-dependent manners. GPx activity began to be decreased by BaP at the concentration of 50 $\muM$ for 72 hr incubation. Whereas, GR activity began to be decreased by BaP at the concentration of 20 $\muM$ for 72 hr incubation. Glutathione concentration began to be decreased by BaP at the concentration of 20 $\muM$ for 72 hr incubation and was further reduced to 90% by 100 $\muM$ of BaP. These results demonstrate that BaP caused cytoctoxicity and decreased cell viability by increasing lipid peroxidation and decreasing glutathione concentration as well as activities of GPx and GR.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetic Resonance Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.59-65
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• 2022

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), one of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), is an endocrine disruptor and carcinogenic. This study was conducted to investigate the metabolic changes of zebrafish short-term exposure to BaP using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. In our results, the multivariate analysis showed that the metabolic responses were differed according to the exposure concentration. Also, it was observed that exposure to high concentration of BaP (162 ㎍/L and 1620 ㎍/L) increased the levels of creatine, histidine, and inosine in zebrafish, which means high concentration of BaP exposure affected the energy metabolism and immune function in zebrafish.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.55-62
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• 2014

Objectives: $^{32}P$-postlabeling assay is the most sensitive method of detecting DNA adduct formation. However, it is limited by a low sample throughput and use of radioisotopes (RI). In this study, we modified it to minimize these limitations and applied it to Z. platypus exposed to Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in order to investigate DNA adduct formation (effect biomarker for pollutants) in Z. platypus for assessing risk of waterborne BaP exposure. Methods: DNA hydrolysis was performed only with Micrococcal nuclease (MNase), RI reduction test was performed and the overlapping steps between thin layer chromatography (TLC) and radioisotope high-performance liquid chromatography (RI-HPLC) were omitted. The application of a modified method to Z. platypus exposed to BaP was performed. Results: The results revealed that the amount of RIs used can be reduced roughly 10-fold. Because the analysis time was shortened by 8.5 hours, the sample throughput per hour was increased compared with the previous method. The results of applying modified $^{32}P$-postlabeling assay to Z. platypus, DNA adduct formation in Z. platypus showed dose-dependency with the BaP concentration. Only BPDE-dGMP was detected as a DNA adduct. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that the modified $^{32}P$-postlabeling assay is a suitable method for detecting DNA adduct formation in Z. platypus exposed to waterborne BaP and will be useful in risk assessment of carcinogenic effect in aquatic environment due to BaP.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.391-396
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• 2009

The biological effects of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (cPAHs) including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBA), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[b] fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), and indeno[1,2,3-c, d]pyrene (InP) on transcriptomic changes were determined in the liver of Oryzias latipes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by binary exposure to cPAHs (BaP+BaA, BaP+BbF, BaP+BkF, BaP+DbA, BaP+InP) were screened by annealing control primers-based polymerase chain reaction followed by sequence analysis and BLAST searching. The results showed that four DEGs were commonly expressed by cPAHs and they were identified as ribosomal protein S4, coagulation factor II, elongation factor 1 beta, and a predicted protein similar to human immunodeficiency virus type I enhancer binding protein 3. This finding suggests that binary exposure to cPAHs interferes protein synthesis required for fundamental liver functions in fish.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.64-69
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• 2006

Cytochrome P450 (CYP1A) gene expression in the liver and sex steroid levels in plasma were investigated in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) exposed to tributyltin (TBT) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). We constructed a cDNA library and cloned a 230-base sequence encoding partial CYP1A DNA. The CYP1A gene expression level was estimated using northern blotting. Hepatic CYP1A mRNA levels in fish injected with BaP at 10 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) increased for 48 h after injection. However, fish injected with both BaP and TBT at 10 mg/kg b.w. showed no significant changes in CYP1A mRNA level after 48 h. Plasma concentrations of testosterone and $17{\beta}$-estradiol were not significantly different in males and females injected with BaP and TBT. We suggest that TBT-induced suppression of BaP bioactivity should be interpreted with caution in biomonitoring field studies.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.197-207
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• 2016

Large quantities of air pollutants are released into the atmosphere and hence, must be monitored and routinely assessed for their health implications. This paper proposes a stochastic technique to predict unobserved hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), especially Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), which can have negative effects on human health. The proposed approach constructs a nearest-neighbor structure by incorporating the linkage between BaP and meteorology and meteorological effects. This approach is adopted in order to predict unobserved BaP concentrations based on observed (or forecasted) meteorological conditions, including temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and air quality. The effects of BaP on human health are examined by characterizing the cancer risk. The efficient prediction provides useful information relating to the optimal monitoring period and projections of future BaP concentrations for both industrial and residential areas within Korea.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.12-20
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• 1989

Distribution of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in Seoul surface soils was investigated with a simple micro-analytical method consisting of ultrasonic extraction, one-dimensional dual band thin-layer chromatographic separation (TLC) and spectrofluorometric determination. The TLC was done in the following condition: thin-layer plate; Kieselguhr G/Acetylated cellulose, Developer; 1st; ether, 2nd; methanol-ether-water (4:4:1, V/V). The results thus obtained were as follows; 1. All the samples collected from various areas were contained detectable amount of benzo(a)pyrene. The range and average of benzo(a)pyrene contents in Seoul areas are 0.20 $\sim$5.90ppm and 1.01 ppm, respectively. 2. Benzo(a)pyrene contents in soils obtained from commercial areas were much higher than those in industrial and residential areas. The contents range in commercial, industrial, and residential areas are 0.31 $\sim$ 5.90 ppm, 0.36 $\sim$ 1.22 ppm and 0.20 $\sim$ 0.67 ppm, respectively. 3. Benzo(a)pyrene contents in soils from major roads were far higher than those from side or park roads. The ranges of benzo(a)pyrene contents in major, park and side road are 0.40 $\sim$ 5.9 ppm, 0.20 $\sim$ 0.70 ppm, 0.31 $\sim$ 1.30 ppm, respectively. These findings suggest strongly that surface soils in Seoul city are polluted by benzo(a)pyrene probably emitted automobiles.