• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.68-73
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• 1998

Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV-Kor) was isolated from the southern part of Korea, and by mechanical inoculation onto barley cultivars, purification and production of antibody. BaMMV-Kor purified form infected plants were filamentous particle, with 13 nm in diameter and 250∼300 nm and 500∼650 nm in length. Antibody of BaMMV-Kor was made by injecting the purified virus to the muscle of a rabbit. In gel-diffusion test, antibody to BaMMV-Kor created spur with BaMMV-Kal and BaMMV-M, but did not make spur with BaMMV-Kor infected New Golden, Ishukushirazu, Joshushiro Hadaka and Misato Golden, but did not infect Kashimamugi, Chikurin Ibaraki 1 and Mokusekko 3. In Korean barley cultivars, BaMMV-Kor infected most of the covered barley cultivars, but did not infect Saeolbori. It also infected naked barley cultivars except Chalbori and Hinssalbori. And all the beer barley cultivars were infected by BaMMV-Kor. BaMMV-Kor had two RNAs, RNA 1 (7.5 Kb) and RNA 2 (3.5 Kb), and coat protein (33 KDa).

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.197-204
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• 2005

The major symptom such as yellowish and mosaic spots in overwintering barley were mostly caused by viruses such as Barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV) and Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) in the nation-wide for four years. The result showed that more than $78\%$ collected samples were infected by the viruses. The incidence of Ba YMV was more than $70\%$, and relatively uniformly distributed in the southern regions of barley fields in Korea. However the incidence of BaYMV in Gyeonggi Province was as low as $19\%$ compared to $65\~85\%$ in the rest of regions. Occurrence of BaMMV varied depending on investigated regions such as $20\~40\%$ in Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, Gangwon and Gyeongnam, and a lower infection in Gyeongbuk, Chungnam and Gyeonggi Provinces. In this result, $60\%$ of BaMMV was found to be in the southwest regions of Korea such as Jeonbuk and Jeonnam Provinces. Over all, both BaYMV and BaMMV were thought to be dominantly casual agents in overwintering barley by either solely or mixed infections. Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus(SBWMV) occurred at most $14\%$ in Gyeonggi and Barley yellow dwarf virus-MAY (BYDV­MAV) was found only one place in Jeonbuk, suggesting that SBWMV and BYDV-MAV were not significant diseases in Korea. Exotic genetic resources that possess different resistant genes to BaYMV and BaMMV were tested to identify the responses to the viruses occurred in Iksan. According to the ELISA results, BaYMV and BaMMV were infected in some plant materials but SBWMV was not identified. Any resistant gene was not effective to BaYMV-Ik (Insan strain) and BaMMY. Ishukushirazu (rym 3) and Chosen (rym 3), Tokushima Mochi Hadaka (rym 4y) and Hakei 1-41 (rym 5a) showed resistant response with little symptoms to BaYMY. The other five accessions possessing rym 1+5, rym 2, rym 4m, rym 5 and rym 9, respectively, were resistant to BaMMV. Various symptoms were observed in the tested plant materials such as not only yellowish and mosaic symptoms mostly but also necrotic spot, tissue necrosis, leaf stripe and leaf curling. However, it was difficult to find any relationship between resistant genes and specific symptoms.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.72-76
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• 2009

It was investigated the responses of BaYMV resistant genes to Korean BaYMV(Barley yellow mosaic virus) strains. BaYMV was distributed dominantly with about 51% detection ratio among the three investigated virus such as BaYMV, BaMMV(Barley mild mosaic virus) and SBWMV(Soil-borne wheat mosaic virus) in ELISA test. Double infection with BaYMV and BaMMV was detected also higher as 38.8%, however, BaMMV sole infection ratio was lower with only 1.4%. The 11 BaYMV resistant genes were tested their responses to four Korean BaYMV strains, BaYMV-N, H, I and M. Generally, rym 3 genes showed resistant to Korean BaYMV strains and rym 4m and 5a also was better. Three genes, rym 1+5(Mokusekko-3), rym 3(Ea 52, Baitori) and rym 5a(Solan) showed resistant responses to BaYMV-N type. In -H strain test, seven genes that rym 2(Mihori Hadaka 3), rym 3(Ea 52, Haganemugi, Baitori), rym 4m(Diana, Franka), rym 5a(Solan), rym 7(Hor 3365), rym 9(Bulgarian 347), rym 12(Jochiwon Covered 2) were considered as resistant. The three genes that rym 1+5, rym 3 and rym 5a was effective to -I strain, and rym 3, rym 4m and rym 5a showed resistant to -M strain.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.329-333
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• 2006

Two distinct and stable isolates of Barley mild mosaic virus(BaMMV) designated as Naju82-S(severe) and Naju82-M(mild) were obtained. These two isolates differed in their symptomatology, virus transmission characteristics and cultivar specificity at various temperature. Thus, these isolates were referred to as strains in this study. BaMMV Naju-S strain showed severe mosaic symptoms accompanied by necrosis on the infected leaves. Naju82-S strain is more virulent demonstrated by shorter incubation period and relatively high virus concentration than Naju82-M strain. Five Korean cultivars were tested for their pathogenicity to different strains based on the rate of infection. Results showed that infection rate of cultivars to both strains did not significantly differed from each other. However, under different temperatures, the pathogenicity on the two cultivars such as cultivars Hopumbori and Sessalbori were significantly affected. Hopumbori was moderately resistant to both strains at $10-12^{\circ}C$ and susceptible at $15-18^{\circ}C$. Similarly, Sessalbori was moderately resistant at $10-12^{\circ}C$ to both strains but distinctly differentiated at $15-18^{\circ}C$ wherein it was resistant to mild strain and highly susceptible to severe strain. Other cultivars including Baegdong, Jinyangbori and Neahanssalbori consistently showed susceptible reaction to both strains at varying temperatures tested in this study.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.157-164
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• 2009

The complete nucleotide sequences of both RNA of an isolated Barley mild mosaic virus (BaMMV) from Iksan, Korea, have been determined. RNA1 was 7273 nucleotides long and encodes for a polyprotein of 2261 amino acids, which contains the eight putative functional proteins. RNA2 was 3520 nucleotides long and encodes for a polyprotein of 894 amino acids, which contains two functional proteins. Results of multiple sequence alignment showed 92.9% similarity with Na1 isolate, followed by Sil, UK(F), Asl1, Remis M and UK(M) isolates, respectively. Comparison of the BaMMV-Iks polyproteins with the corresponding proteins of BaMMV-Na1 isolates showed 95% amino acid sequence identity. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that Iks isolate was closely related to Na1 strain and have a common origin.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.112.2-113
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• 2002