• 미생물학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.107-115
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• 1970

In order to brew Takju, Korean flour wine, it requires three necessary steps for specific brewage. One is primary brewing process and another main brewing process to sacharify and perform alcoholic fermentation. After previous two brewing passing, the mash of main brewing process mixed with 1 volume of water is commercial Takju. Three samples were obtained from three breweries and incubated at $28{\pm}1^{\circ}C$for the alcoholic fermentation. All the samples were analyzed for observation of the changes of various biochemical constituents which were contained in the mashes of two brewing processes and in Takju. The starch contents of the suspensions in the primary and main mashes, and in Takju were 28.08, 25.92, 3.83%, and decreased considerably within 36-48 hrs and thereafter slowly. The amounts of water soluble carbohydrates and reducing sugars in three steps had a tendency of decreasing within 48 hours. The initial numbers of yeasts per 1ml in the suspensions were $1.74{\times}10^8$, $1.65{\times}10^8$, $0.66{\times}10^8$, appeared the highest at 72 hours (12.66%) in main process, and in the case of Takju kept increasing untill 60 hours. The dextrin contents in the mashe of primary process through the long period were 0.34 - 0.68%, in the main one were 0.12 - 0.32%, concerning with the amylase activities which were stronger in the mash of the primary process than in that of the main. The contents of methanol and cellulose in the mashes of two processes were 3.40-0.68%, in the main one were 0.12-0.32%, concerning with the amylase activities which were stronger in the mash of the primary process than in that of the main. The contents of methanol and cellulose in the mashes of two processes were 3.40-5.98mg/ml, 0.43-0.48% during the fermentation. The consumption of crude protein the mashes of Takju revealed with time, on the contrary, the production of free amino acids and oligo-peptides were performed, depending upon the affection of proteinase. The amount of tannic acid in Takju was 0.0073-0.0098mg/ml and organic acids of these three groups increased with time and hydrogen ion concentration was 3.28-4.43.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.17-24
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• 1987

As people know how to brew a wine from fruits and cereals, they continued to develope various wines good to their taste. Korean wines are also ones made from cereals and they have long been eager to improve the delicate taste. They used to drink Takju, raw rice wine, made from nonglutinous rice and Nuruk, a kind of yeast starter. During Koryo Dynasty, Soju a liquor was imported from Won(the Chinese dynasty). Nowadays this traditional folk wine, which had been developed variously and drunk all over the country, is decreasing year after year. The purpose of this study was to review on the wines ; its kinds, raw materials, brewing method, manufacturing utensils, measuring units and devices and the terms for wine making based on 20 documents published in 1600, in the middle of Yi dynesty. The results of review were as follows. 1. There were 121 kinds of wines at that time in Korea. 2. Among the raw materials for wines, major materials were glutinous rice, nonglutinous rice, wheat flour, wheat, mung bean, and black soybean. And minor materials were pepper corn, Lycium chinenisis, cinnamon, pine needles, pine nuts, jujube, mugwort leaves, lotus leaves, pine corn, pine bud, chrysanthemum, pine flowers, honey, Acanthopanox seoultenses, bamboo-root, marrowbone of blak cow, sweet flag, Ciprus noblis, Saurea lappa, honey suckle, Tricho santhes, azalea, the leaves of the paper mulberry, and bark of chungum tree. 3. There were several kinds of wines such as a wine without using Nuruk, a wine made from glutinous rice, nonglutinous rice, or glutinous and nonglutinous rice with flour. 4. There were several brewing methods for wines such as a wine boiled with ring rice cake, a wine brewed with loaves of rice cake, a wine brewed with hard boiled rice, a wine brewed with rice gruel, and a wine brewed with powdered rice gruel. 5. There were 23 kinds of utensils including measuring devices for weight and volume.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제34권
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• pp.102-122
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• 2001

Uymsikdimibang(음식디미방) - a book written around 1670 and implying the methods of understanding the taste of food and drink - records many kinds of alcoholic drinks. it is obviously a practical problem to explain the process of brewing alcoholic drinks. However, if we intend to approach the alcoholic drinks on the practical aspect, we can not explain why many kinds of alcoholic drinks were brewed. I acknowledge only that it was true to have brewed rice wine easily on the basis of the increase of the production of rice and the two-crop farming system of rice and barley in a paddy field as well as, for many kinds of alcoholic drinks to have increased as a result of the development of brewage since the middle and second half of Chosun. It is not until we approach the alcoholic drinks of those days on the level of meaning, value, and symbol that we can get a correct answer as to why Uymsikdimibang records many kinds of alcoholic drinks. In the second half of Chosun, confucian ideology was firmly established in country village societies, the idea of clan rules was instituted, and patriarchal system was organized. Such a social atmosphere was to emphasize the practice of confucian moral principle such as performing religious service on one's ancestors and receiving a guest, and in the course of it, the alcoholic drinks were recognized as important materials all the more. It seems that the subdivision and elaborateness of the meaning of the alcoholic drinks were in progress. As a result, I think that the alcoholic drinks would vary in kind and be graded. From ancient times, the alcoholic drinks were men's favorite foods, and the significance of the authority and prestige given to the alcoholic drinks was increasingly promoted by the rise of the social position of men in the second half of Chosun under the influence of confucian ideology. Subsequently, the alcoholic drinks became symbols which represented even the family's tradition and dignity. Therefore, men born of the nobility(Yangban) tried to brew the various and dignified alcoholic drinks relatively. Through the brewage such as this, they endeavored to maintain their privilege. I think that the diversification of alcoholic drinks was developed in the process of a series of social-institutional change.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.1-27
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• 2021

Eumsikjeoljo (integrity with food) originally came from the Andong district, where the Goseong Yi clan inherited a cookbook from their ancestor Lee Jeong-Rong (1798~1871). The cookbook was written in an antiquated style and is estimated to have been written around the year 1865. Details of the era and authorship are seldom available for the extant ancient cookbooks. The authors of these books and the period during which these books were precisely written were studied through the Eumsikjeoljo which is a repository of 46 cooking disciplines. Of these 10 deal with the practice of traditional Korean crispy snack making, 4 with rice cake making, 3 of the yeonbyeong kind, 19 examples of Korean side dish making, 6 recipes of the kimchi variety, 2 examples of paste-based recipes, and 2 instances of instructions on how to make vinegar-based extracts. Also, in Eumsikjeoljo, there are descriptions of 29 different ways to brew rice wine. Of these, Danyang wine among the Leehwa wines and 13 others account for over 44% of the content. Leeyang wine and Sogok wine are represented by 10 different varieties and constitute around 34% of the entries. Samyang wine and Baek-il wine, along with 6 others, constitute 21% of the entries. The secret recipes of the Goseong Yi clan in the Andong district were recorded so that they could be transferred to the descendants of the clan. An inspection of the recipes and wine brewing techniques recorded in Eumsikjeoljo provides a clearer picture of the mid-1800s Andong noble family's traditional food habits and simultaneously sheds light on the late Joseon dynasty's food culture.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.730-738
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 커피 분쇄입도 조건에 따라 변화되는 커피의 이화학적 품질특성 및 휘발성 향기성분 변화에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 분쇄된 원두는 표준체(pore size 850, 600 및 $425{\mu}m$)를 사용하여 입자 크기를 whole bean(Control), $850{\mu}m$ 이상(coarse), $850{\sim}600{\mu}m$(medium), $600{\sim}425{\mu}m$(fine), $425{\mu}m$ 이하(very fine)의 크기가 되도록 사별하여 커피 추출 시료를 제조하였다. 품질특성으로는 pH, 산도, 갈색도, 색도, 총페놀, 카페인, 클로로겐산 함량 및 휘발성 화합물을 비교 분석하였다. pH 및 갈색도는 분쇄입도가 작아질수록 4.84~5.18, 0.257~0.284로 증가하였으나, 산도는 0.31~0.17로 감소하였다. 색도에서 L, a 값은 분쇄입도가 작아질수록 감소하였으나 L 값에서 분쇄입도별 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았으며 b 값은 분쇄입도가 제일 작은 very fine size($425{\mu}m$ 이하)에서 15.75로 가장 높은 황색도를 나타내었다. 색차에서 Control과 분쇄 커피분말과의 차이는 11 이상의 색차값을 나타내어 현저한 색의 차이 단계를 나타내었다. 총페놀, 카페인 및 클로로겐산 함량은 분쇄입도가 제일 작은 very fine size 입도($425{\mu}m$ 이하)에서 추출한 커피가 4.54 mg GAE/mL, 733.0 및 $383.7{\mu}g/mL$로 높은 함량을 나타내었고, 휘발성 화합물의 총함량도 100 mg/kg 이상 높게 검출되었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 커피 추출의 기본 단계라고 할 수 있는 커피 분쇄입도 조건에 따라 변화되는 커피의 이화학적 품질특성을 상호 비교하고 향기성분 특성을 확인함으로써 커피 품질 평가에 관한 기초자료를 제시하였다고 생각된다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.277-283
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• 1993

제주토속 좁쌀약주의 제조를 위한 원료특성, 최적양조조건, 관능검사 등을 검토하였다. 양조원료인 차조의 당질은 71.27%였으며, 조지방은 3.47%로 다른 양조원료에 비하여 함량이 많았다. 가수량의 증감에 따라 약주 중의 에탄올 생성은 직선적인 관계를 나타내었으며, 주정농도를 13% 이상 유지하기 위해서는 원료에 대한 가수량을 250% 이내로 할 필요가 있었다. 발효기간 중에 당의 소모와 더불어 에탄올 생성은 발효개시 2일까지 급격히 증가하였으며, 주발효기간은 4일이었다. 양조원료로 좁쌀만을 사용하는 경우는 주정농도가 $13.0{\sim}13.4%$였으나 쌀 또는 보리쌀을 10% 혼용하였을 때는 $14.0{\sim}14.3%$로 향상되었고, 관능평가에 있어서도 쌀과 혼용하는 경우 좋은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 좁쌀약주 중의 유기산은 lactic acid, malic acid, succinic acid였고, 당은 xylose 및 소당류가 대부분이었다. 좁쌀약주 중에는 메탄올은 미량이었고 휴젤유가 적고 유기산이 많았다. 좁쌀약주의 최적양조조건은 차조에 10% 쌀을 혼용한 원료를 사용하여 충분한 침치와 증자를 시키고 가수량을 200%로 하며, $20^{\circ}C$에서 일주일간 주발효 후에 압착여과하여 숙성시키는 것이었다.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.191-205
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• 2012

식생활이 다양화되고 편의화 됨에 따라 쌀 소비량은 지속적인 감소 추세를 보이고 있다. 국내의 쌀 소비를 촉진시키고 쌀 수급 불균형을 해소하기 위해서는 주식으로서의 쌀 외에 쌀 가공식품 개발이 필요하다. 그 중에서 술을 이용한 쌀 소비는 다른 쌀 가공식품에 비해 높은 부가가치성을 지니므로 더욱 주목된다. 본 연구는 쌀 품종과 입도의 가공특성을 달리하여 탁주를 제조한 다음 품온, 당도, 알코올 함량, 산도, 아미노산가, pH, 색도 및 관능 등의 품질특성을 살펴본 것이다. 먼저 안다, 하이아미, 추청 세 품종의 쌀가루를 이용하여 무증자법으로 탁주를 제조한 다음 입도별 품질특성을 비교하였다. 모든 탁주 술덧의 품온은 담금 2일 후 최고 온도에 도달하였다. 품종에 따른 차이는 산도와 관능 평가에서만 나타났다. 산도의 경우 안다, 추청, 하이아미 순으로 높게 나타났고, 관능 평가는 추청이 가장 높게 나타났다. 입도별로는 알코올 함량과 산도는 중분쇄 쌀가루 탁주에서 높게 나타났고 담금 직후의 품온, 당도, 아미노산가, pH, 색도, 관능은 초미세 쌀가루 탁주에서 더 높게 나타났다. 본 연구의 결과 쌀 품종과 입도를 달리하여 제조한 무증자 탁주는 추청 초미세 쌀가루로 담그는 것이 효율적인 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.851-858
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• 2014

Goami2, Goami3 and Goami4 were identified as fiber-rich rice cultivars which were developed by mutation breeding with Ilpum. The purpose of this study was to develop a method for producing Makgeolli with the fiber-rich rice cultivars, Goami2, Goami3, Goami4, and to investigate the characteristics of Makgeolli during the fermentation process. Makgeolli was produced herein by fermentation steamed rice (SR), raw rice flour (RF), and steamed rice flour (SF) from Goami2, Goami3, Goami4, Ilpum and Sealgaeng rice cultivars. The physicochemical characteristics including alcohol and sugar content, pH, total acidity, TDF (total dietary fiber), and color of the Makgeolli samples were analyzed. Makgeolli produced with Ilpum and Sealgaeng showed satisfactory fermention characteristics in alcohol and sugar content when SR, RF and SF were used. In the case of Goami2, Goami3, and Goami4, the use of SF resulted in 17.2~20.1% alcohol content, whereas only 10% alcohol was produced by SR. The sugar contents in the SF-makgeolli samples were also higher ($9{\sim}10^{\circ}Brix$) than in the SR-makgeolli ($5.35{\sim}5.44^{\circ}Brix$) for Goami2 and Goami4 cultivars. The dietary fiber contents of the Makgeolli samples produced using SF from the fiber-rich rice cultivars were higher (1.35~1.52 g/100 mL) than those produced with Ilpum and Sealgaeng (0.74~0.87 g/100 mL). From these results, it may be suggested that SF would be an appropriate material to brew Makgeolli using fiber-rich rice cultivars to obtain better physicochemical and functional qualities.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.671-676
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• 2014

더치커피는 추출온도가 높을수록 산도를 제외한 모든 지표에서 높은 값을 보였고, 대체적으로 저장기간이 길어짐에 따라 pH, 총 페놀 함량, 카페인은 감소하였고 갈색도, 산도, DPPH 라디칼소거 활성능, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quinic acid의 함량은 증가하였다. 또한 8주간 $4^{\circ}C$와 $20^{\circ}C$에 저장하였을 때 일반세균 및 대장균은 거의 검출되지 않아 위생적인 환경에서 추출한다면 8주간 저장하며 음용하기에 안전한 것으로 나타났다. 더치커피를 저장하는 동안 다양한 지표들의 관찰을 통해 더치커피의 저장 특성을 이해할 수 있었으며, 이후 더치커피의 저장에 따른 향기성분 등의 분석과 유통기한 등을 설정하는데 기초자료가 될 것으로 기대한다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.369-376
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• 2017

전통 쌀 증류식 소주를 제조하여 오크통에 숙성시킴으로써 숙성 중에 증류주의 이화학적 특성 및 향기성분의 변화를 측정하였다. 입국(Aspergillus luchuensis)과 선발된 효모(Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y88-4)로 담금한 발효주를 감압 증류하였다. 제조된 증류주는 오크통과 스테인리스통에 12개월 간 실온 숙성 하였다. 숙성 12개월 후 숙성 전에 비해 MSO (Maturated distilled spirits in Oak)와 MSS (Maturated distilled spirits in stainless) 모두 알코올과 pH가 감소하였고, 산도, 전기전도도는 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 손실량, 탁도와 적색도, 황색도, 퓨젤유에서 MSO는 유의적으로 증가하였으나, MSS는 변화가 없었다. 향기성분은 ester 류 20종, alcohol 류 7종, acids 류 2종, 기타 5종으로 총 34종의 향기성분이 검출되었다. 12개월 숙성 후 아세트산 에틸, 페닐에틸 알코올이 감소하였고, 카푸릴산 에틸은 증가하여 향기성분에 변화를 나타냈다. 특히 oaklacton과 푸르푸랄은 MSO에서만 검출되어 오크 숙성시 발생하는 특징적인 향기성분으로 사료된다. 전통 쌀 증류주의 오크통 숙성은 알코올 및 손실량은 컸으나, 오크통의 다양한 물질과 반응하면서 색도 및 향기성분이 유의적인 차이를 나타냈다. 이로써 숙성 용기의 선택이 숙성 증류주의 품질에 영향을 미치는 것으로 사료되며, 숙성과정을 통해 다양하고 특색있는 주류제조가 가능할 것으로 기대된다.