• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.125-133
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• 2002

Volatile disinfection by-products (DBPs) contained in chlorinated tap water are released into household air during indoor activities (showering, cooking, dish -washing, etc.) associated with tap water uses and may cause adverse health effects on humans. Twenty seven subjects were recruited and their homes were visited during the winter of 2002. Tap water, household air, and exhaled breath samples were collected and analyzed for five volatile DBPs (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dichloroacetonitrile, 1,1 -dichloropropanone and 1,1,1 trichloropropanone). Chloroform was a major DBP found in most samples. Tap water chloroform concentrations were not statistically correlated with its household air concentrations, probably due to individual variability in indoor activities such as showering, cooking, and dish - washing as well as household ventilation. Correlation of breath chloroform concentration with household air chloroform concentration showed its possible use as a biomarker of exposure to household air chloroform. Exposure estimates suggested that inhalation during household stay be a major route of exposure to volatile DBPs and that ingestion of tap water be a trivial contributor to the total exposure in Koreans.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.37-40
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• 2002

The engine performance test was carried out to investigate the effects of breath and exhaust on the performance of a reciprocating engine for small aircraft. In this test, three valves to control flow areas of a inlet and two outlets were used, the engine manifold pressure and the static thrust of propeller were measured in nine breath/exhaust conditions. Generally, small variations on the performance were showed as the test conditions were changed. The manifold pressure was increased as flow area of the inlet or the outlet was decreased in normal condition, however it was decreased as both flow areas were decreased. The static thrust of propeller was showed similar as the manifold pressure.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2017

Objectives Some major Chinese medical classics like Huangdineijing (黃帝內經) and Nanjing (難經) assert that a normal person breaths 13,500 times every day. It's just half of real breathing cycles of human. So I tried to find a reasonable explanation to solve this conflict between truth and literal description. Materials and methods To find breath count descriptions in Chinese ancient books, I used Kanseki Repository (http://kanripo.org/). To find precedent research on this topic, I used China National Knowledge Infrastructure (http://cnki.net). Results 33 books refers to human breath cycles for a day, and most of them introduce 13,500 as human breathing frequency of one day. Some recent papers on Laoguanshan (老官山) Western Han dynasty manuscripts show new clues on this topic. Conclusion I assume that 13,500 cycles, the incorrect human breathing frequency of a day, might be originated from adjusting the meaning and usage of the word "Xi (息)".

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2011

This study was carried out to apply chemical gas sensors for the identification of bad breath which is one of the important sensitive problem for the humans' daily life. Seven sensors, including five semiconductor sensors and two electrochemical sensors, were tested for the three panels three times in several conditions. The results showed that the reproducibility of sensors were generally good, and electrochemical sensors showed better reproducibility while semiconductor sensors showed better sensitivity. No rinsing before measurement showed relatively better results in terms of both sensitivity and reproducibility. Semiconductor gas sensors for hydrogen sulfide shows the highest sensitivity, and it was recommended to use the odor-free bag for the measurement of bad breath.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2019

Dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging plays an important role in non-invasive detection and characterization of primary and metastatic lesions in the liver. Recently, efforts have been made to improve spatial and temporal resolution of DCE liver MRI for arterial phase imaging. Review of recent publications related to arterial phase imaging of the liver indicates that there exist primarily two approaches: breath-hold and free-breathing. For breath-hold imaging, acquiring multiple arterial phase images in a breath-hold is the preferred approach over conventional single-phase imaging. For free-breathing imaging, a combination of three-dimensional (3D) stack-of-stars golden-angle sampling and compressed sensing parallel imaging reconstruction is one of emerging techniques. Self-gating can be used to decrease respiratory motion artifact. This article introduces recent MRI technologies relevant to hepatic arterial phase imaging, including differential subsampling with Cartesian ordering (DISCO), golden-angle radial sparse parallel (GRASP), and X-D GRASP. This article also describes techniques related to dynamic 3D image reconstruction of the liver from golden-angle stack-of-stars data.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.216-226
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• 2022

In this study, we selected and trained 9 people in the diaphragm training group and 9 people in the power-breath training group among elderly people aged 65 or older living in the community, and investigated the effect of combined training using respiratory equipment on lung function, balance, and life satisfaction. We conducted the elderly to do combined exercises, twice a week for a total of 6 weeks, that include the breathing training by diaphragm, the breathing training using Power-breath equipment, and the training using a theraband. We evaluated the changes in the lung function, the balance, and the life satisfaction before and after the intervention for our study subjects.As a result of our measurement, lung function, balance, and life satisfaction showed significant changes in the experimental group that performed the combined training using Power-breath equipment. As a result of the study, we confirmed that the elderly in the community had a positive effect on the life satisfaction by improving lung function and balance ability after conducting a combined training using respiratory equipment.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2001

This paper investigated external factors (height. crown width. diameter breath height, clear length) of tree and electric resistance ($k{\Omega}$) in damaged forest by Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye. The height. crown width and diameter breath height of tree external factors have high a coefficient of correlation. but clear length has not a coefficient of correlation. In relationship of electric resistance and external factor. big tree that height. crown width. diameter breath height has lower electric resistance value than that of small tree. (low electric resistance value is high tree vigor, high electric resistance value is low tree vigor)) Dead tree have smaller diameter breath height. crown width. higher clear length than survival tree in damaged forest by Thecodiplosis japonensis Uchida et Inouye. To investigation of relationship external factors according to electric resistance value. electric resistance value was divided three class (< $l4k{\Omega}$, possible of survival. $14{\sim}20k{\Omega}$, > $20k{\Omega}$, possible of dead). In lower class(< $l4k{\Omega}$), external factors have bigger which was height. crown width. diameter breath height and lower which was clear length than them of higher class ($14{\sim}20k{\Omega}$, > $20k{\Omega}$). Linear regression solutions of electric resistance and external factors were Y = -0.572 ${\times}$ Height - 1.163 ${\times}$ crown width - 0.242 ${\times}$ diameter breath height + 0.757 ${\times}$ clear length + 25.765. Regression solutions were significant in 5%.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.300-304
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• 2011

Exhaled breath gases include gases generated in the body. When there is disease in the body, exhalation can include gas components from the disease. If we can find these specific elements through analysis of the exhalation gases, this can be an effective way to diagnose the disease. The lung has a close relationship with exhalation. Lung cancer refers to malignant tumors which originate in the lungs. Exhalation from the lung causes direct jets of gas to be ejected through the mouth and nose, so by analyzing these jets it may be possible to diagnose lung cancer. In our study we attempt to diagnose lung cancer from patient's exhaled gases. Exhalation of lung cancer patients was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy(GC-MS) and the expiratory gas was also measured using a sensor system. The system was designed to use a metal oxide sensor and solid phase micro extraction(SPME) fiber. The GC-MS analysis of the healthy subject's and cancer patient's exhalation gases both showed the presence of decane in the breath of patients with lung cancer. In addition, the results from the sensor system showed significant difference between the lung cancer patients and the healthy subjects.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.20-27
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• 2017

Purpose: To evaluate quantification results of single breath-hold (SBH) magnetic resonance (MR) cine imaging compared to results of conventional multiple breath-hold (MBH) technique for left ventricular (LV) function in patients with cardiac arrhythmia. Materials and Methods: MR images of patients with arrhythmia who underwent MBH and SBH cine imaging at the same time on a 1.5T MR scanner were retrospectively reviewed. Both SBH and MBH cine imaging were performed with balanced steady state free precession. SBH scans were acquired using temporal parallel acquisition technique (TPAT). Fifty patients ($65.4{\pm}12.3years$, 72% men) were included. End-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV), stroke volume (SV), ejection fraction (EF), myocardial mass, and LV regional wall motion were evaluated. Results: EF, myocardial mass, and regional wall motion were not significantly different between SBH and MBH acquisition techniques (all P-values > 0.05). EDV, ESV, and SV were significant difference between the two techniques. These parameters for SBH cine imaging with TPAT tended to lower than those in MBH. EF and myocardial mass of SBH cine imaging with TPAT showed good correlation with values of MBH cine imaging in Passing-Bablok regression charts and Bland-Altman plots. However, SBH imaging required significantly shorter acquisition time than MBH cine imaging ($15{\pm}7sec$ vs. $293{\pm}104sec$, P < 0.001). Conclusion: SBH cine imaging with TPAT permits shorter acquisition time with assessment results of global and regional LV function comparable to those with MBH cine imaging in patients with arrhythmia.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.231-237
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• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of this study to provide preliminary data to effective halitosis control. Methods : A survey was carried out the self-perception of causative factors of halitosis in 98 female college students in Chungnam province. In addition, the levels of oral gas and breath gas were measured by use of the B&B checker, and an analysis was made of the correlation between halitosis and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Results : 1. Subjective halitosis awareness degree different degree of dryness, 'None', 'some', 'little' people who feel as the 'little fly' (68%), 78.3%, 70% was higher (p<0.05), halitosis interest 'very worried', 'worry', 'normal' person with a' not at all 'to 58.3% higher (p<0.01). 2. In regard to OCD severity, 49.0%, 34.7% and 16.3% were found to be mild, moderate and severe respectively. Halitosis tended to be severe in proportion to OCD severity, which was statistically significant (p<0.05). 3. Oral gas had a positively correlation with breath gas (r=0.329, p<0.01), but had a negative one with OCD severity (r=0.204, p<0.05). Conclusions : Symptoms of oral dryness and halitosis interest were associated with self-perception of halitosis. The levels of oral gas and breath gas were in inverse proportion to OCD severity. Hereat, it needs to analyze psychogenic factors properly as regards the diagnosis or treatment of halitosis.