• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.159-165
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Carbonized biomass is increasingly used as a tool of soil carbon sequestration. The objective of this study was to evaluate soil carbon storage to application of carbonized biomass derived from pear tree pruning.METHODS AND RESULTS: The carbonized biomass was a mobile pyrolyzer with field scale, which a reactor was operated about 400~500℃ for 5 hours. The treatments were consisted of a control without input of carbonized biomass and two levels of carbonized biomass inputs as 6.06 Mg/ha, C-1 and 12.12 Mg/ha, C-2. It was shown that the soil carbon pools were 49.3 Mg/ha for C-1, 57.8 Mg/ha for C-2 and 40.1 Mg/ha for the control after experimental periods. The contents of accumulated soil carbon pool were significantly (P < 0.001) increased with enhancing the carbonized biomass input amount. The slopes (1.496) of the regression equations are suggested that carbon storage from the soil was increased about 0.1496 Mg/ha with every 100 kg/ha of carbonized biomass input amount.CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that application of carbonized biomass would be increased the soil carbon contents due to a highly stable C-matrix of carbonized biomass. More long-term studies are needed to be proved how long does carbon stay in orchard soils.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2006

Quercus mongolica is the most common hardwood species distributed in Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the biomass and energy content of the belowground biomass of Q. mongolica and to obtain the regression equation for estimating root biomass using the tree height and diameter at breast height (DBH). A total of 18 sample trees ranging 20 to 60 year-old were selected in the study sites. Tree height, DBH, age, and weight of stemwood, sapwood, heartwood, stembark, branch, leaf, and root were measured for total biomass. The highly positive correlation was shown between the biomass of most of variables of aboveground components and root biomass. The regression equation of the aboveground total biomass was $log\;W_A\;=\;1.469\;+\;0.992\;log\;D^2H\;(R^2 =0.99)$. The regression equation of the belowground biomass was $log\;W_R\;=\;1.527\;+\;0.808\;log\;D^2H\;(R^2\;=\;0.97)$. The mean energy contents of sapwood, heartwood, bark, leaf, and root were 19,594 J/g DW, 19,571 J/g DW, 19,999 J/g DW, 20,664 J/g DW, and 19,273 J/g DW, respectively. The results obtained from this study can be used to estimate biomass and energy content of belowground using easily measurable variables such as DBH and tree height ranging from 20 to 60-year-old Q. mongolica stands.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.287-298
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• 2004

As a part of Korea Deep Ocean Study program, we investigated the distribution of planktonic protists in the upper 200 m of the northeast Pacific from $5^{\circ}N$ to $17^{\circ}N$, along $131^{\circ}30'W$. Area of divergence was formed at $9^{\circ}N$ which is boundaries of the north equatorial counter current (NECC) and the north equatorial current (NEC) during this cruise. Chlorophyll-a concentration was higher in NECC than in NEC area. Pico chl-a(<$2\;{\mu}m$) to total chl-a accounted for average 89% in the study area. The contribution of pico chl-a to total chl-a was relatively high in NEC area than in NECC area. Biomass of planktonic protists, ranging from 635.3 to $1077.3\;mgC\;m^{-2}$(average $810\;mgC\;m^{-2}$), was most enhanced in NECC area and showed distinct latitudinal variation. Biomass of HNF ranged from 88.7 to $208.3\;mgC\;m^{-2}$ and comprised 15% of planktonic protists. Biomass of ciliates ranged from 123.6 to $393.0\;mgC\;m^{-2}$ and comprised 25% of planktonic protists. Biomass of HDF ranged from 407.2 to $607.8\;mgC\;m^{-2}$ and comprised 60% of planktonic protists. HDF was the most dominant component in both NECC and NEC areas. Nano-protist biomass accounted for more than 50% of total protists in the both areas. The contribution of nanoprotist to total protists biomass was relatively higher in NEC area than in NECC. The biomass of planktonic protists was significantly correlated with phytoplankton biomass in this study area. The size structure of phytoplankton biomass coincided with that of planktonic protists. This suggested that the structure of the planktonic protists community and the microbial food web were dependent on the size structure of the phytoplankton biomass. However, biomass and size structure of planktonic protist communities might be significantly influenced by physical characteristics of the water column and food concentration in this study area.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.166-173
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• 2008

Recently, problem of earth environment being attended with international issue, people are concerned about the environmentally-friendly and renewable biomass energy. Especially, the forest biomass is more important because Korea have to control carbon footprint for Kyoto Protocol and Convention on Climate Change. In case of Korea, forest area covers the land about 2/3 of all country. It is needed that more economical and efficient method to estimate the biomass by remote sensing data which include wide coverage and is progressed by one-step. In this study, we estimate forest biomass with LiDAR data and aerial photograph. Three biomass equation is used and estimate mean biomass of single tree and entire biomass in plots. The results are compared with field data. $R^2$ of the mean biomass of single tree is greater than 0.8 and that of entire biomass in plots is greater than 0.65. In conclusion, the method using remote sensing data is verified more economical and efficient than previous field data method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.6
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• pp.914-921
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• 2010

This study analyzed the above-and belowground biomass, net primary production, stem density, and biomass expansion factors for Pinus densiflora stands of Cheongyang and Boryeong regions in Chungnam. The total dry weights in Cheongyang and Boryeong regions were 122.36 kg/tree and 137.68 kg/tree while the aboveground biomass for these two regions were 72.23 Mg/ha and 143.27 Mg/ha, respectively. Total(above-and belowground) biomass were 91.77 Mg/ha and 178.98 Mg/ha, respectively. Net primary production of above-and belowground biomass in Cheongyang and Boryeong regions were 8.69 Mg/ha, 10.03 Mg/ha, 16.00 Mg/ha and 18.66 Mg/ha, respectively. Stem density (g/$cm^3$) was 0.457 and 0.421 while the above and total biomass expansion factors were 1.394~1.662 and 1.324~1.639, respectively. These results suggested that stand density and site quality could be influenced on the biomass and net primary production of the two regions. In addition, the results of this study could be very useful to calculate carbon sequestrations by applying stem density values and biomass expansion factors for Pinus densiflora in these two regions.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2016

Co-firing of biomass with coal is a promising combustion technology in a coal-fired power plant. However, it still requires verifications to apply co-firing in an actual boiler. In this study, data from the Thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA) and Drop tube furnace(DTF) were used to obtain the combustion characteristics of biomass when co-firing with coal. The combustion characteristics were verified using experimental results including reactivity from the TGA and Unburned carbon(UBC) data from the DTF. The experiment also analyzed with the variation of the biomass blending ratio and biomass particle size. It was determined that increasing the biomass blending ratio resulted in incomplete chemical reactions due to insufficient oxygen levels because of the rapid initial combustion characteristics of the biomass. Thus, the optimum blending condition of the biomass based on the results of this study was found to be 5 while oxygen enrichment reduced the increase of UBC that occurred during combustion of blended biomass and coal.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2018

In this study, we estimated the applicability of length-weight relationship-based biomass calculations by comparison of body length of genus Polyarthra collected from different habitats. Through the comparison, we also tested availability of representative species-specific biomass value of Polyarthra which is often used without length measurement. Polyarthra samples were collected from rivers (Han River and Nakdong River) and reservoir (Paldang Reservoir), and the body length was measured for statistical comparison among habitats and biomass calculations using different equations suggested previously. According to the results, the body length of Polyarthra spp. was significantly different among sampling sites, and the necessity of body length measurement for rotifer species in each situation has been suggested rather than using the representative biomass values which is fixed without considering time and space. Comparison of suggested biomass calculations based on our measured Polyarthra body length, the equation suggested by McCauley showed more reasonable range of biomass values than that suggested by EPA. In addition, in order to calculate more accurate biomass, it is necessary to measure the body length of rotifers, at least more than 44 individuals to reduce error probability to less than 5% with 99% probability. However, since direct measurement of rotifers biomass is limited, it is considered that further analyses are required for more precise application of rotifer biomass of which has high variability due to complex morphologies and species-specific cyclomorphosis often induced by biotic and abiotic factors in the habitats.

• Journal of agriculture & life science
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2009

This study was conducted to examine the biomass, allometric equations, net primary production, above and total biomass expansion factors and stem density values for 27 years old Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zuccarini) plantation at the Gangneung National Forest. After considering of the diameter distributions in the $20m{\times}20m$ plot measurement, a total of 5 representative sample trees were destructively sampled to measure green weights and dry weights of the four(root, stem, branch and foliage) protions of Korean pine trees. According to the results of this study, total dry weights were 117.6 kg/tree and 59.9 ton/ha. Aboveground biomass and total (above and belowground) biomass for this species were 59.9 and 82.4 ton/ha, respectively. Ratios of root to aboveground biomass were 0.38. Net primary production of aboveground biomass and belowground biomass were 9.4 and 11.3 ton/ha, respectively. Stem density was $0.49g/cm^{3}$. Above and total biomass expansion factors were 1.78 and 2.19, repectively. This information could be very useful to calculate carbon sequestrations by applying stem desity values and biomass expansion factors for Korean pine species.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.4
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• pp.715-721
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• 2011

This study was conducted to estimate aboveground biomass and nitrogen storage potential of tree species-eight clones of a poplar and hybrids, one clone of Salix alba L., dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu and W.C. Cheng), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), Okamoto maple (Acer okamotoanum Nakai), and pin oak (Quercus palustris $M{\ddot{u}}nchh.$)- after treating with liquid pig manure. Stems showed the highest percentage of aboveground biomass, and followed by branches and leaves. Nitrogen content in aboveground biomass components was the highest in leaves, and followed by branches and stems. Average aboveground biomass production was higher in the clones and species treated with manure than those of not treated, 30 ton/ha and 16 ton/ha, respectively. In the manure-treated site, clone 'Dorskamp' of Populus deltoides${\times}$Populus nigra showed the highest aboveground biomass (48.3 ton/ha). Average nitrogen storage potential was superior in the clones and species treated with manure than those of not treated, 159 kg/ha and 90 kg/ha, respectively. Clone 'Dorskamp' also showed the greatest nitrogen storage potential (286.5 kg/ha) among tested tree species. Therefore, 'Dorskamp' is the most suitable clone for treating liquid pig manure, but additional studies are needed to determine any damages or tolerance from the treatment.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.265-282
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• 2022

This study analyzes the impact of long-range transport of biomass burning emissions from northeastern China on the concentration of particulate matter of diameter less than 10 ㎛ (PM₁₀) in Korea using the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF-Chem). Korea was impacted by anthropogenic emissions from eastern China, dust storms from northern China and Mongolia, and biomass burning emissions from northeast China between April 4-and 7, 2020. The contributions of long-range PM₁₀ transport were calculated by separating biomass burning emissions from mixed air pollutants with anthropogenic emissions and dust storms using the zeroing-out method. Further, the radiation energy budget over land and sea around the Korean Peninsula was analyzed according to the distribution of biomass burning emissions. Based on the WRF-Chem simulation during April 5-6, 2020, the contribution of long-range transport of biomass burning emissions was calculated as 60% of the daily PM₁₀ average in Korea. The net heat flux around the Korean Peninsula was in a negative phase due to the influence of the large-scale biomass burning emissions. However, the contribution of biomass burning emissions was analyzed to be <45% during April 7-8, 2020, when the anthropogenic emissions from eastern China were added to biomass burning emissions, and PM₁₀ concentration increased compared with the concentration recorded during April 5-6, 2020 in Korea. Furthermore, the net heat flux around the Korean Peninsula increased to a positive phase with the decreasing influence of biomass burning emissions.