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  • Title/Summary/Keyword: BIOLOGICAL TOXICITY

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The Physio-ecological Characteristics of Golden Apple Snails (Pomacea canaliculata) and the Cause of Their Massive Death used for Weed Control in Wet Rice Paddies (왕우렁이(Pomacea canaliculata)의 생리·생태학적 특성 및 논 잡초방제용으로 투입된 왕우렁이의 집단패사 원인)

  • Lee, Sang-Beom;Lee, Sang-Min;Ko, Byong-Gu;Lee, Cho-Rong;Kim, Jin-Ho
    • Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.297-316
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    • 2018
  • The golden apple snail (GAS, Pomacea canaliculata) is an invasive freshwater snail. The GAS was introduced in Korea without prior studies on the possibility of crop damage or its impact on the natural ecosystem. The freshwater apple snails can be found typically in ponds, rice paddies, irrigation canals, roadside ditches or slower portions of streams. In this study, we were carried out to investigate the assessment of physiological and ecological characteristics, environmental characteristics inhabited area in winter season and cause of massive death at one time of golden apple snails used for weed control in wet rice paddies. The GAS was introduced from Japan to Korea for commercial production as a dietary protein supplement. The golden apple snail was also used a recently for weed control in wet rice cultivation. The species of freshwater Pomacea snails is belonging to the genus Pomacea, family ampulariidae, order mesogastropoda, subclass pulmonata, class gastropoda, phylum mollusca. The GAS spread into irrigation ditches and natural waterways. It is now distributed in ponds and canals near rice fields of southern parts of the country and has overwintered. It increases its cold hardiness before winter. However, the physiological mechanism of cold hardiness in molluscs is poorly understood, especially in freshwater molluscs. Our results on physio-ecological characteristics of the Pomacea apple snail showed that the ratio of males to females was 1: 1.99~2.33. The daily growth was 87.7 mg in weight, 0.31 mm in height and 0.33 mm in width of the their shell. On the other hand, the golden apple snails were very high to resistance on drying condition and survived rate about 80% up to 3 months. The inhabitation of GAS was no statistical significant impacts on the water quality. An important property of aqueous solutions is agricultural water quality because it affects chemical and biochemical properties such as chemical reactions, equilibrium conditions, and biological toxicity. The death rate of weed control apple snails by Ostracoda (Stenocypris hislopi) was only 2.86% and 5.71% depending on the density. Therefore, GAS was not a direct death caused by Ostracoda (Stenocypris hislopi).

Inhibitory Substance on the Snake Venoms Produced by Penicillium sp. (사독의 조해물질에 관한 연구)

  • Seu, Jung-Hwn;Yi, Dong-Heui
    • Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.75-89
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    • 1979
  • One strain of Penicillium sp. (175-66-B), isolated from soil, was able to produce a substance that has a strong inibition activity against the Agkistrodon and Trimeresurus venoms. In this experiment, the chemical and biological properties of the sample were investigated. As an inhibitory substance, it was effective to the proteinase, hemorrhagic and lethal factors of Agkistrodon and Trimeresurus venoms, and also effective to several fractions of the proteinases and hemorrhagic factors of Agkistrodon halys blomhoffi venom. Moreover, in the addition of prednisotone, it was more effective for the cure of the mouse envenomated with the venom amount of two fold of MLD100. This substance was very stable to the acid, alkali and heat. Its melting point was high enough to sublime at 222C without any decomposition. This sample was easily dissolved only in hot water, but not in several organic solvents except for a little dissolution in elate. It did not have the chelating activity. It had very strong specificity to the snake venoms. but its activity was depressed by the addition of zinc or cupric salts. This sample had no acute toxicity to the mouse. Its chemical formula was C16 H12N2 O10 with the molecular weight of about 392. It has two epoxy groups and four carboxyl radicals, but amino, nitrite and nitrate radicals, unsaturated bonds and aromatic ring were not detected. Theuchemical configuration of this sample was suggested to be;

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Effect of ethanol extract of Lotus Rhizome and node of Lotus Rhizome (연근과 우절 에탄올 추출물의 향장효능 검증)

  • Jang, Young-Ah;Park, So-Hyun;Kim, Bo-Ae;Park, Jong-Yi;Jeoung, Young-Ok;Lee, Jin-Tae
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.34 no.3
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    • pp.657-665
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    • 2017
  • This study is for checking the possibility of Lotus Rhizome and node of Lotus Rhizome as cosmetic materials. For this we carried out biological active evaluation about anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-wrinkle by using ethanol extract of Lotus Rhizome and node of Lotus Rhizome. We extracted Lotus Rhizome and node of Lotus Rhizome with 95% ethanol and then in order to evaluate anti-oxidant activity we treated samples by concentrations (100, 500, 1000) μg/mL and carried out 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging and The activity of 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) cation radical scavenging. Also, in order to evaluate effect of anti-wrinkle we carried out evaluation of Elastase inhibitory activity. To evaluate effect of anti-inflammatory we evaluated toxicity of samples through MTT assay with a macrophage (Raw 264.7 cells) and measured nitric oxide production inhibitory activity. As a result, DPPH radical scavenging activity of Lotus Rhizome and node of Lotus Rhizome at 1000μg/mL was 66.7% and 99.5%, respectively and ABTS + radical scavenging activity was 51.2% and 98.3% at the same concentration, respectively. Elastase inhibitory activity results showed that the nodes of the Lotus Rhizom extract excellent anti-wrinkle efficacy than Lotus Rhizom. Node of Lotus Rhizome showed higher anti-wrinkle activity than the positive the control group BHT at 1000μg/mL concentration. According to the result of nitric oxide production inhibitory activity, Lotus Rhizom showed 55.8% effect and nodes of the Lotus Rhizom showed 66.6% effect respectively. This showed that effect of anti-inflammatory was greater in nodes of the Lotus Rhizom extracts. As a result it suggests that Lotus Rhizome and node of Lotus Rhizome extracts can be used as natural substance of cosmetics which are safe in antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-wrinkle.

Biological Study on the Increment of Survival Rate during Early Life Cycle in th Rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli (Telostei: Scorpaenidae) - I. Effects of Ammonia on Survival and Growth of the Larvae and Juveniles Stage (조피볼락, Sebastes schlegeli의 초기생활사 동안 생존율 향상을 위한 생물학적 연구 - I. 자어의 생존과 성장에 미치는 암모니아의 영향)

  • Chin, Pyung;Shin, Yun-Kyung;Kim, Hak-Gyoon;Lee, Jeong-Sick;Kim, Hyung-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.98-105
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    • 1998
  • The effect of ammonia on survival and growth of the larval rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli was examined by a static renewal bioassay method. The tolerance of larvae to ammonia toxicity was more sensitive at the early larvae, but increased with the development of larvae. In 14 day-old-larvae after parturition, the mortality with treatment of each concentration of ammonia was 5% at control group and 0.0112 NH3mg/l, whereas it was increased up to 27.5% at exposure group of 0.1230 NH3mg/l with higher concentration. Regression equation between ammonium concentration(X) and mortality(Y) was followed; Y=0.516+3.482 X(r2=0.4737, P<0.01). The NOEC(no-observable-effect concentration) and LOEC (lowest-observable-effect concentration) to mortality compared to control group were 0.100 NH3mg/l and 0.1230 NH3mg/l, respectively and chronic value(ChV) which is the geometric mean of the NOEC and LOEC was 0.1110 NH3mg/l. Body length after 7-days exposure in control group, 0.0112 NH3mg/l and 0.1230 NH3mg/l were 7.8325mm, 7.700mm and 7.05mm, respectively. The NOEC, LOEC and chronic value(ChV) were 0.0335 NH3mg/l, 0.0558 NH3mg/l and 0.0432 NH3mg/l, respectively.

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Rapid Detection of Radioactive Strontium in Water Samples Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)를 이용한 방사성 스트론튬 오염물질에 대한 신속한 모니터링 기술)

  • Park, Jin-young;Kim, Hyun-a;Park, Kihong;Kim, Kyoung-woong
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.50 no.5
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    • pp.341-352
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    • 2017
  • Along with Cs-137 (half-life: 30.17 years), Sr-90 (half-life: 28.8 years) is one of the most important environmental monitoring radioactive elements. Rapid and easy monitoring method for Sr-90 using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been studied. Strontium belongs to a bivalent alkaline earth metal such as calcium and has similar electron arrangement and size. Due to these similar chemical properties, it can easily enter into the human body through the food chain via water, soil, and crops when leaked into the environment. In addition, it is immersed into the bone at the case of human influx and causes the toxicity for a long time (biological half-life: about 50 years). It is a very reductive and related with the specific reaction that makes wet analysis difficult. In particular, radioactive strontium should be monitored by nuclear power plants but it is very difficult to be analysed from high-cost problems as well as low accuracy of analysis due to complicated analysis procedures, expensive analysis equipment, and a pretreatment process of using massive chemicals. Therefore, we introduce the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis method that analyzes the elements in the sample using the inherent spectrum by generating plasma on the sample using pulse energy, and it can be analyzed in a few seconds without preprocessing. A variety of analytical plates for samples were developed to improve the analytical sensitivity by optimizing the laser, wavelength, and time resolution. This can be effectively applied to real-time monitoring of radioactive wastewater discharged from a nuclear power plant, and furthermore, it can be applied as an emergency monitoring means such as possible future accidents at a nuclear power plants.

Effects of C/N Ratio on Removal of Organic Matter and Nitrogen in Alternately Intermittently Aerated Nonwoven Fabric Filter Bioreactor (교대로 간헐 포기되는 부직포 여과막 생물반응조에서 C/N비가 유기물 및 질소 제거효율에 미치는 영향)

  • Ahn, Yun-Chan;Bae, Min-Su;Lee, Jong-Ho;Cho, Yun-Kyung;Cho, Kwang-Myeung
    • Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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    • v.27 no.5
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    • pp.499-506
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    • 2005
  • This study was performed to investigate the effects of influent C/N ratio on the removal of organic and nitrogenous compounds by two nonwoven fabric filter bioreactors. The reactors were alternately aerated at an aeration/nonaeration period ratio of 60 min/60 min, and fed with wastewater only during nonaeration period. The influent C/N ratio (COD/TKN) was gradually reduced from 10 to 2. The influent was prepared by diluting the leachate from a foodwaste treatment facility in I city so that the COD concentration could be about 2,500 mg/L. The C/N ratio of the wastewater was adjusted by adding ammonium chloride. The results of the experiment showed that the COD and BOD concentration of the effluent was 4054mg/L and 14mg/L, respectively at the C/N ratios of 103, and the effluent SS concentration was always below 2.0 mg/L. The T-N removal efficiencies were 96% or higher at C/N ratios of 105, but decreased to 83% and 81%, respectively at the C/N ratios of 3 and 2.8. At the C/N ratios of 2.6 and 2, the effluent quality deteriorated due to ammonia toxicity. The fraction of nitrifying microorganism in the reactors increased from 10% to 20% as the C/N ratio decreased from 5 to 2.6. Alkalinity consumed were 3.123.49g alkalinity/g T-N removed at the C/N ratios of 105, which are lower than the theoretical value of 3.57. However, the ratio increased to 4.63 and 4.87 g alkalinity/g T-N removed, respectively at the C/N ratios of 3 and 2.8.

Risk Assessment of As, Cd, Cu and Pb in Different Rice Varieties Grown on the Contaminated Paddy Soil (중금속 오염 논토양에서 재배된 벼 품종간 위해성평가 비교)

  • Kim, Won-Il;Kim, Jin-Kyoung;Yoo, Ji-Hyock;Paik, Min-Kyoung;Park, Sang-Won;Kwon, Oh-Kyung;Hong, Moo-Ki;Yang, Jay-E;Kim, Jeong-Gyu
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.42 no.1
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    • pp.53-57
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    • 2009
  • Heavy metal pollution may be one of the most serious challenges confront crop production and human health. Therefore, the selection of heavy metal tolerance cultivars which adapted to the contaminated fields will introduced a suitable solution for management this critical environmental risk. The objectives of this research is to assess human health risk using geochemical analyses and exposure assessment of heavy metals in rice cultivars. Risk for inhabitants in the closed mine area was comparatively assessed for As, Cd, Cu and Pb in 10 rice varieties as a major exposure pathway. The average daily dose (ADD) of each heavy metal was estimated by analyzing the exposure pathways to rice and soil. For the non-carcinogenic risk characterization, Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI) were calculated using toxicity indices provided by US-EPA IRIS. The different rice varieties revealed a wide range of HI values from 23.6 to 34.3, indicating that all rice varieties have a high potential toxic risk. The DA rice variety showed the lowest HI value while the TB rice variety the highest. The probabilities of cancer risk for As via rice consumption were varied with rice varieties ranging from 2.0E-03 to 3.5E-03 which exceeded the regulatory acceptable risk of 1 in 10,000 set by US-EPA. The DA rice variety also showed the lowest value while the TB rice variety gave the highest value. Our results indicate that risk assessment can be contribute to screen the pollution safe rice cultivars in paddy fields affected by the mining activity.

The Study of Cosmeceutical Activities from Lentinula edodes extracts and Application a Natural Cosmetic Material (표고버섯 추출물의 화장품약리활성 검증과 천연화장품 소재로써의 활용에 관한 연구)

  • Seo, Myeong-Seong;Jang, Young-Ah;Lee, Jin-Tae
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.1003-1012
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    • 2018
  • This study is for checking the possibility of Lentinula edodes as cosmetic materials. For this we carried out biological active evaluation about anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects by Lentinula edodes extracts. We extracted Lentinula edodes with water and 70% ethanol and then in order to evaluate anti-oxidant activity we treated samples by concentrations (100, 500, 1000) μg/ml and carried out 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, the activity of 2,2'-azino-bis ( 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid )-diammonium salt (ABTS) cation radical scavenging and superoxide dismutase(SOD) like activity. Also, in order to evaluate effect of anti-inflammatory the samples in macrophages(RAW 264.7 cells), we carried out evaluation of cell viability, nitric oxide inhibitory activity western blot. The results of DPPH, ABTS+ radical scavenging activity and SOD-like activity of the Lentinula edodes extracts increased in dose-dependent manner. The cytotoxic of samples by MTT assay showed no toxicity at the concentrations of 10, 25 and 50μg/ml of Lentinula edodes extract. Nitric oxide inhibition activity results showed that the extracts reduced NO productions in a concentration-dependent manner. Expression of inflammatory cytokines as TNFα, PGE2 and IL1β decreased in a concentration-dependent manner and iNOS and COX-2 proteins expression rates were decreased significantly in western blot analysis. From the results of the experiment, it was comfirmed that the Lentinula edodes extracts had excellent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effect and could be used as a safe natural cosmetic material in the future.

Effect of Semisulcospira libertina Extracts from Different Extraction Processes on Liver Cell Toxicity and Ethanol Metabolism (간세포 독성과 에탄올 대사에서 추출 조건에 따른 다슬기 추출물의 효과)

  • Cho, Kyoung Hwan;Choo, Ho Jin;Seo, Min Gyun;Kim, Jong Cheol;Shin, Yu Jin;Ryu, Gi Hyung;Cho, Hee Young;Jeong, Chi-Young;Hah, Young-Sool
    • Food Engineering Progress
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.158-166
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    • 2017
  • Although Semisulcospira libertina is generally regarded as a supplement for the alleviation of alcohol hangover, little is known about its effects on cell metabolism. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the constituents of the extracts prepared using different extraction methods and to compare their biochemical properties. The amino acid contents were found to be much higher in acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates than hot water extracts from S. libertina. DPPH radical scavenging activities in acidic and enzymatic hydrolysates were higher than those of hot water extracts. Three types of S. libertina hydrolysate was added to HepG2 cells damaged by acetaminophen (AAP), after which the survival rate of HepG2 cell were measured. In addition, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities in the culture media were evaluated. The survival rates of HepG2 cells were 77.0±4.3 and 81.5±1.3 at 3 h and 5h enzymatic hydrolysates, respectively. These cell survival rates were higher compared to those of the negative control group (67.8±4.3) treated only with acetaminophen. Cellular toxicities induced by treatment with AAP were also significantly alleviated in response to treatment with the extracts of S. libertina. In addition, the activities of 2 key enzymes that metabolize ethanol, alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase, were upregulated by 4.7- and 2.7-fold respectively in response to treatment with a 3 h enzymatic hydrolysate of S. libertina. Taken together, these results provide biochemical evidence of the method by which S. libertina exerts its biological functions, including the alleviation of alcohol hangover and the protection of liver cells against toxic insults.

Characterization of Antidiabetic Compounds from Extract of Torreya nucifera (비자나무 추출물의 항당뇨 활성물질의 특성 연구)

  • Kim, Ji Won;Kim, Dong-Seob;Lee, Hwasin;Park, Bobae;Yu, Sun-Nyoung;Hwang, You-Lim;Kim, Sang Hun;Ahn, Soon-Cheol
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.32 no.1
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    • pp.1-10
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    • 2022
  • Natural products have gained increasing attention due to their advantage of long-term safety and low toxicity for a very long time. Torreya nucifera is widespread in southern Korea and Jeju Island and its seeds are commonly used as edible food. Oriental ingredients have often been reported for their insecticidal, antioxidant and antibacterial properties, but there have not yet been any studies on their antidiabetic effect. In this study, we investigated several biological activities of T. nucifera pericarp (TNP) and seeds (TNS) extracts and proceeded to characterize the antidiabetic compounds of TNS. The initial results suggested that TNS extract at 15 and 10 ㎍/ml concentration has inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, that is 14.5 and 4.35 times higher than TNP, respectively. Thus, the stronger antidiabetic TNS was selected for the subsequent experiments to characterize its active compounds. Ultrafiltration was used to determine the apparent molecular weight of the active compounds, showing 300 kDa or more. Finally the mixture was then partially purified using Diaion HP-20 column chromatography by eluting with 50~100% methanol. Therefore we concluded that the active compounds of TNS have potential as therapeutic agents in functional food or supplemental treatment to improve diabetic diseases.